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FIGURE 2. Wing, dorsal view. A in Diversity of Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in a Malaysian rainforest: description of twenty-seven new sympatric species

FIGURE 2. Wing, dorsal view. A. Manota yongi sp. n. (holotype). B. Manota oligochaeta sp. n. (paratype). Scale 0.50 mm.

FIGURE 5. Antennal flagellomere 4 in Diversity of Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in a Malaysian rainforest: description of twenty-seven new sympatric species

FIGURE 5. Antennal flagellomere 4, lateral view (A, D); hypopygium, ventral (B, E) and dorsal view (C, F). A, B, C. Manota ovata sp. n. (A, C paratype; B holotype). D, E, F. Manota angustata sp. n. (D, E holotype; F paratype). Scale for A and D 0.05; for B, C, E, and F 0.10 mm.

FIGURE 11. Antennal flagellomere 4 in Diversity of Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in a Malaysian rainforest: description of twenty-seven new sympatric species

FIGURE 11. Antennal flagellomere 4 (A) and flagellomeres 3, 4, and 5 (D), lateral view; and hypopygium in ventral (B, E) and in dorsal (C, F) view. A, B, C. Manota pectinata sp. n. (A, B holotype; C paratype). D, E, F. Manota acutangula sp. n. (D, E holotype; F paratype). Scale for A and D 0.05 mm; for B, C, E, and F 0.10 mm.

FIGURE 16. Antennal flagellomere 4 in Diversity of Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in a Malaysian rainforest: description of twenty-seven new sympatric species

FIGURE 16. Antennal flagellomere 4, lateral view (A, C); hypopygium, ventral (B, D) and dorsal view (E). A, B. Manota perpusilla sp. n. (holotype). C, D, E. Manota oligochaeta sp. n. (C, D holotype; E paratype). Scale for A and C 0.05 mm; for B, D, and E 0.10 mm.

FIGURE 4. Antennal flagellomere 4 in Diversity of Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in a Malaysian rainforest: description of twenty-seven new sympatric species

FIGURE 4. Antennal flagellomere 4, lateral view (A, C) and hypopygium, ventral view (C, D). A, B. Manota yongi sp. n. (holotype). C, D. Manota pollex sp. n. (holotype). Scale for A and C 0.05 mm, for B and D 0.10 mm.

FIGURE 15. Antennal flagellomere 4 in Diversity of Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in a Malaysian rainforest: description of twenty-seven new sympatric species

FIGURE 15. Antennal flagellomere 4, lateral view (A, D); hypopygium, ventral (B, E) and dorsal view (C, F). A, B, C. Manota horrida sp. n. (A, B holotype; C paratype). D, E, F. Manota duplex sp. n. (D, F paratype; E holotype). Scale for A and D 0.05 mm; for B, C, E, and F 0.10 mm.

FIGURE 7. Antennal flagellomere 4 in Diversity of Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in a Malaysian rainforest: description of twenty-seven new sympatric species

FIGURE 7. Antennal flagellomere 4, lateral view (A, D); hypopygium, dorsal view (B); cercus and apicomesial part of gonocoxa, dorsal view (C); and hypopygium, ventral view (E). A, B, C. Manota simplex sp. n. (holotype). D, E. Manota ulu sp. n. (holotype). Scale for A and D 0.05 mm; for B, C, and E 0.10 mm.

FIGURE 14. Antennal flagellomere 4 in Diversity of Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in a Malaysian rainforest: description of twenty-seven new sympatric species

FIGURE 14. Antennal flagellomere 4, lateral view (A, D); hypopygium, ventral (B, E) and dorsal view (C, F). A, B, C. Manota cerciflex sp. n. (A, B holotype; C paratype). D, E, F. Manota pappi sp. n. (A, C paratype; B holotype). Scale for A and D 0.05 mm; for B, C, E, and F 0.10 mm.

