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Figure 12 in Biology and ecology of a deep cave nesting spider wasp, Ageniella evansi Townes, (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae), in Arizona

Figure 12. Coupled pair of Ageniella evansi Townes, 1957, female (left) and male (right), in the sinkhole at the entrance to Arkenstone Cave on 27 February 1993.

Figure 10 in Biology and ecology of a deep cave nesting spider wasp, Ageniella evansi Townes, (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae), in Arizona

Figure 10. Percentage of male Ageniella evansi Townes, 1957 by month (1992–2020). The annual average percentage of males in the population is 20%. The observed mating range is bracketed by long, parallel vertical lines. The average peak of the hunting season (5 March) is shown as a short vertical line. The thin line is a quartic polynomial trend; R2 =.93.

Table 2. Monthly average values for Ageniella evansi Townes, 1957 in Biology and ecology of a deep cave nesting spider wasp, Ageniella evansi Townes, (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae), in Arizona

Table 2. Monthly average values for Ageniella evansi Townes, 1957 female hunting population, percent hunt success and monthly and total annual spider hunt potential. a Number of complete daily data sets by month (1993–2020). *Projected, unadjusted annual active season spider total.<table><tbody><tr><th></th><th></th><th>Average number</th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Month</th><td>n a</td><td>of hunting females</td><td>Average % hunt success</td><td>Average number of spiders/day</td><td>Potential number of hunt days</td><td>Average monthly spider potential</td></tr><tr><th>November</th><td>6</td><td>4.33</td><td>31.3</td><td>1.356</td><td>16</td><td>21.7</td></tr><tr><th>December</th><td>8</td><td>9.88</td><td>17.5</td><td>1.729</td><td>31</td><td>53.6</td></tr><tr><th>January</th><td>9</td><td>5.33</td><td>32.0</td><td>1.706</td><td>31</td><td>52.9</td></tr><tr><th>February</th><td>13</td><td>15.62</td><td>20.5</td><td>3.202</td><td>28</td><td>89.7</td></tr><tr><th>March</th><td>19</td><td>31.89</td><td>34.0</td><td>10.843</td><td>31</td><td>336.1</td></tr><tr><th>April</th><td>8</td><td>25.00</td><td>16.5</td><td>4.125</td><td>30</td><td>123.8</td></tr><tr><th>May</th><td>3</td><td>4.00</td><td>25.0</td><td>1.000</td><td>11</td><td>11.0</td></tr><tr><th>Totals</th><td>66</td><td>–</td><td>Avg. 25.3</td><td>–</td><td>178</td><td>688.8*</td></tr></tbody></table>

Table 3 in Biology and ecology of a deep cave nesting spider wasp, Ageniella evansi Townes, (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae), in Arizona

