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Fig. 9 in Intraspecific Morphological Variation In Free- Living Stages Of Strongyloides Papillosus (Nematoda, Strongyloididae) Parasitizing Various Mammal Species

Fig. 9. Morphometric parameters of free-living females of S. papillosus: а — body length; b — body width; c — length of esophagus; d — length of intestine; e — length of tail; f — distance to vulva; g — number of eggs; on the ordinate axis — length in µm, on the abscissa axis — species of host (Ch — Capra hircus, Oc — Oryctolagus cuniculus, Cp — Cavia porcellus).

Fig. 8 in Intraspecific Morphological Variation In Free- Living Stages Of Strongyloides Papillosus (Nematoda, Strongyloididae) Parasitizing Various Mammal Species

Fig. 8. Morphometric parameters of S. papillosus males: a — body length; b – body width; c — length of esophagus; d — length of intestine; e — length of the tail; f — length of spicules; on the ordinate axis — length in µm, on the abscissa axis — species of host (Ch — Capra hircus, Oc — Oryctolagus cuniculus, Cp — Cavia porcellus).

Fig. 7 in Intraspecific Morphological Variation In Free- Living Stages Of Strongyloides Papillosus (Nematoda, Strongyloididae) Parasitizing Various Mammal Species

Fig. 7. Free-living female of S. papillosus: a — general view; b — anterior part (the arrowheads indicate the bulbs); c — uterus with eggs (the pointer indicates the genital opening); scale bars 100 µm.

Fig. 5 in Intraspecific Morphological Variation In Free- Living Stages Of Strongyloides Papillosus (Nematoda, Strongyloididae) Parasitizing Various Mammal Species

Fig. 5. Morphometric parameters of L3: а — body length; b — body width; c — length of esophagus; d — length of intestine; e — length of the tail end; on the ordinate axis — length in µm, on the abscissa axis — species of host (Ch — Capra hircus, Oc — Oryctolagus cuniculus, Cp — Cavia porcellus).

Fig. 6 in Intraspecific Morphological Variation In Free- Living Stages Of Strongyloides Papillosus (Nematoda, Strongyloididae) Parasitizing Various Mammal Species

Fig. 6. Mature male of S. papillosus: a — general view; b — anterior part (arrowheads indicate bulbs); c — caudal part with spicules in lateral view; d — caudal part with spicules in dorsal view; scale bars 100 µm.

Fig. 3 in Intraspecific Morphological Variation In Free- Living Stages Of Strongyloides Papillosus (Nematoda, Strongyloididae) Parasitizing Various Mammal Species

Fig. 3. Morphometric parameters of L2 of S. papillosus: а — body length; b — body width; c — length of esophagus; d — length of intestine; e — length of the tail; on the ordinate axis — length in µm, on the abscissa axis – species of host (Ch — Capra hircus, Oc — Oryctolagus cuniculus, Cp — Cavia porcellus).

Fig. 2 in Intraspecific Morphological Variation In Free- Living Stages Of Strongyloides Papillosus (Nematoda, Strongyloididae) Parasitizing Various Mammal Species

Fig. 2. Morphometric parameters of L1 of S. papillosus: а — body length; b — body width; c — length of esophagus; d — length of intestine; e — length of tail; on the ordinate axis — length in µm, on the abscissa axis — species of host (Ch — Capra hircus, Oc — Oryctolagus cuniculus, Cp — Cavia porcellus).

Fig. 4 in Intraspecific Morphological Variation In Free- Living Stages Of Strongyloides Papillosus (Nematoda, Strongyloididae) Parasitizing Various Mammal Species

Fig. 4. Third-stage larva of S. papillosus: a — general view; b — anterior part (the pointer indicates the place where the esophagus joins the intestine); c — posterior part; scale bars 100 µm.

Fig. 1 in Intraspecific Morphological Variation In Free- Living Stages Of Strongyloides Papillosus (Nematoda, Strongyloididae) Parasitizing Various Mammal Species

Fig. 1. Rhabditiform larvae of S. papillosus: a — L1 from C. hircus (arrowheads indicate the bulb-like dilatations on the esophagus and the tail); b — L1 from O. hircus (arrowheads indicate bulb-like dilatations on the esophagus and the tail); c — L2 from C. hircus (arrowheads indicate two bulb-like dilatations); scale bars 100 µm.

Fig. 7 in Nematodes Of The Genus Trichuris (Nematoda, Trichuridae), Parasitizing Sheep In Central And South-Eastern Regions Of Ukraine

Fig. 7. Tail end of Ơ Т. globulosa (×50, ×100, ×400, ×1000): 1 — spherical dilation of distal end of spicule sheath; 2 — distal end of spicule; 3 — proximal end of spicule; 4 — spicule; 5 — spines at spicule sheath; 6 – cylindrical protrusion at the apex of the spherical dilation of spicule sheath.

Fig. 6 in Nematodes Of The Genus Trichuris (Nematoda, Trichuridae), Parasitizing Sheep In Central And South-Eastern Regions Of Ukraine

Fig. 6. Tail end of Ơ T. skrjabini (×50, ×100, ×400, ×1000): 1 — dilated distal end of spicule sheath; 2 — spines of spicule sheath; 3 — spicule; 4 — spicule sheath; 5 — distal end of spicule; 6 — proximal end of spicule.