FIGURES 11, 12 in Aleiodes (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae) diversity in Washington U.S.A including three new species

FIGURES 11, 12. Aleiodes quasiburrus (male) NEW SPECIES. Figure 11. Habitus. Figure 12. Fourth metasomal tergite (arrow). Note that it is only slightly larger than succeeding tergite, shiny and unsculptured except for setal pits, unlike Aleiodes coxalis (Spinola) species-group species.

FIGURE 1 in Aleiodes (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae) diversity in Washington U.S.A including three new species

FIGURE 1. Faces of Braconidae. a: Normal condition. Clypeus extending to mandibles or partly over them. b: Cyclostome condition present in Aleiodes. Clypeus is arched over concave labrum forming a mouth-like structure.

FIGURES 4, 5 in Aleiodes (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae) diversity in Washington U.S.A including three new species

FIGURES 4, 5. Characteristics of Aleiodes. Figure 4. Mummy of Aleiodes (Tetrasphaeropyx) reisi Fortier host (Fortier, 2009). The host mummy of Aleiodes is the hardened, thickened skin of the last larval host instar. When the Aleiodes larva completes its larval development inside the body of the lepidopteran larval host, it kills the host and pupates inside the mummy. The arrow indicates the exit hole cut by the emergent adult wasp. Figure 5. Aleiodes wings (Fortier, 2009), showing abbreviations for names of veins. Cells are regions bordered by veins. The marginal cell of the hind wing is labeled with the full name.

FIGURES 2 & 3 in Aleiodes (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae) diversity in Washington U.S.A including three new species

FIGURES 2 & 3. Characteristics of genus Aleiodes. Figure 2. First and second metasomal tergites of A. okanoganensis. a. basal triangle. b. median carina. Note the costate carinae on the second metasomal tergite. MT I: first metasomal tergite; MT II: second metasomal tergite. Figure 3. Female genitalia of Aleiodes okanoganensis. a. ovipositor. b. ovipositor sheath. Compared to many other parasitoid wasps, these structures are short in Aleiodes, adapted for attacking surface feeding Lepidoptera larvae.

FIGURES 9, 10 in Aleiodes (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae) diversity in Washington U.S.A including three new species

FIGURES 9, 10. Aleiodes okanoganensis (female) NEW SPECIES. Figure 9. Habitus. Note dark pigmentation on propodeum and venter of mesothorax. Figure 10. Fourth metasomal tergite. Note that it is sculptured and much larger than succeeding tergites. These character states together are unique to species in the Aleiodes coxalis (Spinola) species-group. Punctations in apical half are setal pits.

FIGURES 6–8 in Aleiodes (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae) diversity in Washington U.S.A including three new species

FIGURES 6–8. Aleiodes khalafi (female) NEW SPECIES. Figure 6. Habitus. Figure 7. Dorsal view showing sculpturing of propodeum (pr) and metasomal tergites. Figure 8. Closeup of fourth metasomal tergite (arrow). Note that fourth metasomal tergite is sculptured and is much larger than succeeding posterior tergites. These character states together are unique to species in the Aleiodes coxalis (Spinola) species-group.

FIGURE 13 in Aleiodes (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae) diversity in Washington U.S.A including three new species

FIGURE 13. Variation in shapes of hind wing vein RS in Aleiodes species. a. Vein RS sinuate, arching anteriorly at middle (arrow). Marginal cell narrowest in middle. This character state is found in Aleiodes coxalis (Spinola) species group species, but not found in Aleiodes gasterator (Jurine) species-group species. b. Vein RS either straight or angling posteriorly in apical half; not sinuate. Marginal cell not narrowest in middle. This character state is found in Aleiodes gasterator (Jurine) species-group species, such as Aleiodes quasiburrus NEW SPECIES, but not in Aleiodes coxalis (Spinola) species-group species such as Aleiodes khalafi NEW SPECIES and Aleiodes okanoganensis NEW SPECIES.

