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428 results for “zooplankton”
Data from: Increasing zooplankton size diversity enhances the strength of top-down control on phytoplankton through diet niche partitioning
1. The biodiversity-ecosystem functioning debate is a central topic in ecology. Recently, there has been a growing interest in size diversity because body size is sensitive to environmental changes and is one of the fundamental characteristics of organisms linking many ecosystem properties. However, how size diversity affects ecosystem functioning is an important yet unclear issue. 2. To fill the gap, with large-scale field data from the East China Sea, we tested the novel hypothesis that increasing zooplankton size diversity enhances top-down control on phytoplankton (H1) and compared it with five conventional hypotheses explaining the top-down control: flatter zooplankton size spectrum enhances the strength of top-down control (H2); nutrient enrichment lessens the strength of top-down control (H3); increasing zooplankton taxonomic diversity enhances the strength of top-down control (H4); increasing fish predation decreases the strength of top-down control of zooplankton on phytoplankton through trophic cascade (H5); increasing temperature intensifies the strength of top-down control (H6). 3. The results of univariate analyses support the hypotheses based on zooplankton size diversity (H1), zooplankton size spectrum (H2), nutrient (H3), and zooplankton taxonomic diversity (H4), but not the hypotheses based on fish predation (H5) and temperature (H6). More in depth analyses indicate that zooplankton size diversity is the most important factor in determining the strength of top-down control on phytoplankton in the East China Sea. 4. Our results suggest a new potential mechanism, that increasing predator size diversity enhances the strength of top-down control on prey through diet niche partitioning. This mechanism can be explained by the optimal predator-prey body-mass ratio concept. Suppose each size group of zooplankton predators has its own optimal phytoplankton prey size, increasing size diversity of zooplankton would promote diet niche partitioning of predators and thus elevates the strength of top-down control.
Data from: Behavioral diversity is maintained by a conditional strategy in a freshwater zooplankton
Many populations have intraspecific diversity in phenotype and ecological strategy, but the mechanisms maintaining such diversity are not fully understood. Multiple behaviors can be maintained either as a conditional strategy, where fitness depends on an individual's phenotype, or as a mixed strategy where alternative behaviors have similar fitness independent of phenotype. Using high-resolution depth and time sampling, we characterize two distinct diel vertical migration behaviors in a population of freshwater zooplankton (Daphnia pulicaria). Individuals in this population differ in their color phenotype and migratory behavior with red morphs upregulating hemoglobin and undergoing a deep migration, and pale morphs not producing hemoglobin and undergoing a shallow migration. We experimentally manipulated the behavior of each phenotype in the field, and measured population growth in their natural migration behavior as well as population growth in their alternative behaviors. Experimental populations of pale and red morphs under their natural migrations had roughly equal fitness, despite vast differences in environmental conditions. When forced to switch behaviors, pale morphs suffered reduced fitness, whereas red morphs had similar fitness compared to their natural migration. Our results suggest that while behavioral diversity may be promoted by the opportunity for alternative behaviors of equal fitness, the distinct physiological conditions required for survival in alternative behaviors limit the capacity for individual behavioral switching and likely maintain behavioral diversity as a conditional strategy.
Zooplankton imaging with the Lightframe On-sight Keyspecies Investigation (LOKI) system
<p>A video presentation on how to build detailed automatic identification models from LOKI zooplankton imagery and how to validate them as well as an introduction to the double filtering algorithm that was developed in our lab. Concluding with some ecological data. This presentation was recorded for the 5ème Rencontre des Technologies Marines.</p> <p>https://projets.dt.insu.cnrs.fr/formations/2014_techmar/</p>
FIGURE 10 in Three new cryptic species of the freshwater zooplankton genus Holopedium (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Ctenopoda), revealed by genetic methods
FIGURE 10. Representative photomicrographs of Holopedium atlanticum. (a,b) Lateral views of female in jelly coat stained with fuschian red. (c) Lateral view of female head and anterior jelly curl. Santeetlah, North Carolina, October 30, 1993. (d) Lateral view of female head. (e) Lateral view of female abdomen. Lake James, North Carolina, December 13, 1992. (f) Lateral view of female postabdomen. (g) Lateral view of ventral carapace spinules. Lake James, North Carolina, October 31, 1993. (a,b,d,f) from Digdeguash Lake, New Brunswick, June 15, 1994.
