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Fig. 21 in Taxonomic review of the tribe Sisyphini sensu stricto Mulsant, 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) in southern Africa, including new species descriptions
Fig. 21. Images for the the aedeagi of the spinipes species-group: A. N. fortuitus; B. N. infuscatus; C. N. spinipes.
Fig. 15 in Taxonomic review of the tribe Sisyphini sensu stricto Mulsant, 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) in southern Africa, including new species descriptions
Fig. 15. Images of the aedeagi of the seminulum species-group: A. S. oralensis; B. S. nanniscus; C. S. auricomus sp. n.
FIGURES 7–10 in Two new Exilisia Toulgoët, 1958 from mainland Africa (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae)
FIGURES 7–10. Exilisia spp.: male (7–9) and female (10) genitalia. 7, E. ngai, holotype, Kenya, slide NHMUK010315783 Volynkin (©NHMUK); 8, E. smithi, holotype, Liberia, slide AV5111 Volynkin; 9, E. bipuncta, lectotype, S Africa, slide BMNH(E) Arct. 494 (©NHMUK); 10, E. smithi, paratype, Liberia, slide AV5145 Volynkin.
FIGURES 1–6 in Two new Exilisia Toulgoët, 1958 from mainland Africa (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae)
FIGURES 1–6. Exilisia spp.: adults. 1, E. ngai, holotype ♂, Kenya (©NHMUK); 2, E. ngai, paratype ♂, Kenya (©NHMUK); 3, E. smithi, holotype ♂, Liberia (ANHRT); 4, E. smithi, paratype ♂, Liberia (ANHRT); 5, E. smithi, paratype ♀, Liberia (ANHRT); 6, E. bipuncta, lectotype ♂, S Africa (©NHMUK).
PLATE 5 in A new species of Zygophylax (Quelch, 1885) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from South Africa, with taxonomic notes on the southern African species of the genus
PLATE 5. Zygophylax millardae Rees & Vervoort, 1987. (A, B) hydrothecae of hydrocladia; (C) hydrotheca with several renovations; (D) detail of a hydrotheca with a nematotheca on apophysis. Scale: (A–D) 100 µm. (A—RMNH-Coel. slide 16521; B–D RMNH 1984.1.1.18).
PLATE 2. Zygophylax africana Stechow, 1923 in A new species of Zygophylax (Quelch, 1885) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from South Africa, with taxonomic notes on the southern African species of the genus
PLATE 2. Zygophylax africana Stechow, 1923. (A, B) hydrocladium and branch with nematothecae on secondary axial tubes; (C) hydrocladium; (D–E) nematothecae on hydrothecal apophyses; (F) gonothecae surrounding branch; (G) detail of the gonothecae with two projections each. Scale: (A–E, G) 100 µm; (F) 200 µm. (ZMUC-HYD 268)
PLATE 4. Zygophylax infundibulum Millard, 1958 in A new species of Zygophylax (Quelch, 1885) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from South Africa, with taxonomic notes on the southern African species of the genus
PLATE 4. Zygophylax infundibulum Millard, 1958. (A, C) hydrothecae of hydrocladia; (B) detail of a wrinkled part of pedicel hydrothecal; (D) detail of the sigmoid shape of hydrotheca; (E–F) detail of nematothecae on secondary axial tubes. Scale: (A, C, E) 100 µm; (B) 50 µm; (D) 200 µm. (ZMUC-HYD 271)
PLATE 3. Zygophylax crozetensis Millard, 1977 in A new species of Zygophylax (Quelch, 1885) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from South Africa, with taxonomic notes on the southern African species of the genus
PLATE 3. Zygophylax crozetensis Millard, 1977. (A, B) hydrothecae of stem arranged in several planes; (C) detail of hydrothecal pedicel on a branch; (D) detail of the nematothecae on secondary axial tubes. Scale: (A) 500 µm; (B–D) 200 µm.