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FIG UR E 3 (a) Dated phylogeny of the genus Theodoxus constructed in BEAST based on COI, 16S and ATPα. Node labels denote divergence times in millions of years ago (Ma); node bars indicate the 95% credibility interval around these dates. Small squares at nodes indicate significant support of divergence events found with BEAST and other phylogenetic analyses (see Figures S2.1 and S2.2), as explained through the key. Where MOTUs (A–R) show conspecifics among a number of morphospecies, species names are given in order of their year of description. Morphospecies, incorporated from GenBank, where determination was potentially dubious are highlighted by an asterisk. Clades (C) and subclades (SC) are demarcated by dashed lines between MOTUs. (b) LTT plots indicating the build‐up of lineages in Theodoxus over geological time. Dashed lines surrounding the solid LTT lines indicate the 95% confidence intervals. Where intra‐ and interspecific diversity diverge, interspecific diversity is highlighted in blue and intraspecific diversity in red. Transitions in geological ages are highlighted by narrow grey lines, while the grey bar marks the period of pronounced glacial cycles (last 900 kyr) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] in Contributions of biogeographical functions to species accumulation may change over time in refugial regions

FIG UR E 3 (a) Dated phylogeny of the genus Theodoxus constructed in BEAST based on COI, 16S and ATPα. Node labels denote divergence times in millions of years ago (Ma); node bars indicate the 95% credibility interval around these dates. Small squares at nodes indicate significant support of divergence events found with BEAST and other phylogenetic analyses (see Figures S2.1 and S2.2), as explained through the key. Where MOTUs (A–R) show conspecifics among a number of morphospecies, species names are given in order of their year of description. Morphospecies, incorporated from GenBank, where determination was potentially dubious are highlighted by an asterisk. Clades (C) and subclades (SC) are demarcated by dashed lines between MOTUs. (b) LTT plots indicating the build‐up of lineages in Theodoxus over geological time. Dashed lines surrounding the solid LTT lines indicate the 95% confidence intervals. Where intra‐ and interspecific diversity diverge, interspecific diversity is highlighted in blue and intraspecific diversity in red. Transitions in geological ages are highlighted by narrow grey lines, while the grey bar marks the period of pronounced glacial cycles (last 900 kyr) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

FIGURE 2 Pentatrocha gigantea n. gen., n in Diversity of cryptic Metazoa in Australian freshwaters: a new genus and two new species of sessile rotifer (Rotifera, Monogononta, Gnesiotrocha, Flosculariidae)

FIGURE 2 Pentatrocha gigantea n. gen., n. sp., trophi SEM pictures. 2a: frontal, detail; 2b: frontal, 2c: caudal view. Scale bars: 10 µm.

FIGURE 6.Floscularia wallacei n in Diversity of cryptic Metazoa in Australian freshwaters: a new genus and two new species of sessile rotifer (Rotifera, Monogononta, Gnesiotrocha, Flosculariidae)

FIGURE 6.Floscularia wallacei n. sp., trophi SEM pictures. 6a: frontal view, 6b: caudal view, 6c: detail. Scale bars: 10 µm.

FIGURE 5. Floscularia wallacei n in Diversity of cryptic Metazoa in Australian freshwaters: a new genus and two new species of sessile rotifer (Rotifera, Monogononta, Gnesiotrocha, Flosculariidae)

FIGURE 5. Floscularia wallacei n. sp., neck spines, SEM pictures. 5a: dorsal, 5b: lateral. Scale bar10 µm.

FIGURE 3. Octotrocha speciosa Thorpe, trophi SEM pictures. 3a in Diversity of cryptic Metazoa in Australian freshwaters: a new genus and two new species of sessile rotifer (Rotifera, Monogononta, Gnesiotrocha, Flosculariidae)

FIGURE 3. Octotrocha speciosa Thorpe, trophi SEM pictures. 3a: caudal; 3b: frontal, 3c: frontal, detail with left ramus, uncus and manubrium view. Scale bars: 10 µm.