FIGURE 9 in Three new cryptic species of the freshwater zooplankton genus Holopedium (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Ctenopoda), revealed by genetic methods
FIGURE 9. Representative photomicrographs of Holopedium acidophilum. (a,b) Lateral view of female in jelly coat stained with dilute fuschain red. (c) Lateral view of female head and anterior jelly curl. Jelly coat stained with dilute fuschian red. (d) Lateral view of female abdomen. (e,f) Lateral views of female postabdomen (g) Lateral view of female postabdomen, Red Rock Pond, New Brunswick, June 1, 1992. (h) Lateral view of brood pouch margin and eggs. (i) Lateral view of ventral carapace spinules. (j,k) Lateral views of male with jelly coat removed. (l) Frontal view of male biramous antennae. (m) Lateral view of hook on first thoracic limb of male. (n) Lateral view of male postabdomen. (a–c, h, j–n) from Red Rock Pond, New Brunswick, June 15, 1994. (d–f, i) from Saunders Pond, Oregon, April 16, 1993.
FIGURE 5 in Three new cryptic species of the freshwater zooplankton genus Holopedium (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Ctenopoda), revealed by genetic methods
FIGURE 5. Morphological characters used in the discrimination of Holopedium. Postabdominal claws (a) with and (b) without a basal spine are illustrated. The jelly coat is not illustrated.
FIGURE 4 in Three new cryptic species of the freshwater zooplankton genus Holopedium (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Ctenopoda), revealed by genetic methods
FIGURE 4. Putative geographic distribution of Holopedium species. Dots indicate populations where species assignments were confirmed by genetic analyses. Dark shaded areas represent the hypothesized range of each species based on results from this study and from distribution data from 1,827 localities inhabited by Holopedium, obtained from literature reports or by sampling (see Rowe 2000). Since several species are morphologically cryptic while the species complexes can be readily distinguished, the areas between or adjacent to genetic localities are tentatively marked as that same species, provided that there are Holopedium records there belonging to the same complex. Pending further evidence, all South American localities are here shaded as H. amazonicum and most Eurasian localities as H. gibberum s.s., but further cryptic species may be detected in the future. Definitive species assignments for populations in Greenland and India, which are currently described as separate species, require genetic evidence (see text), but morphological traits indicate that they do belong to the H. gibberum complex. Their distributions are shown along with H. gibberum s.s. (inset map in part b). a) H. glacialis n.sp., b) H. gibberum s.s., c) H. atlanticum n.sp., d) H. acidophilum n.sp., and e) H. amazonicum s.s.
FIGURE 6 in Three new cryptic species of the freshwater zooplankton genus Holopedium (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Ctenopoda), revealed by genetic methods
FIGURE 6. Representative photomicrographs and drawings of Holopedium gibberum. (a) Lateral view of female with jelly coat removed. Old Crow 10, Yukon, August 15, 1997. (b) Lateral view of female head and anterior jelly curl. Jelly coat stained with fuschian red. (c) Lateral view of female postabdomen. Longstaff Bluff 1, Nunavut, August 16, 1994. (d) Lateral view of female postabdominal claws. Mayer Lake, British Columbia, August 7, 1997. (e) Ventral view of female postabdomen. (f) Lateral view of female postabdomen. (g) Drawing of lateral view of male in jelly coat. (h) Drawing of lateral view of male postabdomen. (i) Drawing of lateral view of biramous antennae of male. (j) Drawing of lateral view of first thoracic limb of a male. (b,e,f) from Steensby 3, Nunavut, August 13, 1994. (g,j) from Lilljeborg 1901. (h,i) from Sars 1865.
FIGURE 8 in Three new cryptic species of the freshwater zooplankton genus Holopedium (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Ctenopoda), revealed by genetic methods
FIGURE 8. Representative photomicrographs of Holopedium amazonicum. (a) Lateral view of ovigerous female with jelly coat removed. (b) Lateral view of brooding female with jelly coat removed. (c) Lateral view of female head. (d) Partial lateral view of female. (e) Lateral view of female head. (f) Lateral view of female postabdomen. Lago Coari, Amazonas, May 24, 1996. (g) Lateral view of brood pouch margin and eggs. (h) Lateral view of ventral carapace margin. (a–e, g–h) from Lago Caju, Amazonas, September 24, 1998.
FIGURE 3 in Three new cryptic species of the freshwater zooplankton genus Holopedium (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Ctenopoda), revealed by genetic methods
FIGURE 3. NJ phenogram of Holopedium based upon 17 COI haplotypes, rooted using Sida crystallina. Boostrap support values (based upon 10,000 replicates) are shown for major clusters and deeper nodes, and the scale bar shows K2P genetic distance. Terminal branch labels indicate the clade number, followed by the haplotype number. Haplotypes of reference populations collected from relatively near the type localities of H. gibberum and H. amazonicum are indicated with one and two asterisks, respectively. The two clusters containing these haplotypes are considered to represent these species sensu strictu, while the remaining clusters are described here as new species.
