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Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen Uptake by Sarracenia Purpurea at Harvard Forest and Fort Albany ON 2007
The nitrogen-limited carnivorous pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea and its associated detritus-based food web is a model system for studying plant nutrient dynamics. We tested if S. purpurea can directly take up intact amino acids and compared uptake of organic and inorganic forms of nitrogen (N) across a gradient of N deposition. At sites in Canada and the United States, individual pitchers with complete or incomplete food webs were fed U-13C-15N-glycine, U-13C-15N-phenylalanine and 15NH415NO3 individually and in mixture. Plants took up intact amino acids. Acquisition of each N form provided in isolation exceeded uptake of the same form in mixture. At the high deposition site, uptake of 15N from amino acids was higher than uptake of 15N from inorganic nitrogen. At the low deposition site, uptake of 15N from all three forms of N were similar. Completeness of the associated food web had no effect on 15N uptake. By taking up intact amino acids, Sarracenia purpurea can short-circuit the inorganic N cycle, thus minimizing potential bottlenecks in N availability that result from the plant’s reliance for nitrogen mineralization on a seasonally reconstructed food web operating on infrequent and irregular prey capture.
Ant Distribution and Abundance in New England 1990-2014
The Ants of New England project is a multi-investigator, multi-year effort to document the occurrence, distribution, and relative abundance of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the six New England states (Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine). The project was initiated in 1999 as a more narrowly-focused effort aimed at determining ant species diversity in bogs and surrounding forests in Massachusetts and Vermont using standard methods (pitfall trapping, timed baiting, litter collection, and visual searching; Gotelli and Ellison 2002, Ellison et al. 2002). Subsequent detailed analysis of collection methods revealed that reliable estimates of ant species occurrences, distribution, and abundance in this geographic region could be obtained using only visual searching and litter collection (Ellison et al. 2007). Following this analysis, we carried out an initial survey of ant occurrences, distribution, and abundances in Massachusetts in 2007. The 2007 survey was focused on ants living in natural community types as defined by the Massachusetts Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program (Swain and Kearsley 2001) and located in properties of high conservation and education value owned by Massachusetts Audubon Society and The Trustees of Reservations. The primary goals for the 2007 survey were: (1) To describe and quantify patterns of distribution and abundance of ants across Massachusetts and to determine the regional "species pool" of ants that could ground local studies on ants (for example, the Warm Ants project at Harvard Forest). (2) To provide a baseline from which to assess long-term effects of climate change on species distributions. (3) To develop a set of indicator species to be used to determine efficacy of ongoing and proposed management strategies and to reveal effects of future disturbances and habitat degradation. (4) To compare with ongoing or planned quantitative surveys of birds and plants at sites owned by conse
Tree Growth and Above-Ground Biomass at Harvard Forest HEM and LPH Towers since 2001
Tree diameter (“dbh”) at 1.25 m above ground were recorded and stainless steel dendrometer bands for trees above 10 cm dbh were attached. Increases in tree diameter were calculated from increases in the distance between holes punched in the dendrometer bands. Tree diameters and diameter increases were used to estimate aboveground biomass and aboveground carbon storage in order to characterize the forest at the flux tower sites, and to quantify the amount of carbon being stored aboveground annually.
Land Use and Forest Dynamics at Harvard Forest 1937-2013
Modern vegetation patterns have developed as a result of species response to environmental gradients, disturbance history, and biotic interactions. However, the relative importance of environmental versus historical factors in determining modern species distributions may differ from site to site and may change with increasing time since disturbance. In addition, life-forms may differ in their response to environmental versus historical disturbance gradients. In the current study, we relate vegetation patterns across the Prospect Hill Tract of Harvard Forest to variability in edaphic factors and disturbance histories. Modern species distribution patterns are related to both edaphic and disturbance gradients. Although species respond individualistically to edaphic and disturbance gradients, land-use history, soil drainage, and C:N ratio are good predictors of the distribution of many species. In contrast, 1938 hurricane damage is less important. Vascular species richness is related to historical land-use, with fewer species in historical woodlots than on former agricultural sites. This is contrary to what has been reported from several other studies, and may reflect the dominance of historical woodlots in the study area by hemlock, a species that creates environmental (i.e. light and soil) conditions that are unsuitable for many species. Historical land-use does not appear to influence bryophyte species richness, although the distributions of several species do follow patterns of land-use. Species richness also varies according to soil drainage, with higher bryophyte, herb, and shrub richness and lower overstory and understory tree richness on wetter sites.
