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Species of Acantholichen occurring only in the Neotropics show a high degree of endemism (Dal Forno et al. 2016). Of the seven species now recognized in this genus (Table 2), 71.4% (5) are known only from South America. As with Dictyonema, Acantholichen seem to be specific to substrate type and appears in the Andean small forest occurring on mosses in tree bark inhabiting mostly exposed habitats. Cyphellostereum is also represented by a high number of species restricted to the Neotropics [6 (66.6%)], while one is known only from North America, one from Southeastern United States and Puerto Rico, and another species is known only from Borneo and Fiji (Table 2). It is probably due to their unusual appearance that these lichens are getting confused with free-living cyanobacteria colonies, and that there are still undescribed species in the Neotropics. in Eight new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Acantholichen, Cyphellostereum and Dictyonema s.str. (Agaricales, Hygrophoraceae) from northern South America

Species of Acantholichen occurring only in the Neotropics show a high degree of endemism (Dal Forno et al. 2016). Of the seven species now recognized in this genus (Table 2), 71.4% (5) are known only from South America. As with Dictyonema, Acantholichen seem to be specific to substrate type and appears in the Andean small forest occurring on mosses in tree bark inhabiting mostly exposed habitats. Cyphellostereum is also represented by a high number of species restricted to the Neotropics [6 (66.6%)], while one is known only from North America, one from Southeastern United States and Puerto Rico, and another species is known only from Borneo and Fiji (Table 2). It is probably due to their unusual appearance that these lichens are getting confused with free-living cyanobacteria colonies, and that there are still undescribed species in the Neotropics.

FIGURE 2. A–D in Novelties in Stigmatodon (Bromeliaceae, Tillandsioideae), a genus endemic to Brazil: three new species, one new combination, and two new stigma types

FIGURE 2. A–D. Convolute blade type III (stigmadontoid type). A. Stigmatodon andaraiensis (Leme 8459). B–C. S. limae (Leme 4653) in different stages of development. D. S. zonatus (Leme 6626). E–H. Convolute blade type II (vrieseoid type). E. S. vellozicolus (Leme 1113). F. S. freicanecanus (Leme 4654). G. S. oliganthus (Leme 9226). H. S. vexatus (Leme 8704). Photos by E. Leme. Bars: = 2 mm.

FIGURE 7. Stigmatodon vexatus. A in Novelties in Stigmatodon (Bromeliaceae, Tillandsioideae), a genus endemic to Brazil: three new species, one new combination, and two new stigma types

FIGURE 7. Stigmatodon vexatus. A. Group of plants at the type locality. B–C. Habit. D. Lateral view of the flower. E. Frontal view of the flower. Photos by E. Leme.

FIGURE 3. A–C. Convolute blade type I in Novelties in Stigmatodon (Bromeliaceae, Tillandsioideae), a genus endemic to Brazil: three new species, one new combination, and two new stigma types

FIGURE 3. A–C. Convolute blade type I (guzmanioid type). A. Guzmania acorifolia (Leme 588). B. Guzmania sp. (Leme 4061). C. G. vittata (Leme 431). D–P. Convolute blade type II (vrieseoid type). D. Vriesea gigantea (Leme 5128). E. V. amethystina (Leme 2680). F. V. carinata (Leme 4431). G. V. eltoniana (Leme 5160). H. V. ensiformis var. bicolor (Leme 1333). I. V. flammea (Leme 9857). J. V. sparsiflora (Leme 2291). K. V. garlippiana (Leme 3582). L. V. exaltata (Leme 502-A). M. V. roethii (Leme 2667). N. V. hydrophora (Leme 2237). O. V. morrenii (Leme 8666). P. V. fosteriana (Leme 4885). Photos by E. Leme. Bars: = 2 mm.

