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1,492 results for “species delimitation”
Data from: Integrating phylogenomic and morphological data to assess candidate species-delimitation models in brown and red-bellied snakes (Storeria)
Systematics at the species level is still marked by theoretical and empirical tensions amongst the desires to identify geographical lineages, delimit species, and estimate their relationships. These goals are often confounded because each relies, at least to some extent, on the others being known. However, recently developed methods can simultaneously address all three. Furthermore, next-generation genomic sequencing allows us to generate large-scale molecular data sets to examine variation within species at a fine scale. Finally, a renaissance in morphological species validation allows us to integrate historical species definitions with coalescent models for species delimitation. Here, we investigate the applicability of these methods in an empirical case, in the Nearctic snake genus Storeria. Integrating trait data into species delimitation reduces the number of species delimited from molecular data alone. Whereas molecular data support eight distinct species-level lineages, including morphological data reduces this to four. The taxa Storeria dekayi, Storeria occipitomaculata, Storeria storerioides, and Storeria victa are considered distinct, monotypic species, with no subspecies recognized. We highlight the need for careful assessment of species delimitation, combining both computational genetic methods as well as traditional character-based descriptions. It is now possible to identify phylogeographical lineages, delimit species using molecular and morphological data, and estimate their relationships in a single coherent set of analyses. Moving forward, this will allow for more rapid and objective assessments of cryptic diversity at the species level.
Figure 4 in Assessment of morphometric characters to delimit species of Apolpium Chamberlin, 1930 (Pseudoscorpiones, Olpiidae)
Figure 4. Multiple correlation between the ratios. The ratios are ordered according to their contribution to the first component in a principal components analysis. Blue indicates positive correlation while red indicates a negative correlation. Colour intensity shows the correlation level: the darker the colour, the higher the correlation. Crosses indicate there is no correlation between variables.
Figure 3 in Assessment of morphometric characters to delimit species of Apolpium Chamberlin, 1930 (Pseudoscorpiones, Olpiidae)
Figure 3. Cluster analysis of the ratios. Values above the lines indicate bootstrap probability. Vertical scale indicates Euclidean distance. Variable abbreviations are listed in Table 2.
Figure 7 in Assessment of morphometric characters to delimit species of Apolpium Chamberlin, 1930 (Pseudoscorpiones, Olpiidae)
Figure 7. First canonical root (Can1) of the discriminant analysis applied to groups generated by the cluster analysis. Lines in the box structure indicates the contribution of each ratio to the canonical function and thus to the discrimination of the groups. For ratio abbreviations see Table 2.
Figure 2 in Assessment of morphometric characters to delimit species of Apolpium Chamberlin, 1930 (Pseudoscorpiones, Olpiidae)
Figure 2. Bean plots of the ratios where the KW test showed significant differences between sexes. (a) Length/Width of Carapace (Ca) and (b) Length/Width of Leg IV femur-patella (IVFP).
Figure 6 in Assessment of morphometric characters to delimit species of Apolpium Chamberlin, 1930 (Pseudoscorpiones, Olpiidae)
Figure 6. Cluster analysis of the individuals. Vertical scale indicates Euclidean distance. Boxes enclose the groups defined (a–f). Lower case letters are the types of c A. cordimanum e A. ecuadorense p A. parvum r A. rufeolum v1 and v2 syntypes of A. vastum. * denotes males.
Figure 5 in Assessment of morphometric characters to delimit species of Apolpium Chamberlin, 1930 (Pseudoscorpiones, Olpiidae)
Figure 5. Principal component analysis of the ratios. Percentages indicate the proportion of the variance explained by the first two components.
Figure 9 in Assessment of morphometric characters to delimit species of Apolpium Chamberlin, 1930 (Pseudoscorpiones, Olpiidae)
Figure 9. Scatterplot of Pedipalpal chela without pedicel length (CL) against Pedipalpal femur length (PFL). (a) Linear measurements (b) Length/width ratios. Symbols refer to groups of the cluster analysis in Figure 6.