FIGURE 2 in Three new cryptic species of the freshwater zooplankton genus Holopedium (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Ctenopoda), revealed by genetic methods
FIGURE 2. UPGMA phenogram showing genetic distances, based upon allozyme data, among 121 Holopedium populations. Only those collections known to contain a single species, due to being either invariant or in H-W equilibrium, are included here. Nei's (1972) genetic distance is indicated on the scale bar. The geographic distributions of the two major groups are consistent with those of the two initially described species of Holopedium, and these groups are therefore named after these species, H. gibberum and H. amazonicum. New species names are assigned to two clusters on the basis of allozyme, mtDNA, distributional, and morphological information (see text for further information and justification). Asterisks designate those populations for which mtDNA results are available; allozyme and mtDNA clusters are concordant. Double asterisks and haplotype numbers are given for those populations having sequence data presented in Fig. 4.
FIGURE 1 in Three new cryptic species of the freshwater zooplankton genus Holopedium (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Ctenopoda), revealed by genetic methods
FIGURE 1. Maps of Holopedium populations sampled for genetic analyses. Exact geographic coordinates and habitat names are provided in Appendix A. Populations sampled from outside North America are shown on the inset global map. Type localities for the two initially described species of Holopedium are indicated with stars on the inset map and were not included in this study, although (relatively) nearby collections were available. North American freshwater biogeographic provinces (after Burr & Mayden 1992) are shown, and the names of those from which samples were collected are listed in the legend.
FIGURE 7 in Three new cryptic species of the freshwater zooplankton genus Holopedium (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Ctenopoda), revealed by genetic methods
FIGURE 7. Representative photomicrographs of Holopedium glacialis. (a) Lateral view of female in jelly coat stained with dilute fuschian red. Wren Lake, Ontario, June 13, 1994. (b,c) Lateral views of female head. (d) Lateral view of female postabdomen. (e) Lateral view of ventral carapace spinules. (f) Lateral view of male with jelly coat removed. (g) Lateral view of male head and antennae. (h) Lateral view of male antennae. (i) Lateral view of hook on male antennae. (j) Lateral view of hooks on first pair of male thoracic limbs. (k) Lateral view of male postabdomen. (l) Lateral view of male postabdominal claw. (m) Lateral view of ventral carapace spines of a male. (b–e) from Como Lake, Ontario, June 28, 1992. (f–m) from Blue Chalk Lake, Ontario, October 17, 1996.
FIGURE 2 in Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil)
FIGURE 2. Number of gelatinous zooplankton species found on each sampling date (columns) at Baía da Babitonga, S Brazil, and cumulative number of recorded species (closed circles) between July 2007 and June 2009. All types of nets were pooled together. Dotted grey line indicates the average number of species from all campaigns (22).
FIGURE 1 in Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil)
FIGURE 1. Map of Baía da Babitonga, S Brazil, showing stations sampled on 17 July 2007 and 19 June 2009 (circles) and throughout October 2007 and August 2008 (crosses).
