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Figure 11. Phylogenetic relationships within the Xiphinema americanum-group complex. Bayesian 50 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 11. Phylogenetic relationships within the Xiphinema americanum-group complex. Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree as inferred from partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (coxI) sequence alignment under a transversional of invariable sites and gamma-shaped distribution model TVM + I + G model. Posterior probabilities more than 65% are given for appropriate clades; bootstrap values greater than 50% are given on appropriate clades in the maximum likelihood analysis. Sequences newly obtained in this study in this study are in bold. Scale bar = expected changes per site.

Figure 7 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 7. Factor analysis of 11 morphometric characters used to characterize Xiphinema plesiopachtaicum sp. nov., Xiphinema vallense sp. nov., and Xiphinema pachtaicum-subgroup species. Left-hand side of panels: projection of morphometric characters on the plane of factors 1 and 2 (A), 1 and 3 (B), 1 and 4 (C), and 2 and 3 (D). Abbreviations: L, body length; V, (distance from anterior end to vulva/body length) × 100; OaGR, oral aperture-guiding ring distance; Lip, lip region width; Tail, female tail length; Hyaline, hyaline region length; a, body length/maximum body width; b, body length/pharyngeal length; c, body length/tail length; c′, tail length/body width at anus.

Figure 6 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 6. Light micrographs of Xiphinema astaregiense sp. nov. A, B, entire female and male, respectively. C–F, female neck region. G, pharyngeal bulb. H, vulval region. I–K, female tail regions from different specimens showing the morphological variability. L, M, male tail region, ventromedian supplements arrowed. Abbreviations: a, anus; gr, guiding ring; V, vulva. Scale bars: A, B = 200 μm; C–M = 20 μm.

Figure 4 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 4. Light micrographs of Xiphinema vallense sp. nov. A, entire female. B, E, female neck region. C, D, F, female lip region. G, vulval region. H–M, female tail regions from different specimens showing the morphological variability. N–O, male tail, ventromedian supplements arrowed. Abbreviations: a, anus; gr, guiding ring; V, vulva. Scale bars: A = 200 μm; B–O = 20 μm.

Figure 3 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 3. Light micrographs of Xiphinema plesiopachtaicum sp. nov. A, entire female. B, female neck region. C, D, female lip region. E, vulval region. F–K, female tail regions from different specimens showing the morphological variability. Abbreviations: a, anus; gr, guiding ring; V, vulva. Scale bars: A = 100 μm; B–K = 20 μm.

Figure 8 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 8. Factor analysis of 11 morphometric characters used to characterize Xiphinema plesiopachtaicum sp. nov., Xiphinema vallense sp. nov., and Xiphinema pachtaicum-subgroup species. Projection of Xiphinema americanum- group species on the plane of factor 1 and 2 (A), 1 and 3 (B), 1 and 4 (C), and 2 and 3 (D).

Figure 1 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 1. Line drawings of: A–D, Xiphinema plesiopachtaicum sp. nov.; E–H, Xiphinema vallense sp. nov.; I–L, Xiphinema astaregiense sp. nov. A, E, I, female lip regions. B–D, F, G, J, K, female tail regions. H, L, male tail regions.

Figure 2 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 2. Line drawings of pharyngeal bulb and anterior genital branch of: A, B, Xiphinema plesiopachtaicum sp. nov.; C, D, Xiphinema vallense sp. nov.; E, F, Xiphinema astaregiense sp. nov.

Figure 10. Phylogenetic relationships within the Xiphinema americanum-group complex. Bayesian 50 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 10. Phylogenetic relationships within the Xiphinema americanum-group complex. Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree as inferred from internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) rRNA sequence alignment under the general timereversible and gamma-shaped distribution model. Posterior probabilities more than 65% are given for appropriate clades; bootstrap values greater than 50% are given on appropriate clades in the maximum likelihood analysis. Sequences newly obtained in this study are in bold. Scale bar = expected changes per site.