Table 3. Data for in-cave nesting trials of Ageniella evansi Townes, 1957 in Arkenstone Cave.<table><tbody><tr><th></th><th></th><th>Wasp</th><th>Host</th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td></td><td>length</td><td>length</td><td></td><td>Date host placed in</td><td># of open surface</td><td>Emergence</td><td>Total</td><td>Emerged wasp sex/</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Trial</th><td>Date/time set</td><td>(mm)</td><td>(mm)</td><td>Host type nest by wasp</td><td>excavations&dagger;</td><td>date</td><td>days</td><td>length (mm)</td><td>Notes&Dagger;</td></tr><tr><th>HB1</th><td>20 March 1994/1252</td><td>11</td><td>11</td><td>Selenops</td><td>20/21 March 1994</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>15*</td><td>N/A</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><th>HB2</th><td>21 March 1994/1253</td><td>11</td><td>8</td><td>Lycosidae 21/22 March 1994</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>14*</td><td>N/A</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><th>S1</th><td>14 March 1995/1606</td><td>11</td><td>9</td><td>Selenops</td><td>14/15 March 1995</td><td>4</td><td>None</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><th>S2</th><td>14 March 1995/1602</td><td>12</td><td>8</td><td>Selenops</td><td>14/15 March 1995</td><td>7</td><td>None</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><th>S3</th><td>16 March 1995/1406</td><td>11</td><td>9</td><td>Selenops</td><td>Unknown</td><td>N/A</td><td>None</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><th>S4</th><td>16 March 1995/1410</td><td>11</td><td>9.5</td><td>Selenops</td><td>Unknown</td><td>N/A</td><td>None</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><th>S5</th><td>14 March 1995/1422</td><td>11</td><td>10</td><td>Selenops</td><td>14/15 March 1995</td><td>5</td><td>3/4 February</td><td>325</td><td>Male/10</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1996</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>S6</th><td>14 March 1995/1420</td><td>11</td><td>8</td><td>Selenops</td><td>14/15 March 1995</td><td>4</td><td>3/4 February</td><td>325</td><td>Male/7</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1996</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>&dagger;Number of open surface exploratory burrow excavations; occupied burrows are always closed.*Larval age at excavation.&Dagger;See notes after table:1. Excavated 4-2-1994; monitored; larva dead by 4–30-1994.2. Excavated 4-2-1994; monitored; larva dead by 4–30-1994.3. Died in pupal stage; excavated 3–23-1996.4. Cell excavated on 4-3-1996; Selenops head capsule present; no remains of larva, pupa or wasp.5. Excavated 4-3-1996; no trace of spider, larva, pupa or wasp.6. Excavated 4-3-1996; no trace of spider, larva, pupa or wasp.7. Pupal case length 12 mm.8. Pupal case length 9.5 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Two new species of the spider wasp genus Paracyphononyx Gribodo, 1884 (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae) in China, with a key to Chinese species

FIGURE 3. Paracyphononyx noncarinulatus Liu & Ma, sp. nov., female, holotype. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, frontal view. C. Head and mesosoma, lateral view. D. Head, dorsal view. E. Scutellum, metanotum, metapostnotum, and propodeum, dorsal view. F. Fore- and hindwings. G. Apical sternum, ventral view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Two new species of the spider wasp genus Paracyphononyx Gribodo, 1884 (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae) in China, with a key to Chinese species

FIGURE 4. Paracyphononyx noncarinulatus Liu & Ma, sp. nov., male, paratype. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, frontal view. C. Antenna, lateral view. D. Head and mesosoma, lateral view. E. Head, dorsal view. F. Pronotum, dorsal view. G. Scutellum, metanotum, metapostnotum, and propodeum, dorsal view. H. Fore- and hindwings. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Two new species of the spider wasp genus Paracyphononyx Gribodo, 1884 (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae) in China, with a key to Chinese species

FIGURE 2. Paracyphononyx pilisquamatus Liu & Ma, sp. nov., male, paratype. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, frontal view. C. Head, dorsal view. D. Antenna, lateral view. E. Scutellum, metanotum, metapostnotum, and propodeum, dorsal view. F. Fore- and hindwings. G. SGP, ventral view. H. Genitalia, dorsal view. I. Genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Two new species of the spider wasp genus Paracyphononyx Gribodo, 1884 (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae) in China, with a key to Chinese species

FIGURE 1. Paracyphononyx pilisquamatus Liu & Ma, sp. nov., female, holotype. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, frontal view. C. Head, dorsal view. D. Scutellum, metanotum, metapostnotum, and propodeum, dorsal view. E. Fore- and hindwings. F. Metasoma, dorsal view. G. Apical sternum, ventral view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Two new species of the spider wasp genus Paracyphononyx Gribodo, 1884 (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae) in China, with a key to Chinese species

FIGURE 5. Paracyphononyx noncarinulatus Liu & Ma, sp. nov., male, paratype. A. SGP, ventral view. B. Genitalia, dorsal view. C. Genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