Supplementary material 1 from: Short G, Claassens L, Smith R, De Brauwer M, Hamilton H, Stat M, Harasti D (2020) Hippocampus nalu, a new species of pygmy seahorse from South Africa, and the first record of a pygmy seahorse from the Indian Ocean (Teleostei, Syngnathidae). ZooKeys 934: 141-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.934.50924
Genetic distance analysis (uncorrected p distances) of COI sequence data from H. nalu, H. bargibanti, H. denise, H. japapigu, and H. pontohi
FIGURE 7. Geelus gen.n in A new leafhopper genus Geelus and 12 new species (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae Deltocephalinae) from Southern Africa
FIGURE 7. Geelus gen.n. species, adult and nymph, habitus, dorsally. A. Geelus vurkdraad sp.n., male, on Calobota; B. Geelus vurkdraad sp.n., female, on Calobota; C. Indeterminable species, nymph, on Calobota; D. Geelus nektanddraad sp.n., male, Biesiesfontein specimen, on Gorteria; E. Geelus nektanddraad sp.n., male, Biesiesfontein specimen, on Galenia; F. Geelus nektanddraad sp.n., female, Biesiesfontein specimen; G. Geelus nektanddraad sp.n., nymph, early instar, on Galenia; H. Geelus nektanddraad sp.n., nymph, late instar, on Gorteria.
FIGURE 12. Geelus platdraad gen.n in A new leafhopper genus Geelus and 12 new species (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae Deltocephalinae) from Southern Africa
FIGURE 12. Geelus platdraad gen.n. & sp.n., male and female genitalia, line drawings. A. Aedeagus, laterally, specimen on Justicia; B. Connective, specimen on Justicia; C. Aedeagus, dorsally, specimen on Justicia; D. Aedeagus, ventrally, specimen on Justicia; E. Subgenital plate, specimen on Justicia; F. Style, specimen on Justicia; G. Aedeagus, laterally; H. Aedeagus, dorsally; I. Genital capsule, laterally; J. Subgenital plate; K. Connective; L. Sternite 7; M. Genital capsule, dorsally; N. Style, apophysis; O. Sternite 7, specimen on Justicia.
FIGURE 2. Geelus dundraad gen.n in A new leafhopper genus Geelus and 12 new species (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae Deltocephalinae) from Southern Africa
FIGURE 2. Geelus dundraad gen.n. & sp.n., habitus, dorsally. A. Male, Brakwater; B. Nymph, Wiedouw specimen, Passerina; C. Nymph, Wiedouw specimen, Passerina; D. Nymph, Oudam, Rooibos Tea; E. Male, Muldersvlei specimen; F. Male, Muldersvlei specimen; G. Female, Muldersvlei specimen; H. Female, Muldersvlei specimen.
FIGURE 14. Geelus drietanddraad gen.n in A new leafhopper genus Geelus and 12 new species (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae Deltocephalinae) from Southern Africa
FIGURE 14. Geelus drietanddraad gen.n. & sp.n., male and female genitalia, line drawings. A. Aedeagus, dorsally; B. Aedeagus, laterally; C. Genital capsule, dorsally; D. Style; E. Genital capsule, laterally; F. Subgenital plate; G. Connective; H. Valvifer 1, laterally; I. Sternite 7.
Character data for taxa added to phylogenetic analyses in "A new crocodylid from the middle Miocene of Kenya and the timing of crocodylian faunal change in the late Cenozoic of Africa"
<p><i>Brochuchus</i> is a small crocodylid originally based on specimens from the early Miocene of Rusinga Island, Lake Victoria, Kenya. Here, we report occurrences of <i>Brochuchus</i> from several early and middle Miocene sites. Some are from the Lake Victoria region, and others are in the Lake Turkana Basin. Specimens from the middle Miocene Maboko locality form the basis of a new species<i>, Brochuchus parvidens</i>, which has comparatively smaller maxillary alveoli. Because of the smaller alveoli, the teeth appear to be more widely spaced in the new species. We also provide a revised diagnosis for <i>Brochuchus</i> and its type species, <i>B. pigotti</i>. A phylogenetic analysis supports a close relationship between <i>Brochuchus</i> and tube-snouted <i>Euthecodon</i>, but although relationships among crocodylids appear poorly resolved in the set of optimal trees, this is because <i>Brochuchus</i> and <i>Euthecodon, </i>along with early Miocene <i>"Crocodylus" gariepensis</i> from the early Miocene of Namibia, jointly adopt two distinct positions – either closely related to the living sharp-nosed crocodile (<i>Mecistops</i>) or to a group including the living dwarf crocodiles (<i>Osteolaemus</i>). Character support for a close relationship with <i>Mecistops</i> is problematic, and we suspect a closer relationship to <i>Osteolaemus</i> will be recovered with improved sampling, but the results here are ambiguous. In either case, <i>Brochuchus</i> is more closely related to living groups not currently found in East Africa. This material helps constrain the timing of crocodylian faunal turnover in the East African Rift Valley System, with endemic lineages largely being replaced by <i>Crocodylus</i> in the middle or late Miocene possibly in response to regional xerification and the replacement of continuous rainforest cover with open grasslands and savannas.</p>
Data from: Clinical management and mortality among COVID-19 cases in sub-Saharan Africa: a retrospective study from Burkina Faso and simulated case analysis.