Figure 5 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 5. Relationship between body length and functional and replacement odontostyle (Ost and rOst, respectively) length in all developmental stages from first-stage juveniles (J1) to mature females of: A, Xiphinema vallense sp. nov. and B, Xiphinema astaregiense sp. nov.

Figure 3 in Congruent patterns of lineage diversity in two species complexes of planktonic crustaceans, Daphnia longispina (Cladocera) and Eucyclops serrulatus (Copepoda), in East European mountain lakes

Figure 3. Relationship of eight clades of the Eucyclops serrulatus complex, assessed by Bayesian inference of phylogeny, and haplotype variation of the 12S rRNA gene within clade I. The phylogenetic tree was based on the 1299-bp-long alignment consisting of fragments of mitochondrial genes for 12S rRNA and cytochrome b, and the nuclear gene for 18S rRNA. The scale bar represents genetic distance; numbers at nodes indicate branch support (as posterior probabilities). Haplotype network representing the variation within clade I is based on 43 sequences of the 383-bp-long 12S rDNA fragment. Individuals from the three main mountain regions are indicated by different shading (as in Figs 1, 2) in both tree and network: the Carpathians in dark grey (N = 24), Macedonian-Thracian massif in white (N = 9), and Dinaric Alps in light grey (N = 26). Mountain range abbreviations: Bje, Bjelasica; Dur, Durmitor; Pir, Pirin; Pro, Prokletije; Ret, Retezat; Ril, Rila; Sar, Šar Planina; Tat, Tatra Mountains; Tre, Treskavica; Zel, Zelengora. Countries are indicated by two-letter codes (see Table 1).

Figure 2 in Congruent patterns of lineage diversity in two species complexes of planktonic crustaceans, Daphnia longispina (Cladocera) and Eucyclops serrulatus (Copepoda), in East European mountain lakes

Figure 2. Sequence variation of the 528-bp-long fragment of the 12S rRNA gene within the Daphnia longispina complex from lakes of the studied East European mountain ranges. This is shown in a maximum likelihood tree (A) consisting only of sequences from the studied region (each haplotype represented once per lake), and in a parsimony network (B) of haplotypes of D. longispina s.s., amongst which 63 reference sequences from other European localities were also included. Three main mountain regions from this study are differentiated by shading: the Carpathians in dark grey, Macedonian-Thracian massif in white, and Dinaric Alps in light grey. Haplotypes from other localities, only included in the network, are enclosed by dashed lines. Mountain range abbreviations: Bje, Bjelasica; Dur, Durmitor; Pir, Pirin; Pro, Prokletije; Ret, Retezat; Ril, Rila; Tat, Tatra Mountains; Tre, Treskavica; Zel, Zelengora. Countries are indicated by two-letter codes (see Table 1).

Figure 1 in Congruent patterns of lineage diversity in two species complexes of planktonic crustaceans, Daphnia longispina (Cladocera) and Eucyclops serrulatus (Copepoda), in East European mountain lakes

Figure 1. Map of the sampled Eastern European mountain ranges (Bje, Bjelasica; Dur, Durmitor; Pir, Pirin; Pro, Prokletije; Ret, Retezat; Ril, Rila; Sar, Šar Planina; Tat, Tatra Mountains; Tre, Treskavica; Zel, Zelengora). The main mountain regions are differentiated by shading: the Carpathians in dark grey, Macedonian-Thracian massif in white, and Dinaric Alps in light grey. Countries are indicated by two-letter codes (see Table 1).

Figure 28 in Land snail diversity in the monsoon tropics of Northern Australia: revision of the genus Exiligada Iredale, 1939 (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Camaenidae), with description of 13 new species

Figure 28. Map showing distributions of Exiligada species treated herein in the Daly and Victoria River Districts (NT) and the East Kimberley (WA). Occurrence and extent of limestone outcrops (in grey) based on available GIS information of distribution of carbonates in geological surface layers.