Fig. 8 in Nematodes Of The Genus Trichuris (Nematoda, Trichuridae), Parasitizing Sheep In Central And South-Eastern Regions Of Ukraine

Fig. 8. Tail end of Ơ Т. оvis (× 50, ×100, ×400, ×1000): 1 — spherical dilation of the distal end of spicule sheath; 2 — apex of spherical dilation of spicule sheath; 3 — spicule sheath; 4 — spicule; 5 — distal end of spicule; 6 — proximal end of spicule; 7 — spines of spicule sheath.

Fig. 1 in Nematodes Of The Genus Trichuris (Nematoda, Trichuridae), Parasitizing Sheep In Central And South-Eastern Regions Of Ukraine

Fig. 1. The species ratio of nematodes of the genus Тrichuris, isolated from sheep in central and south-eastern regions of Ukraine.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2017View details →

Fig. 3 in Gastrointestinal Parasite Community In A New Population Of The Przewalski'S Horse (Equus Ferus Przewalskii) In The Orenburg State Reserve, Russia

Fig. 3. Distribution of strongylid species from the Przewalski's horses in Pre-Urals Steppe, Orenburg State Reserve, on ten prevalence classes.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2014View details →

Fig. 1 in Species Composition And Structure Of The Communities Of Plant-Parasitic And Free-Living Soil Nematodes In The Greenhouses Of Botanical Gardens Of Ukraine

Fig. 1. Dendrogram of similarity of the nematode communities in the greenhouses of botanical gardens of Ukraine (amalgamation by the method of complete linkage). Explanation of the abbreviations is given in table 2. Рис. 1. Дендрограмма сходства нематодных сообществ в оранжереях ботанических садов Украины (объединение по методу полной связи). Расшифровка сокращений дана в таблице 2.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2014View details →

Fig. 2 in Species Composition And Structure Of The Communities Of Plant-Parasitic And Free-Living Soil Nematodes In The Greenhouses Of Botanical Gardens Of Ukraine

Fig. 2. Dendrogram of similarity of plant-parasitic nematodes' communities in the greenhouses of botanical gardens of Ukraine (amalgamation by the method of complete linkage). Explanation of the abbreviations is given in table 2.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Contrasting parasite-mediated reductions in fitness within vs. between patches of a nematode host

Host and parasites interact across spatial scales, but parasite-mediated fitness effects are often measured at local scales only. Recent work suggests that parasites can reduce host fitness during dispersal between patches, highlighting the potential for both within- and between-patch effects to contribute to the net fitness consequences of parasitism. Building on this work, we measured the contribution of the dispersal phase to parasite-mediated reductions in host fitness. We used the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and its natural microsporidian parasite Nematocida parisii to quantify the fitness consequences of parasitism at the individual, population, and metapopulation level. N. parisii reduced individual fecundity and population growth but had its greatest fitness impact at the dispersal stage: parasitism reduced the fitness of dispersing larvae by 63 – 100%. These results indicate that the cost of parasitism in this system is greatly underestimated if the metapopulation level is not taken into account. We also found that the effects of N. parisii vary with host genotype, and the relative advantage of the most resistant genotype increases with inclusion of the dispersal stage. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that host-parasite interactions at the dispersal stage magnify selection for parasite resistance.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Brood parasites that care: alternative nesting tactics in a subsocial wasp

<div> Hosts and brood parasites are a classic example of conflict. Parasites typically provide no offspring care after laying eggs, imposing costs on hosts. Female subsocial wasps, Ammophila pubescens, alternated between initiating their own nests and an 'intruder' tactic of replacing eggs in nests of unrelated conspecifics. Hosts could respond by substituting new eggs of their own, with up to eight reciprocal replacements. Remarkably, intruders usually provisioned offspring in host nests, often alongside hosts. We used field data to investigate why intruders provision and to understand the basis of interactions. We found that intruders could not increase their fitness payoffs by using the typical brood parasite tactic of not provisioning offspring. Intruders using the typical tactic would benefit when hosts provisioned in their stead, but their offspring would starve when hosts failed to provision. Although some hosts obtained positive payoffs when intruders mistakenly provisioned their offspring, on average utilizing a conspecific nest represents parasitism: hosts pay costs while intruders benefit. Both females used the same tactic of egg replacement, but intruders more often laid the final egg. Selection should favour better discrimination of offspring, which could lead to repeated cycles of costly egg replacement. </div>

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

A Double-Edged Sword: Parental care increases risk of offspring infection by a maternally-vectored parasite

Parental care can protect offspring from predators but can also create opportunities for parents to vector parasites to their offspring. We hypothesized that the risk of infection by maternally-vectored parasites would increase with the frequency of mother-offspring contact. Ammophila spp. wasps (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) build nests in which they rear single offspring. Ammophila species exhibit varied offspring provisioning behaviors: some species enter the nest once to provision a single, large caterpillar, whereas others enter the nest repeatedly to provision with many smaller caterpillars. We hypothesized that each nest visit increases the risk of offspring parasitism by Paraxenos lugubris (Strepsiptera: Xenidae), whose infectious stages ride on the mother wasp (phoresy) to reach the vulnerable Ammophila offspring. We quantified parasitism risk by external examination of museum-curated Ammophila specimens—the anterior portion of P. lugubris protrudes between the adult host's abdominal sclerites and reflects infection during the larval stage. As predicted, Ammophila species that receive larger numbers of provisions incur greater risks of parasitism, with nest provisioning behavior explaining ca. 90% of the interspecific variation in mean parasitism. These findings demonstrate that parental care can augment, rather than reduce, risk of parasite transmission to offspring.