Figure 8 in Assessment of morphometric characters to delimit species of Apolpium Chamberlin, 1930 (Pseudoscorpiones, Olpiidae)
Figure 8. Graphical projection of the NMDS. Groups defined in the cluster analysis (Figure 6) are indicated by colours and shapes. Ellipses indicate levels of significance to the 0.5 (inner ellipse) and 0.95 (outer ellipse) of each group. For ratio abbreviations see Table 2.
FIGURE 4 in Biogeography and taxonomy of racket-tail hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae: Ocreatus): evidence for species delimitation from morphology and display behavior
FIGURE 4. Summed scoring for plumage (for characters included, see Table 3), biometrics (see Table 4), and display behavior (see Fig. 3) in pairs of Ocreatus; line indicates critical threshold value (7) for species delimitation according to Tobias et al. (2010). Abbreviations: mel = melanantherus, per = peruanus, add = addae, ann = annae.
FIGURE 3 in Biogeography and taxonomy of racket-tail hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae: Ocreatus): evidence for species delimitation from morphology and display behavior
FIGURE 3. Aerial displays of Ocreatus males, based on notes from field and laboratory observations by K.-L. Schuchmann (KLS) and C. Cordier (CC) (cf. Appendix 2; after Schuchmann 1987). A—addae (N> 15, April 1984–1992; Bolivia, Cochabamba, eastern slope, cloud forest, 2000 m a.s.l., CC; laboratory observations, Bonn, Germany, KLS): simple, repeated horizontal arc-flight of male in front of/above female without vocalizations, in annae with additional jerky sideward movements (not shown). B—peruanus (south of Quito, Ecuador, KLS): male with dive-in maneuvers with exposed leg puffs and vertically raised rectrices (in addition to A) without vocalizations. C—underwoodii (Mares, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, KLS): similar to B but male afterwards lifting back upwards and then rapidly beating the tail feathers down, producing a prominent, whip-like mechanical sound, which is responded to by female uttering high-pitched uttering calls. For detailed explanation see text. Rating of magnitudes for scoring analysis (cf. Fig. 4) was from 0 (addae vs. annae) to 2 (addae/annae vs. melanantherus). Drawings by S. Rick.
FIGURE 2 in Biogeography and taxonomy of racket-tail hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae: Ocreatus): evidence for species delimitation from morphology and display behavior
FIGURE 2. Geographic variation in ventral patterns and tail morphology of Ocreatus taxa (all ZFMK collection, see nos.); for definition and comparison of color features and tail characteristics see Table 4. A—Males (from left to right): discifer (8967), underwoodii (8959), melanantherus (8981), peruanus (81350), annae (8996), addae (8995). Note throat and belly coloration, enlarged tibial tufts (vs. females), shape and size of flags, and position of elongated outermost rectrices (uncrossed/crossed) (for details, see text). B—Females (from left to right): polystictus (53357), underwoodii (87094), melanantherus (8988), peruanus (87094), annae (8999). Photographs by A.-A. Weller.
FIGURE 1 in Biogeography and taxonomy of racket-tail hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae: Ocreatus): evidence for species delimitation from morphology and display behavior
FIGURE 1. Distribution of Ocreatus (taxonomy fide this study) in Venezuela and Colombia (A), from S Colombia to N Peru (B), and from S Peru to N Bolivia (C) based on specimen records, using color codes for pools (for reference letters and their localities, see Appendix 1); maps were obtained from Google Earth (Version 7.1.1.1888). Marks with asterisk indicate localities not referable to pools. A—from north to south: O. underwoodii polystictus—pool A (green); O. u. discifer—pool B (turquoise), pool C (blue), pool D (white); O. u. underwoodii—pool E (yellow), pool F (orange), pool G (red); O. u. incommodus—pool H (pink), pool J (purple), pool K (dark purple). B—from north to south: O. underwoodii melanantherus—pool L (white), pool M (yellow), pool N (orange), pool O (red); O. peruanus—pool P (pale turquoise), pool Q (turquoise), pool R (violet blue), pool S (light purple), pool T (dark purple). C—from north to south: O. annae—pool U (yellow), pool V (orange); O. addae—pool W (turquoise). Note that pools exclude immature specimens; for that and other reasons (see Discussion), possible parapatry of melanantherus and peruanus along the eastern Andean slope in Ecuador is not depicted.
