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GPS dataset for 'Global View of Ionospheric Disturbance Impacts on Kinematic GPS Positioning Solutions during the 2015 St Patrick's Day Storm' by Zhe Yang, Y. Jade Morton, Irina Zakharenkova, Iurii Cherniak, Shuli Song, Wei Li
<p>This dataset contains observations of ionospheric plasma irregularities and GPS positioning errors for ~5500 stations reported in the paper 'Global View of Ionospheric Disturbance Impacts on Kinematic GPS Positioning Solutions during the 2015 St Patrick’s Day Storm' by Zhe Yang, Y. Jade Morton, Irina Zakharenkova, Iurii Cherniak, Shuli Song, Wei Li</p>
Data from: Constraints on song type matching in a songbird
In an eastern population of song sparrows (Melospiza melodia), song type matching occurs at above chance levels but does not signal aggressiveness. One explanation for the apparent ineffectiveness of matching as a signal is that the occurrence of matching is constrained by internal rules for ordering the production of song types. This constraint hypothesis is tested here in an experiment in which the singing of territorial male song sparrows is monitored in the field in real time, and subjects are confronted with playback of one of their song types either immediately after switching away from that type (short delay) or after having cycled through much of their repertoire since last singing that type (long delay). Matching was not significantly more likely in the long delay treatment than in the short delay treatment. The probability of matching did, however, depend significantly on prior bout length: the longer was a singer's last bout of a song type, the less likely the singer was to match it. There was also a suggestive effect of frequency of usage: males were more likely to match a song type the more frequently they normally sang that type, though this result was not significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. Thus, internal rules on how songs are sequenced exert constraints on the occurrence of song type matching, and such constraints can help to explain the apparent ineffectiveness of matching as a signal in this study population.
An analysis of avian vocal performance at the note and song levels
<p>Sexual displays that require extreme feats of physiological performance have the potential to reliably indicate the signaller's skill or motivation. We tested for evidence of performance constraints in Adelaide's warblers (<i>Setophaga adelaidae</i>) songs. At the note level, we identified three trade-offs with well-defined limits. At the song level, we identified two trade-offs, but their limits were less well-defined than the note-level limits. Trade-offs at both levels suggest that song structure is constrained by limits to the speed of both frequency modulation (while vocalizing and between notes) and respiration. Performance metrics derived from the observed limits to performance varied moderately among individuals and strongly among song types. Note-level performance metrics were positively skewed, as predicted by the hypothesis that performance is constrained. We conclude that physiological limits on frequency modulation and respiration constrain song structure in male Adelaide's warblers. Further work is needed to determine whether receivers respond to natural levels of variation in performance, and whether performance correlates with singer quality or motivation.</p>
Song parameters, repertoire size and song sharing within and across age classes in the saffron finch
<p>Birds sing mostly to attract partners or to defend territories or resources. In relation to the first function, song can vary with age if older experienced males signal their quality through their vocal output. Regarding the second function, song can also vary with age if singing behavior helps mediate social interactions through repertoire sharing with neighbors. Here, we investigate whether song parameters change with age, and in which direction, in saffron finches Sicalis flaveola pelzelni, obligate secondary cavity nesters which produce elaborate melodious songs and show delayed plumage maturation. Cross-sectional comparisons revealed that second year (SY) males sing shorter syllables, and shorter and less versatile songs than older after second year males (ASY), as expected if the latter are more experienced singers. Longitudinal comparisons, which better depict age-related changes, showed that as birds age one year, song length and repertoire size do not change significantly, syllable duration shortens and, as expected for experienced singers, song versatility increases. Correlations between repertoire distance and nesting distance suggest that both SY and ASY males might be adjusting their repertoires to those of ASY neighbors; the former pattern conforms to the expectations if young birds try to emulate the songs of more experienced birds, while the latter is expected if song sharing helps de-escalating antagonistic social interactions amongst males. This research, which provides the first description of song parameters in young second year saffron finches, expands our knowledge of song variation across age classes in songbirds.</p>
Sympatry drives colour and song divergence in wood-warblers (Parulidae)