Zooplankton Community Structure HOT v2022
<p>“Large zooplankton and micronekton play important roles in the export of organic material from surface waters in the open ocean. Global Ocean Flux planning models suggest that the relationship between primary production and passive particulate export flux is strongly influenced by size structure of the zooplankton community (e.g., Paffenhöffer & Knowles, 1979; Small et al., 1987; Frost, 1984). Active vertical migrations also have important implications for the transport and transformation of surface-derived organic particulates to dissolved inorganic constituents at depth (Longhurst & Harrison, 1988; Longhurst et al., 1990; Al-Mutairi & Landry, 2001; Hannides et al., 2008). The zooplankton component of the time-series sampling effort allows such processes to be considered in the interpretation of seasonal and interannual variations in measured flux and the elemental mass balance (e.g., carbon and nitrogen sources and sinks) of the euphotic zone. At Station ALOHA, 6 net tows are scheduled per cruise. Three midnight (2200 - 0200) and 3 mid-day (1000 - 1400) oblique tows are done using a 1-m2 net (3-m length) with 202-µm mesh Nitex netting. The net is towed obliquely at approximately 1 knot, from the surface to approximately 175 m and then back to the surface. Towing time is approximately 20-30 minutes. The tows are subsequently size-fractioned and analyzed for mesozooplankton wet and dry weight and C and N biomass.” Rows with no depth value have been removed. Time is in local time (HST).</p> <p>https://hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/hot/methods/plankton.html</p>
Projections of spatial distributions of suitable environmental conditions for key Baltic Sea zooplankton species - Data
<p>This repository contains seven occurrences dataset which represent the station where the species have been identified, ranging from 2000 to 2020. The environmental projections for the period 2010-2020, as well as future projection on two horizons: from 2040 to 2050 and from 2090 to 2100 on two different scenarios: SSP245 and SSP585. The occurrences have been exctracted from OBIS (https://obis.org) and the environmental projections from Bio-ORACLE (https://bio-oracle.org).</p> <p> </p> <p>Occurrences datasets: </p> <ul> <li><em>Temora longicornis</em></li> <li><em>Centropages hamatus</em></li> <li><em>Limnocalanus macrurus macrurus</em></li> <li><em>Evadne nordmanni</em></li> <li><em>Acartia tonsa</em></li> <li><em>Acartia longiremis</em></li> <li><em>Acartia bifilosa</em></li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>Projections:</p> <ul> <li>Projection Baseline 2010-2020</li> <li>Projection 2040-2050 SSP245</li> <li>Projection 2090-2100 SSP245</li> <li>Projection 2040-2050 SSP585</li> <li>Projection 2090-2100 SSP585</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Within-lake variation in fish predation risk shapes the spatio-temporal structure of the zooplankton community
<p>Scripts and datasets to reproduce figures and analyses of the article.</p>
Physiological acclimatization in high-latitude zooplankton
<p>How individual organisms adapt to non-optimal conditions through physiological acclimatization is central to predicting the consequences of unusual abiotic and biotic conditions such as those produced by marine heat waves. The Northeast Pacific, including the Gulf of Alaska experienced an extreme warming event (2014-2016, "The Blob") that affected all trophic levels leading to large-scale changes in the community. The marine copepod <i>Neocalanus flemingeri</i> is one key member of the subarctic Pacific pelagic ecosystem. During the spring phytoplankton bloom this copepod builds substantial lipid stores as it prepares for its non-feeding adult phase. A three-year comparison of gene expression profiles of copepods collected in Prince William Sound in the Gulf of Alaska between 2015 and 2017 included two high-temperature years (2015 and 2016) and one year with very low phytoplankton abundances (2016). The largest differences in gene expression were between high and low chlorophyll years, and not between warm and cool years. The observed gene expression patterns are indicative of physiological acclimatization. The predominant signal in 2016 was the down-regulation of genes involved in glycolysis and its incoming pathways, consistent with the modulation of metabolic rates in response to prolonged low food conditions. Despite the down-regulation of genes involved in metabolism, there was no evidence of suppression of protein synthesis based on gene expression or behavioral activity. Genes involved in muscle function were up-regulated, and the copepods were actively swimming and responsive to stimuli at collection. However, genes involved in fatty acid metabolism were down-regulated in 2016, suggesting reduced lipid accumulation. </p>
DNA metabarcoding reveals impact of local recruitment, dispersal, and hydroperiod on assembly of a zooplankton metacommunity
<p><span>Understanding the environmental impact on the assembly of local communities in relation to their spatial and temporal connectivity is still a challenge in metacommunity ecology. This study aims to unravel underlying metacommunity processes and environmental factors that result in observed zooplankton communities. Unlike most metacommunity studies, we jointly examine active and dormant zooplankton communities using a DNA metabarcoding approach to overcome limitations of morphological species identification. We applied two-fragment (COI and 18S) metabarcoding to monitor communities of 24 kettle holes over a two-year period to unravel (I) spatial and temporal connectivity of the communities, (II) environmental factors influencing local communities, and (III) dominant underlying metacommunity processes in this system. We found a strong separation of zooplankton communities from kettle holes of different hydroperiods (degree of permanency) throughout the season, while the community composition within single kettle holes did not differ between years. Species richness was primarily dependent on pH and permanency, while species diversity (Shannon Index) was influenced by kettle hole location. Community composition was impacted by kettle hole size and surrounding field crops. Environmental processes dominated temporal and spatial processes. Sediment communities showed a different composition compared to water samples but did not differ between ephemeral and permanent kettle holes. Our results suggest that communities are mainly structured by environmental filtering based on pH, kettle hole size, surrounding field crops, and permanency. Environmental filtering based on specific conditions in individual kettle holes seems to be the dominant process in community assembly in the studied zooplankton metacommunity.</span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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