TABLE 2 in Two new species of the spider wasp genus Paracyphononyx Gribodo, 1884 (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae) in China, with a key to Chinese species

TABLE 2. Structural differences between Paracyphononyx noncarinulatus Liu & Ma, sp. nov. and P. pedestris (Smith, 1855), female and male.<table><tbody><tr><th>P. noncarinulatus Liu & Ma, sp. nov.</th><th>P. pedestris (Smith, 1855)</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>a</th><td>SMC3 strongly narrowed above and forming triangle, petiolate (Fig. 3F)</td><td>SMC3 strongly narrowed above, much shorter than below, quadrilateral, without petiole</td></tr><tr><th>b</th><td>Ratio of length of marginal cell to distance from marginal cell tip to wing tip = 3:5</td><td>Ratio of length of marginal cell to distance from marginal cell tip to wing tip = 4:5</td></tr><tr><th>c</th><td>Hindwing vein M+CuA diverging at cu-a (Fig. 3F)</td><td>Hindwing vein M+CuA diverging after cu-a</td></tr><tr><th>d</th><td>Longer spur of hind tibia 0.67–0.83 × as long as basitarsus</td><td>Longer spur of hind tibia 0.5 × as long as basitarsus</td></tr><tr><th>e</th><td>Apical sternum moderately compressed laterally and without longitudinal ridge ventrally, arc (Fig. 3G)</td><td>Apical sternum strongly compressed laterally and with distinct longitudinal ridge ventrally</td></tr><tr><th>f</th><td>Pronotum without yellowish white stripe at posterior margin (Fig. 4F)</td><td>Pronotum with yellowish white stripe at posterior margin</td></tr><tr><th>g</th><td>Metasoma with black, stout, short setae at apex</td><td>Metasoma with black, long setae at apex</td></tr><tr><th>h</th><td>Aedeagus with distinct, transparent membranous band apically, length of transparent membranous band 0.75 × aedeagus (Fig. 5B, C)</td><td>Aedeagus with short, transparent membranous band apically, length of transparent membranous band about 0.2 × aedeagus</td></tr><tr><th>i</th><td>Paramere short, feathery, as long as digitus, with long setae at inner side (Fig. 5B, C)</td><td>Paramere extending far beyond apex of digitus volsellaris, strongly enlarged apically, with very long setae at enlarged apically</td></tr></tbody></table>

TABLE 1 in Two new species of the spider wasp genus Paracyphononyx Gribodo, 1884 (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae) in China, with a key to Chinese species

TABLE 1. Structural differences between Paracyphononyx pilisquamatus Liu & Ma, sp. nov. and P. alienus (Smith, 1879), female and male.<table><tbody><tr><th>P. pilisquamatus Liu & Ma, sp. nov.</th><th>P. alienus (Smith, 1879)</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>a</th><td>Metasomal terga 1–3 with squamiform pubescence (Fig. 1F)</td><td>Metasomal terga without squamiform pubescence</td></tr><tr><th>b</th><td>Ratio of malar space to mandible width at base = 5–6:12.</td><td>Ratio of malar space to mandible at their base = 5:8</td></tr><tr><th>c</th><td>POD:OOD = 11:7–9.</td><td>POD:OOD = 10:7.</td></tr><tr><th>d</th><td>Ratio of SMC2 to SMC3 on vein M = 1:1 (Figs 1E, 2F).</td><td>Ratio of SMC2 to SMC3 on vein M = 15–20:25</td></tr><tr><th>e</th><td>Paramere short, aedeagus with distinct, transparent membrane band apically, length of transparent membranous band equal to aedeagus (Fig. 2H, I).</td><td>Paramere extending far beyond apex of digitus volsellaris, aedeagus with a very short, transparent membranous band apically, length of transparent membranous band about 0.2 × aedeagus.</td></tr></tbody></table>

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Data from: Northern range expansion of European populations of the wasp spider Argiope bruennichi is associated with global warming correlated genetic admixture and specific temperature adaptations