<p>Closely related species often exhibit similarities in appearance and behaviour, yet when related species exist in sympatry, signals may diverge to enhance species recognition. Prior comparative studies provided mixed support for this hypothesis, but the relationship between sympatry and signal divergence is likely non-linear. Constraints on signal diversity may limit signal divergence, especially when large numbers of species are sympatric. We tested the effect of sympatric overlap on plumage colour and song divergence in wood-warblers (Parulidae), a speciose group with diverse visual and vocal signals. We also tested how number of sympatric species influences signal divergence. Allopatric species pairs had overall greater plumage and song divergence compared to sympatric species pairs. However, among sympatric species pairs, plumage divergence positively related to degree of sympatric overlap in males and females, while male song bandwidth and syllable rate divergence negatively related to sympatric overlap. In addition, as the number of species in sympatry increased, average signal divergence among sympatric species decreased, which likely due to constraints on warbler perceptual space and signal diversity. Our findings reveal that sympatry influences signal evolution in warblers, though not always as predicted, and that number of sympatric species can limit sympatry's influence on signal evolution.</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: ter Hofstede HM, Symes LB, Martinson SJ, Robillard T, Faure P, Madhusudhana S, Page RA (2020) Calling songs of Neotropical katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) from Panama. Journal of Orthoptera Research 29(2): 137-201. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.29.46371
Supplementary material 1 from: ter Hofstede HM, Symes LB, Martinson SJ, Robillard T, Faure P, Madhusudhana S, Page RA (2020) Calling songs of Neotropical katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) from Panama. Journal of Orthoptera Research 29(2): 137-201. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.29.46371
Supplementary material 2 from: ter Hofstede HM, Symes LB, Martinson SJ, Robillard T, Faure P, Madhusudhana S, Page RA (2020) Calling songs of Neotropical katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) from Panama. Journal of Orthoptera Research 29(2): 137-201. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.29.46371
Supplementary material 2 from: ter Hofstede HM, Symes LB, Martinson SJ, Robillard T, Faure P, Madhusudhana S, Page RA (2020) Calling songs of Neotropical katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) from Panama. Journal of Orthoptera Research 29(2): 137-201. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.29.46371
FIGURE 12 in Contributions to the study of the grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae Gomphocerinae) courtship songs from Kazakhstan and adjacent territories
FIGURE 12. Oscillograms and frequency spectra of the courtship song of Chorthippus dubius from Altai. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in B–E). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–2. Frequency spectra shown for the element 1 (F) and the element 2 (G).
FIGURE 14 in Contributions to the study of the grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae Gomphocerinae) courtship songs from Kazakhstan and adjacent territories
FIGURE 14. Oscillograms and frequency spectrum of the courtship songs of two males (A, B) of Chorthippus angulatus from Almaty region. Song recordings are presented at two different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in C–F). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–3. Frequency spectra shown for the element 1 (G) and the element 2 (H).
FIGURE 9 in Contributions to the study of the grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae Gomphocerinae) courtship songs from Kazakhstan and adjacent territories
FIGURE 9. Oscillograms and frequency spectrum of the courtship songs of two males (A, B) of Gomphocerus sibiricus from Akmola region. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in C–F). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–3. Frequency spectrum shown for the element 1 (G).
FIGURE 10 in Contributions to the study of the grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae Gomphocerinae) courtship songs from Kazakhstan and adjacent territories
FIGURE 10. Positions of antennae in a male of Gomphocerus sibiricus during courtship, when producing the element 1 (A), when producing the element 3 (B–F). The antennae are swung in such a way as they describe a cone when producing one longer pulse and 3–4 shorter pulses (see Fig. 9 E).
FIGURE 8 in Contributions to the study of the grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae Gomphocerinae) courtship songs from Kazakhstan and adjacent territories
FIGURE 8. Positions of a male of Stenobothrus miramae during the element 3 of courtship. (A) The male hits a female several times with his head; (B) the male slowly raises both hind femora and keeps them over head.
FIGURE 6 in Contributions to the study of the grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae Gomphocerinae) courtship songs from Kazakhstan and adjacent territories
FIGURE 6. Movements of antennae during the element 3 of courtship in Myrmeleotettix pallidus. Figures A–F demonstrate successive stages of the antennae position.