Figure 26 in Land snail diversity in the monsoon tropics of Northern Australia: revision of the genus Exiligada Iredale, 1939 (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Camaenidae), with description of 13 new species

Figure 26. SEM micrographs of shell of E. unistriata sp. nov. (paratype AM C.469983). A, Apical view showing protoconch and first whorl. B, Close-up from above of sculpture across entire shell. C, Microsculpture on teleoconch whorl. Scale bars: A-B = 1 mm, C = 0.5 mm.

Figure 23 in Land snail diversity in the monsoon tropics of Northern Australia: revision of the genus Exiligada Iredale, 1939 (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Camaenidae), with description of 13 new species

Figure 23. SEM micrographs of Exiligada shells. A-C, E. qualis Iredale, 1939 (paratype AM C.64915). A, Apical view showing protoconch and first whorl. B, Close-up from above of sculpture across entire shell. C, Microsculpture on teleoconch whorl. D-F, E.rivifontis sp. nov. (WAM S49141). D, Apical view showing protoconch and first whorl. E, Close-up from above of sculpture across entire shell. F, Microsculpture on teleoconch whorl. Scale bars: A-B, D-E = 1 mm, C, F = 0.5 mm.

Figure 20 in Land snail diversity in the monsoon tropics of Northern Australia: revision of the genus Exiligada Iredale, 1939 (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Camaenidae), with description of 13 new species

Figure 20. SEM micrographs of Exiligada shells. A-C, E. pallida sp. nov. (paratype WAM S49150). A, Apical view showing protoconch and first whorl. B, Close-up from above of sculpture across entire shell. C, Microsculpture on teleoconch whorl. D-F, E. punctata sp. nov. (paratype WAMS49139). D, Apical view showing protoconch and first whorl. E, Close-up from above of sculpture across entire shell. F, Microsculpture on teleoconch whorl. Scale bars: A-B, D-E = 1 mm, C, F = 0.5 mm.

Figure 9 in Land snail diversity in the monsoon tropics of Northern Australia: revision of the genus Exiligada Iredale, 1939 (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Camaenidae), with description of 13 new species

Figure 9. SEM micrographs of Exiligada shells. A-C, E. calciphila sp. nov. (paratype AM C.462723). A, Apical view showing protoconch and first whorl. B, Close-up from above of sculpture across entire shell. C, Microsculpture on teleoconch whorl. D-F, E. floraevallis sp. nov. (WAM S49136). D, Apical view showing protoconch and first whorl. B, Close-up from above of sculpture across entire shell. C, Microsculpture on teleoconch whorl. Scale bars: A-B, D-E = 1 mm, C, F = 0.5 mm.

Figure 6 in Land snail diversity in the monsoon tropics of Northern Australia: revision of the genus Exiligada Iredale, 1939 (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Camaenidae), with description of 13 new species

Figure 6. Shells of Exiligada species. A, E. montejinni sp. nov. (paratype AM C.469982). B, E. nodulicauda sp. nov. (paratype WAM S49160). C, E. pallida sp. nov. (paratype WAM S49215). D, E. punctata sp. nov. (paratype WAM S49221). E, E. qualis Iredale, 1939 (holotype AM C.64866). F, E. rivifontis sp. nov. (WAM S49225). G, E. unistriata sp. nov. (paratype AM C.470460). Scale bar = 2 mm. Note that foot produces from some shells.

Figure 4 in Land snail diversity in the monsoon tropics of Northern Australia: revision of the genus Exiligada Iredale, 1939 (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Camaenidae), with description of 13 new species

Figure 4. Photographs of living specimens of Exiligada species (courtesy Vince Kessner, Adelaide River). A, E. negriensis Iredale, 1939. B, E. pallida sp. nov. C, E. nodulicaudata sp. nov. D, E. punctata sp. nov. E, E. qualis Iredale, 1939. F, E. monochroma sp. nov. G, E. unistriata sp. nov. H, E. floraevallis sp. nov. I, E. rivifontis sp. nov.