FIGURE 5. Stigmatodon itamarajuensis. A in Novelties in Stigmatodon (Bromeliaceae, Tillandsioideae), a genus endemic to Brazil: three new species, one new combination, and two new stigma types

FIGURE 5. Stigmatodon itamarajuensis. A. General view of the landscape at the type locality with Monte Pescoço on the left side. B. Close up of Monte Pescoço. C–D. Population near the base of Monte Pescoço. E. Habit. F. Distal portion of the inflorescence and lateral view of the flower. G. Details of the propagation by short basal shoots. H. Details of the stamens. I. Frontal view of the flower (A–D, F, H, I, photos E. Leme; E, G, photos by D.R. Couto).

FIGURE 4. Stigmatodon ilhanus. A in Novelties in Stigmatodon (Bromeliaceae, Tillandsioideae), a genus endemic to Brazil: three new species, one new combination, and two new stigma types

FIGURE 4. Stigmatodon ilhanus. A. General view of the landscape at the type locality. B. Inselberg where S. ilhanus was collected. C. The climber Andre Ilha collecting the new species. D. Details of the population at the type locality. E. Habit. F. Lateral view of the flower. G. Frontal view of the flower (A, B & D, photos by A. Ilha; C, photo by M. Freitas; E–G, photos by E. Leme).

FIGURES 1–13. Baenothrips species. Metanotum and tergites I–II 1–2 in Endemism among Lord Howe IslandThysanoptera, with new species of Baenothrips (Phlaeothripidae) and Scirtothrips (Thripidae)

FIGURES 1–13. Baenothrips species. Metanotum and tergites I–II 1–2: (1) moundi; (2) goweri. Head 3–7: (3) caenosus; (4) bulbosus; (5) goweri; (6) leukos; (7) moundi. Antenna 8–11: (8) caenosus; (9) bulbosus; (10) goweri; (11) moundi. Tergites IX–X: (12) bulbosus; (13) moundi.

FIGURE 2. Chusquea calderoniae. A–B in Chusquea calderoniae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae), a new species of C. subg. Chusquea endemic to the Espinhaço Range, Brazil

FIGURE 2. Chusquea calderoniae. A–B. Habitat in Chapada Diamantina, Bahia state. C. Habitat in Diamantina Plateau, Minas Gerais state, showing the scandent habit. D. Disposition of the subsidiary branches. E. Flowering branches, showing the spikelets. F. Triangular central bud, with the subsidiary buds in a constellate arrangement. G, K. Branching infra-extravaginal. H. Synflorescence pyramidal with first lowermost branches reflexed. I–J. Culm leaves. (Photo A by A.A. Sampaio and B–K by K.V.A Vidal)

FIGURE 1. Chusquea calderoniae. A. Internode and flowering branches. B. Nodal region and foliage branches. C. Culm leaf. D in Chusquea calderoniae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae), a new species of C. subg. Chusquea endemic to the Espinhaço Range, Brazil

FIGURE 1. Chusquea calderoniae. A. Internode and flowering branches. B. Nodal region and foliage branches. C. Culm leaf. D. Bud complement, showing the triangular central bud and the white waxy band below the node. E. Sheath of the foliage leaves, detail on the inner ligule fused to the sheath extension. F. Young synflorescence, showing two spatheate bracts. G. Mature synflorescence, showing the reflexed basal branches. H. Spikelet. I. Anthecium. (A, and F–G based on Pianissola & Clark 174; C–D based on Clark & Morel 711; B and E based on Vidal et al. 212; H–I based on Vidal & Clark 241; illustrations made by Pétala Ribeiro).