Poleward range expansions are observed for an increasing number of species, which may be an effect of global warming during the past decades. However, it is still not clear in how far these expansions reflect simple geographical shifts of species ranges, or whether new genetic adaptations play a role as well. Here, we analyse the expansion of the wasp spider Argiope bruennichi into Northern Europe during the last century. We have used a range-wide sampling of contemporary populations and historical specimens from museums to trace the phylogeography and genetic changes associated with the range shift. Based on the analysis of mitochondrial, microsatellite and SNP markers, we observe a higher level of genetic diversity in the expanding populations, apparently due to admixture of formerly isolated lineages. Using reciprocal transplant experiments for testing overwintering tolerance, as well as temperature preference and tolerance tests in the laboratory, we find that the invading spiders have possibly shifted their temperature niche. This may be a key adaptation for survival in Northern latitudes. The museum samples allow a reconstruction of the invasion's genetic history. A first, small-scale range shift started around 1930, in parallel with the onset of global warming. A more massive invasion of Northern Europe associated with genetic admixture and morphological changes occurred in later decades. We suggest that the latter range expansion into far Northern latitudes may be a consequence of the admixture that provided the genetic material for adaptations to new environmental regimes. Hence, global warming could have facilitated the initial admixture of populations and this resulted in genetic lineages with new habitat preferences.

opennotspecifiedJul 2021View details →

FIGURES 3–10 in A review of the spider wasp genus Austrosalius Turner, 1917 (Hymenoptera Pompilidae), with the description of a new species

FIGURES 3–10. Austrosalius mikhailovi sp. nov., ♀ holotype. 3, antenna, head, mesosoma part., and fore leg in lateral view. 4, head, pronotum, mesoscutum part., and fore tibiae in dorsal view. 5, head in frontal view. 6, metatibia in dorsal view. 7, hind wing. 8, fore wing. 9, mesosoma part. and T1 in dorsal view. 10, metasoma in dorsal view. Scale bar: 1.0 mm for 7 and 8; 0.5 mm for 3–6, 9, and 10.

opennotspecifiedJul 2021View details →

FIGURES 1–2 in A review of the spider wasp genus Austrosalius Turner, 1917 (Hymenoptera Pompilidae), with the description of a new species

FIGURES 1–2. Habitus of Austrosalius mikhailovi sp. nov., ♀ holotype (1, in lateral view; 2, in dorsal view). Scale bar 1.0 mm.

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Around the world in 10 million years: rapid dispersal of a kleptoparasitoid spider wasp (Pompilidae: Ceropales)

Aim: Our aim was to estimate the historical biogeography of the kleptoparasitoid genus Ceropales and to determine the processes leading to its current worldwide distribution. We tested hypotheses of dispersal and vicariance scenarios underlying its widespread distribution. Location: Worldwide. Methods: Data from two nuclear markers (the D2–D3 regions of the 28S ribosomal RNA and long-wavelength rhodopsin) and one mitochondrial marker (cytochrome c oxidase I) for 52 specimens of Ceropales were used to reconstruct a dated phylogeny based on Bayesian inference. Two calibration points were used from previous analyses including all pompilids under a lognormal relaxed molecular clock to estimate lineage divergence times. We compared the fit of 12 biogeographical models, modifying the base BioGeoBEARS models to include a dispersal adjacency matrix. Base BioGeoBEARS models allow different cladogenetic processes: DEC (subset sympatry, narrow vicariance), DIVALIKE (narrow and wide vicariance), BAYAREALIKE (widespread sympatry), and +J versions of these that allow jump dispersal. Using the model with the best AIC score, we performed Biogeographic Stochastic Mapping (BSM) in order to infer biogeographic processes. We simulated 200 BSM using the DEC+J model and the consensus tree for the BEAST analysis. Results: The origin of crown-group Ceropales was in the early Miocene, ca. 10.6 Ma (15.7–6.5 95% HPD), and eight dispersal events explain its widespread distribution. A constrained model, where only adjacent areas were allowed for dispersal had the highest likelihood under DEC+J model. Main Conclusions: The widespread distribution of Ceropales can be explained by eleven jump-dispersal events that took place in a period of ca. 10 million years. Two separate dispersals at different times happened from the Eurasia to the Nearctic. These probably occurred across the Bering land bridge in the late Miocene and Pliocene. Dispersal from North and Mesoamerica to South America took place four independent times from the late Miocene to close to present time. Dispersal to the Ethiopian region from Eurasia occurred in the late Miocene and Pliocene. Dispersal back to Eurasia from the Ethiopian region took place three times independently in the Pliocene to close to present time. Dispersal to the Australian region took place from the late Miocene to the Pleistocene.