FIGURE 13 in Contributions to the study of the grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae Gomphocerinae) courtship songs from Kazakhstan and adjacent territories
FIGURE 13. Oscillograms and frequency spectrum of the courtship songs of two males of Chorthippus karelini from Almaty region (A) and Aktobe region (B). Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in C–F). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–5, drawings show different positions of the hind legs and abdomen at the corresponding moments of the song. Frequency spectra shown for the element 3 (G), the element 4 (H), the element 5 (I–J).
FIGURE 3 in Contributions to the study of the grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae Gomphocerinae) courtship songs from Kazakhstan and adjacent territories
FIGURE 3. Oscillograms (A-D) and frequency spectra (E-F) of the courtship song of Omocestus haemorrhoidalis from Orenburg region. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in B–D). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–3. Frequency spectra shown for the elements 1 (E) and 2 (F).
FIGURE 4 in Contributions to the study of the grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae Gomphocerinae) courtship songs from Kazakhstan and adjacent territories
FIGURE 4. Oscillograms and frequency spectrum of the courtship songs of two males (A, B) of Omocestus petraeus from Orenburg region. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in C–F). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–3. Frequency spectrum (G) shown for element 2.
FIGURE 2 in Contributions to the study of the grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae Gomphocerinae) courtship songs from Kazakhstan and adjacent territories
FIGURE 2. Oscillograms and frequency spectra of the courtship songs of two males (A, B) of Omocestus viridulus from Altai Republic. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in C–E). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–4. Frequency spectra shown for the elements 1 (F) and 3 (G).
FIGURE 1 in Contributions to the study of the grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae Gomphocerinae) courtship songs from Kazakhstan and adjacent territories
FIGURE 1. Map of localities where the specimens were collected for the song recordings. Kazakhstan: 1—10 SE of Aktobe, near Aktjubinsk reservoir; 2—Akmola region, ab. 90 km SW of Kokshetau, near Balkashino; 3—Akmola region, ab. 60 km SE km of Nur-Sultan, environs of Vishnevka, near Vjacheslavskoe reservoir, 4—Akmola region, ab. 40 km NW of Ereimentau, Baysary; 5—Pavlodar region, ab. 48 km W of Ekibastuz, ab. 3 km W of Schiderty; 6—Pavlodar region, ab. 44 km SW of Pavlodar, environs of Pogranichnoe; 7—Pavlodar region, between Terenkol' and Beregovoe, near Irtysh river; 8—Pavlodar region, Zhelezinsky district, near Pyatiryzhsk; 9—Pavlodar region, environs of Irtyshsk; 10—Almaty region, ab. 60 km NE of Taldykorgan, near Kapal; 11- Almaty region, between Saryozek and Zharkent, environs of Basshi; 12—Almaty region, ab. 6 km SW of Zharkent; 13—Almaty region, ab. 4 km SE of Kegen, flood-lands of Kegen river; 14—Orenburg region, ab. 10 km W of Novosergievka; 15—ab. 10 km E of Orenburg, near Ural river; 16—Orenburg region, ab. 20 km NW of Orsk, environs of railway station Guberlja; 17—Altai Republic, ab. 26 km S of Shebalino, Semensky pass; 18—Altai Republic, ab. 26 km SE of Ongudai, environs of Kupchegen'.
FIGURE 6a–j in Taxonomic Studies of the genus Decticus Serville, 1831 from China (Orthoptera Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae), based on Morphology and Songs
FIGURE 6a–j. Stridulatory apparatus of Decticus. a, c, e, g, i: Mirror on right tegmen; b, d, f, h, j: Stridulatory file on underside of male left tegmen; a–b: D. v. verrucivorus; c–d: D. v. latipennis ssp. n.; e–f: D. v. sayram ssp. n.; g–h: D. v. crassus; i–j: D. albifrons.
FIGURE 5a–e in Taxonomic Studies of the genus Decticus Serville, 1831 from China (Orthoptera Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae), based on Morphology and Songs
FIGURE 5a–e. Right tegmen of males. a: D. v. verrucivorus; b: D. v. latipennis ssp. n; c: D. v. sayram ssp. n. d: D. v. crassus; e: D. albifrons.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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