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FIGURE 1 in Typification and threat assessment of Jasminum parkeri (Oleaceae), a point endemic and critically endangered species of Indian Western Himalaya

FIGURE 1. Lectotype (K000901337) http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000901337 and Epitype (K000901336) http://specimens. kew.org/herbarium/K000901336 of Jasminum parkeri Dunn © copyright of the Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

FIGURE 4 in Revealing a new species of Agarista (Ericaceae) endemic to the Chapada Diamantina, Brazil, segregated from A. revoluta by multiple evidence

FIGURE 4. Leaf anatomy in cross section of Agarista revoluta (A–C) and A. revolutissima (D–F): A. Midrib vascular bundle concave, two layers of palisade parenchyma; B. Secondary vascular bundles with one layer of hypodermis; C. Margin slightly flexed, two layers of collenchyma, trichomes presents; D. Midrib vascular bundles slightly concave, three layers palisade parenchyma; E. Secondary vascular bundles with two layers of hypodermis; F. Margin flexed, one layer of collenchyma and aclorohphyllous cells, unicellular trichomes absent: AC—Achlorophyllous cells; C—Collenchyma; CU—Cuticle; EC—Epidermal cells; H—Hypodermis; MVB—Midrib vascular bundle; PP—Palisade parenchyma; SPB—Spongy parenchyma braciform; SVB—Secondary vascular bundle; T—Trichome.

FIGURE 3 in Revealing a new species of Agarista (Ericaceae) endemic to the Chapada Diamantina, Brazil, segregated from A. revoluta by multiple evidence

FIGURE 3. Leaf anatomy in paradermal section of Agarista revolutissima: A. Costal epidermal cells with periclinal division; B. Epidermal cells (adaxial surface); C. Hypostomatic leaves with anomocytic stomata; D. Stomata located in the intercostal region of the leaf blades.

FIGURE 2. Macromorphological comparison between species A in Revealing a new species of Agarista (Ericaceae) endemic to the Chapada Diamantina, Brazil, segregated from A. revoluta by multiple evidence

FIGURE 2. Macromorphological comparison between species A. revoluta (A–E) and A. revolutissima (F–J): A. Pubescent corolla; B. Completely pubescent or densely pubescent ovary; C. Ovoid fruit with apical placentation; D. Pubescent pedicel and bracteoles; E. Filament densely pubescent to tomentose; F. Glabrous corolla; G. Ovary sparsely pubescent at the base and calyx with lobes ciliate; H. Fruit subglobose, with subcentral placentation; I. Glabrous pedicel, bracteoles ciliate; J. Pubescent filament.

FIGURE 1 in Revealing a new species of Agarista (Ericaceae) endemic to the Chapada Diamantina, Brazil, segregated from A. revoluta by multiple evidence

FIGURE 1. Agarista revolutissima: A. Branch; B. Detail of the glabrous abaxial leaf surface; C. Detail of the glabrous adaxial leaf surface; D. Glabrous petiole; E. Stamen, showing the pubescent filament; F. Flower, with glabrous corolla; G. Glabrous calyx, lobes triangular, ciliate, ovary pubescent at base; H. Fruit capsule subglobose, placentation subapical; I. Glabrous pedicel, 2 bracteoles, lanceolate, ciliated and subopposite; J. Tree habit [E. Melo et al. 6002 (holotype HUEFS! Barcode HUEFS000049756)].

Figures 15–17 in Azygiid Parasites Of North American Endemic Pleurocerids And Centrarchids: Revision Of Leuceruthrus Marshall And Gilbert, 1905 (Digenea: Azygiidae), Description Of Two New Species, And Phylogenetic Analysis

Figures 15–17. Naturally shed cercaria of Leuceruthrus blaisei from Elimia sp. 2 from Simmons Creek, Alabama. (15) Cercaria (USNM 1593592) showing pharynx (p), ceca (c), prostatic sac (ps), ventral sucker (vs), ovary (o), testes (t), and furcae (f). Dorsal view. (16) Anterior tail stem showing tegumental protuberances densely distributed near tail cavity opening (arrowheads). (17) Furcae (f).