FIGURES 10–14. Cis chinensis Lawrence, 1991 in The first record of Cis chinensis Lawrence from Brazil, with the delimitation of the Cis multidentatus species-group (Coleoptera: Ciidae)
FIGURES 10–14. Cis chinensis Lawrence, 1991, from Ipatinga (Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil). 10. Antenna. 11. Anterior tibia of male (A) and female (B). Note that the tooth at the outer apical angle is bigger in male than in female (arrows). 12. Eighth sternite of male. 13. Male genitalia, showing the tegmen (teg) and the penis (pen). The big arrows are pointing the membranous apex of the penis, and the small arrows are pointing the apical margin of the tegmen. Ninth segment not shown. 14. Female terminalia, showing the gonostyli (gs), gonocoxites (gc), baculi of basal gonocoxites (small arrows), paraprocts (pp), baculi of paraprocts (b.pp), proctiger (pt) and its apex (big arrow pointing the dashed line), and baculi of proctiger (b.pt). Note that the gonocoxites (gc) are transversely divided in three parts. Spiculum ventrale not shown.
FIGURES 1–3 in The first record of Cis chinensis Lawrence from Brazil, with the delimitation of the Cis multidentatus species-group (Coleoptera: Ciidae)
FIGURES 1–3. Male of Cis chinensis Lawrence, 1991, from Ipatinga, southeastern Brazil. 1. Dorsal view. 2. Lateral view. 3. Ventral view.
FIGURE 15 in The first record of Cis chinensis Lawrence from Brazil, with the delimitation of the Cis multidentatus species-group (Coleoptera: Ciidae)
FIGURE 15. Map showing Ipatinga (circle, county name underlined), in the state of Minas Gerais (Southeast Region), the unique locality where Cis chinensis Lawrence, 1991, has been collected in Brazil. Other counties named on the map as reference.
FIGURES 4–9 in The first record of Cis chinensis Lawrence from Brazil, with the delimitation of the Cis multidentatus species-group (Coleoptera: Ciidae)
FIGURES 4–9. Two "species" of the multidentatus group. 4–6. Cis chinensis Lawrence, 1991. Dorsal view of the pronotum and part of the head of a male from Ipatinga (4), a female from Ipatinga (5), and a male paratype from China (6). 7–9. Cis multidentatus (Pic, 1917). Dorsal view of the pronotum and part of the head of a male from Malta (7), a small male from Germany (8), and the abdomen of a male from Germany (9) showing the fovea at the first abdominal ventrite (arrow).
FIGURE 5. Corallium medea Bayer, 1964. Holotype, USNM 52512 in Coralliidae (Anthozoa: Octocorallia) from the INDEMARES 2010 expedition to north and northwest Spain (northeast Atlantic), with delimitation of a new species using both morphological and molecular approaches
FIGURE 5. Corallium medea Bayer, 1964. Holotype, USNM 52512. (A) Front, back and close-up view of colony. (B) Sclerites from cortex.
FIGURE 8. Corallium johnsoni Gray, 1860 in Coralliidae (Anthozoa: Octocorallia) from the INDEMARES 2010 expedition to north and northwest Spain (northeast Atlantic), with delimitation of a new species using both morphological and molecular approaches
FIGURE 8. Corallium johnsoni Gray, 1860. (A) NHM 1933.3. 13.55, “ front ” and “ back ” views of colony. (B) SMF 2426, view of colony, and sclerites from the autozooids.
FIGURE 3. Corallium occultum n in Coralliidae (Anthozoa: Octocorallia) from the INDEMARES 2010 expedition to north and northwest Spain (northeast Atlantic), with delimitation of a new species using both morphological and molecular approaches
FIGURE 3. Corallium occultum n. sp., holotype (MNCN 2.04 / 1128), Avilés Canyon System, Stn. DR 18. (A) Cortical sclerites. (B) Sclerites from the autozooids.
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