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opennotspecifiedMar 2014View details →

Figure 1 in Notes on the biology of the wasp, Chalybion spinolae (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae), an obligatory predator of Latrodectus (Araneae: Theridiidae) spiders in South Africa

Figure 1. (A) Chalybion spinolae copulating; (B) Chalybion spinolae carrying a spider into a nest; (C) Chalybion spinolae larva feeding on Latrodectus prey; (D) pupal casing of Chalybion spinolae.

FIGURE 9. A–C in Spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Dominican Republic

FIGURE 9. A–C. Ageniella domingensis: ♂: A. genital plate; B. genitalia, ventral view; C. genitalia, dorsal view. D–F. Drepanaporus antillarum: ♂: D. genital plate; E.genitalia, ventral view; F. genitalia, dorsal view. G–I. Notocyphus anacaona: ♂: J. genital plate; K. genitalia, dorsal view; L. genitalia, ventral view.

FIGURE 8. A in Spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Dominican Republic

FIGURE 8. A. Psorthaspis hispaniolae: head and front femora, front-lateral view, ♀. B, G–H, K. Anoplius fulgidus, lateral view: B. head and anterior mesosoma, ♀; G. postnotum, ♀; H. front basitarsus, ♀; K. metasoma, ♂. C. Drepanaporus collaris: front femora, lateral view, ♀. D–E. Epysiron conterminous cressoni: ♀: D. postnotum, dorsal view; E. propodeum, lateral view. F. Aporinellus medianus: propodeum, lateral view, ♀. I–J. Anoplius amethystinus amethystinus: lateral view: I. front basitarsus, ♀. J. metasoma, ♂.

FIGURE 5. A–B in Spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Dominican Republic

FIGURE 5. A–B. Auplopus bellus: habitus, lateral view: A. ♂; B. ♀. C–D. Auplopus charlesi sp. nov.: habitus, ♀: C. dorsal view; D. lateral view. E–F. Entypus ochrocerus: habitus, lateral view: E. ♂; F. ♀. G. Dipogon marlowei sp. nov.: habitus, lateral view, ♀. H–I. Priocnemis cornica: habitus, lateral view: H. ♂; I. ♀. J. Caliadurgus maestris: habitus, lateral view, ♀. K–L. Priocnessus vancei sp. nov.: habitus, ♀: K. lateral view; L. dorsal view.

FIGURE 7. A in Spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Dominican Republic

FIGURE 7. A. Aporinellus medianus: habitus, lateral view, ♀. B–C. Drepanaporus antillarum: habitus, lateral view: B. ♂; C. ♀. D–E. Drepanaporus collaris: habitus, lateral view: D. ♀; E. ♂. F–G. Episyron conterminous cressoni: habitus, lateral view: F.♀; G.♂. H. Notocyphus anacaona sp. nov.: habitus, lateral view, ♂. I–J. Psorthaspis hispaniolae: habitus, lateral view: I. ♀; J. ♂. K. Tachypompilus ferrugineus bicolor: habitus, lateral view, ♀. L–M. Poecilopompilus mixtus: habitus, lateral view: L. ♂; M. ♀.