Figures 9–14 in Azygiid Parasites Of North American Endemic Pleurocerids And Centrarchids: Revision Of Leuceruthrus Marshall And Gilbert, 1905 (Digenea: Azygiidae), Description Of Two New Species, And Phylogenetic Analysis

Figures 9–14. Leuceruthrus from Holmes Creek, Florida. (9–13) Naturally shed cercaria of Leuceruthrus ksepkai n. sp. from Elimia floridensis from Holmes Creek, Florida. (9) Cercaria (USNM 1593587) showing tail cavity opening (tco), position of anterior ridge (ar), and anterior collar (ac), anterior (ats) and posterior tail stem (pts) regions, location of the distome, showing pharynx (p), ceca (c), prostatic sac (ps), ventral sucker (vs), testes (t), ovary (o), and paired oblong furcae (f). Dorsal view. (10) Anterior portion of tail stem accommodating the withdrawn distome. (11) Illustration of posterior tail stem showing position of associated protuberances. (12) Posterior tail stem showing position of associated protuberances. SEM. (13) Highmagnification view of a posterior tail stem protuberance. SEM. (14) Adult of Leuceruthrus cf. ksepkai from stomach of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides from Holmes Creek, Florida (USNM 1593590) showing mouth (m), pharynx (p), ceca (c), prostatic sac (ps), genital pore (gp), ventral sucker (vs), testes (t), distal portion of uterus (ud), vitellarium (vi), origin of uterus (uo), ovary (o), vitelline reservoir (vr), excretory duct (ed), excretory bladder (eb), and excretory pore (ep). Ventral view.

Figures 3–8 in Azygiid Parasites Of North American Endemic Pleurocerids And Centrarchids: Revision Of Leuceruthrus Marshall And Gilbert, 1905 (Digenea: Azygiidae), Description Of Two New Species, And Phylogenetic Analysis

Figures 3–8. Naturally shed cercaria of Leuceruthrus cf. stephanocauda from Elimia spp. from Big Canoe Creek, Alabama. (3) Cercaria (USNM 1593584) showing tail cavity opening (tco), position of tail stem spines (s), anterior (ats) and posterior tail stem (pts) regions, location of the distome, showing pharynx (p), ceca (c), prostatic sac (ps), ventral sucker (vs), testes (t), ovary (o),, and paired lanceolate furcae (f). Dorsal view. (4) Anterior tail stem region showing anterior row of tail stem spines (arrowheads). (5) Tail stem spine. (6) Tail stem spine. (7) Anterior tail stem showing posterior row of tail stem spines (arrowheads). (8) Posterior tail stem showing marginal placement of associated protuberances (p).

Figure 18 in Azygiid Parasites Of North American Endemic Pleurocerids And Centrarchids: Revision Of Leuceruthrus Marshall And Gilbert, 1905 (Digenea: Azygiidae), Description Of Two New Species, And Phylogenetic Analysis

Figure 18.—Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2). Support values aside each node. Cercariae accompany the end of each branch.

Figures 1, 2 in Azygiid Parasites Of North American Endemic Pleurocerids And Centrarchids: Revision Of Leuceruthrus Marshall And Gilbert, 1905 (Digenea: Azygiidae), Description Of Two New Species, And Phylogenetic Analysis

Figures 1, 2. (1) Adult of Leucer- uthrus micropteri Marshall and Gil- bert, 1905 from largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides from Wheeler Reservoir, Alabama (USNM 1593581) showing mouth (m), oral sucker (os), pharynx (p), ceca (c) near origin, prostatic sac (ps), genital atrium (ga), genital pore (gp), ventral sucker (vs), distal end of uterus (ud), testes (t), vitellarium (vi), uterus origin (uo) near ovary (o), vitelline reservoir (vr), con- fluence of excretory ducts (ed), excre- tory bladder (eb), and excretory pore (ep). Ventral view. (2) Terminal male genitalia of L. micropteri (USNM 1593581) showing comparable features as illustrated in Fig. 1 plus seminal vesicle (sv), pars prostatica (pp), me- traterm (mt), and hermaphroditic pore (hp). Ventral view.