<p>Absolute numbers of COVID-19 cases and deaths reported to date in the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region have been relatively low. As a result, there has been limited investigation into deceased cases in the region, as well as the impacts of different case management strategies. We detail demographic, epidemiological, and clinical information derived from publicly available information on deceased cases in SSA and, for cases in Burkina Faso, from aggregate records at the Center Hospitalier Universitaire de Tengandogo. Logistic regression was conducted on a synthetic case population to evaluate the adjusted odds of survival for patients receiving oxygen therapy or convalescent plasma, based on therapeutic effectiveness observed for other respiratory illnesses. Across SSA, deceased cases have been predominantly male and over 50 years of age. After adjustment for sex, age, and underlying conditions, the odds of mortality among cases in the synthetic population not receiving oxygen therapy was significantly higher than those receiving oxygen (OR: 2.07; 95%CI: 1.56-2.75). Cases receiving convalescent plasma had 50% reduced odds of mortality (95%CI: 0.24-0.93).<b> </b>Investment in sustainable oxygen therapy could reduce COVID-19 deaths in SSA. Ongoing investigation into convalescent plasma is warranted, as data on its effectiveness specifically in treating COVID-19 becomes available.</p>
FIGURES 1–6 in On the taxonomy of Afrotropical Coleophoridae (IV). New or little known species from South Africa (Lepidoptera, Coleophoridae)
FIGURES 1–6. Adults of Coleophora spp. 1, C. halmodes Meyrick - ♂ "Umtali | Rhodesia | 7.I.[19]18" (photo: Alessandro Giusti, © NHMUK). 2, C. stenoptera Baldizzone & van der Wolf, sp. nov., holotype ♂. 3, C. swaziella Baldizzone & van der Wolf, sp. nov., holotype ♂. 4, C. armata Baldizzone & van der Wolf, sp. nov., holotype ♂. 5, C. suavis Baldizzone & van der Wolf, sp. nov., holotype ♂. 6, C. venusta Baldizzone & van der Wolf, sp. nov., holotype ♂.
Data from: Forest structure determines spatial changes in avian community along an elevational gradient in tropical Africa
Aim To test if tree species richness and forest structure drive spatial variation in avian communities along a tropical elevation gradient and to present information about the role of detailed forest parameters. Location A 2000-m long elevational gradient of tropical forest on Mt. Cameroon, west-central Africa. Taxon Birds and trees. Methods We performed bird censuses and vegetation mapping at the same plots across six forested sites at elevations of 350, 650, 1,100, 1,500, 1,850, and 2,200 m a.s.l., with 16 plots per elevation. We tested the effects of elevation, forest structure and tree diversity on the species richness, functional diversity and β-diversity of birds (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity). We used conditional inference trees based on random forests (RF) to investigate these relationships across all elevation sites as well as within elevations. Results Both tree and bird species richness declined monotonically with elevation. Vegetation structure correlated with elevation, and all vegetation attributes significantly differed among elevations. The RF explained 70% of the variance in avian species richness, with the most important predictors being elevation, proportion of dead trees, tree species richness and herb layer coverage. We found that elevation (and shrub layerE2) was a particularly important predictor of avian functional diversity. We identified no important predictor of bird species richness after standardization within elevations, and the proportion of dead trees was the sole important predictor of functional diversity. Within-elevation β-diversity in avian community composition was determined by the dissimilarity of the tree community and differences in leaf area index, solar radiation and spatial distance. The functional dissimilarity was best explained by leaf area index. Main conclusions Apart from elevation itself, spatial distance even within elevations correlated with compositional and functional variation among avian assemblages. Forest structural traits can have a significant influence on distribution of birds. Thus, gaps in the spatial distribution of species such as along elevations might be caused by fine-scale recognition of suitable habitats.
Data from: Friends and Family: a software program for identification of unrelated individuals from molecular marker data. And from: Genetic diversity, relatedness and inbreeding of ranched and fragmented Cape buffalo populations in southern Africa
The identification of related and unrelated individuals from molecular marker data is often difficult, particularly when no pedigree information is available and the data set is large. High levels of relatedness or inbreeding can influence genotype frequencies and thus genetic marker evaluation, as well as the accurate inference of hidden genetic structure. Identification of related and unrelated individuals is also important in breeding programmes, to inform decisions about breeding pairs and translocations. We present Friends and Family, a Windows executable program with a graphical user interface that identifies unrelated individuals from a pairwise relatedness matrix or table generated in programs such as COANCESTRY and GenAlEx. Friends and Family outputs a list of samples that are all unrelated to each other, based on a user-defined relatedness cut-off value. This unrelated data set can be used in downstream analyses, such as marker evaluation or inference of genetic structure. The results can be compared to that of the full data set to determine the effect related individuals have on the analyses. We demonstrate one of the applications of the program: how the removal of related individuals altered the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test outcome for microsatellite markers in an empirical data set. Friends and Family can be obtained from https://github.com/DeondeJager/Friends-and-Family.
Data from: Factors determining species richness patterns of breeding birds along an elevational gradient in the Horn of Africa region
Aim: To document the species richness patterns of breeding birds along elevational gradients and explore its drivers in the Horn of Africa Region. Location: Horn of Africa Region Taxon: Breeding species of birds Methods: Distributional data for breeding birds were collected. Elevational distribution data were extracted, interpolated, and assembled for all birds, passerines and non-passerines. In order to tease apart how different environmental factors contributed to the variation in species richness, we found it necessary to divide the area into four subregions with different climatic regimes and topographic structure. Then, the species richness in each 100 m elevational band was counted along the elevational gradients of each subregion. Pearson's correlation analyses and ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions were used to examine the relationships between species richness and factors Results: The variation in species richness followed hump-shaped patterns for all subregions, although with peak values at different elevations. The bird species groups on the western and eastern slopes showed low and high plateaus with mid-elevational peaks, respectively, but very low species diversities at the highest elevations. Species richness was significantly correlated with temperature range and productivity in each subregion. The temperature range, area and productivity explained 82% of the species richness variations for all birds on the western slope. Main conclusions: The separate analyses of four area subdivisions provide strong indications of how various factors interact. Productivity and temperature range were the best driving factors for shaping the richness patterns, but deviations from expected patterns suggest modifying roles of mist formation zones in the valleys that deeply intersect the large highlands in the west and rich riparian vegetation where water from cool and humid environments at high elevation reaches lower elevations in the arid east. Conservation is recommended in each subregion based on the elevational richness scenarios.
Data from: Between an ocean and a high place: coastal drainage isolation generates endemic cryptic species in the Cape Kurper Sandelia capensis (Anabantiformes: Anabantidae), Cape Region, South Africa
This study investigated the range-wide phylogenetics and biogeography of the Cape Kurper Sandelia capensis, a primary freshwater fish endemic to, and widespread within, the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) of South Africa. Maximum likelihood, Bayesian phylogenetic, and haplotype network analyses, based on two mitochondrial and two nuclear genes, revealed the existence of three reciprocally monophyletic, deeply divergent and allopatric clades that likely represent cryptic species. The West Coast Clade is largely confined to the Langvlei, Verlorenvlei, Berg, and Diep rivers, the Klein River Clade is endemic to the Klein River, and the South Coast Clade is found everywhere else in the range of S. capensis sensu lato. It was hypothesized that divergences within S. capensis sensu lato likely occurred because of (1) isolation of coastal drainages by persistent drainage divides and/or (2) vicariance of current tributaries by the drowning of their confluences by high sea levels. The current distribution of lineages could be due to historical range expansion and gene flow via (1) river capture or some other mode of transdivide dispersal, and/or (2) dispersal during periods of low sea level via paleoriver confluences of currently isolated coastal rivers. Comparison of BEAST2 estimated divergence times with the timing of climatic, geological, and geomorphological events supported long-term coastal drainage isolation, punctuated by rare transdivide dispersal events and limited paleoriver dispersal, as the best explanation of current phylogeographic and divergence patterns in S. capensis. Hydrological barriers that block upstream passage in palaeotributaries could hypothetically explain why S. capensis failed to disperse through certain palaeoriver confluences. There were several sites where biogeographic patterns have likely been confounded by human translocation of S. capensis. Alien fish predators and water extraction may threaten the three cryptic species more severely than previously realized, due to their smaller population sizes and inhabitation of only a portion of the range previously ascribed to S. capensis sensu lato. The preponderance of cryptic diversity and endemism in the CFR suggests that additional undescribed cryptic species of obligate freshwater fishes may be found in short coastal river systems around the world, especially in regions with a history of geological stability and a narrow continental shelf.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.