Leaf Area Index at Harvard Forest HEM and LPH Towers since 1998
Leaf area index (LAI) measurements are made to detect changes in forest leaf area that are important in understanding forests’ carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake and water use. Measurements of LAI in different forest types are useful understanding differences between forests in CO2 uptake and water use, while variation in LAI in the same forest type over time helps to explain interannual variation and long-term trends in carbon storage and water use. Within a single year, especially for deciduous forests, seasonal changes in LAI are very important in determining the forest’s cycle of CO2 uptake and water use. LAI measurements at Harvard Forest were begun in the old-growth hemlock stand in 1998 in order to understand and develop a predictive model for its carbon exchange, and were begun at the Little Prospect Hill site in 2002 to better understand CO2 uptake and carbon storage at this site, which were measured by the eddy-covariance method beginning in 2002. Due to a lack of personnel, multiple annual measurements of LAI to examine seasonal change in leaf area did not begin until 2007.
Litterfall at Harvard Forest HEM and LPH Towers since 2002
We measure the dry mass and estimated carbon content of leaves and fine twigs that abscise each year. These data are used to quantify one component of annual net primary productivity (ANPP), an important measure of ecosystem productivity and carbon cycling. Leaf area index (LAI) can also be estimated from these data, if area-to-mass ratios are calculated for leaves of each species. This was done for 2002 and 2003 leaf litterfall at the Little Prospect Hill (LPH) site. The fraction of total leaf mass or estimated total leaf area that is formed by leaves of each species also shows the species composition of the forest canopy. If repeated over many years, these data can indicate whether the forest canopy species composition is changing over time.
Detection Histories for Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Infestations at Cadwell Forest in Pelham MA 2008
Monitoring programs increasingly are used to document the spread of invasive species in the hope of detecting and eradicating low-density infestations before they become established. However, interobserver variation in the detection and correct identification of low-density populations of invasive species remains largely unexplored. In this study, we compare the abilities of volunteer and experienced individuals to detect low-density populations of an actively spreading invasive species and we explore how interobserver variation can bias estimates of the proportion of sites infested derived from occupancy models that allow for both false negative and false positive (misclassification) errors. We found that experienced individuals detected small infestations at sites where volunteers failed to find infestations. However, occupancy models erroneously suggested that experienced observers had a higher probability of falsely detecting the species as present than did volunteers. This unexpected finding is an artifact of the modeling framework and results from a failure of volunteers to detect low-density infestations rather than from false positive errors by experienced observers. Our findings reveal a potential issue with site occupancy models that can arise when volunteer and experienced observers are used together in surveys.
Tree Growth in Hemlock and Deciduous Forests at Harvard Forest HEM and LPH Towers 2000-2005
Tree growth was measured to determine tree ages and growth rates and to quantify carbon storage in these forests, and to detect changes in growth and carbon storage that could be associated with climate changes or historic disturbances.
PhenoCam Images and Canopy Phenology at the Harvard Forest EMS Tower since 2008
The PhenoCam Network uses imagery from digital cameras to track vegetation phenology and seasonal changes in vegetation activity in diverse ecosystems across North America and around the world. Imagery is uploaded to the PhenoCam server at the University of New Hampshire, where it is made publicly available in near-real time, every 30 minutes from sunrise to sunset, 365 days a year. The data are processed using simple image analysis tools to yield a measure of canopy greenness, from which phenological metrics are extracted, characterizing the start and end of the growing season. These transition dates have been shown to align well with on-the-ground observations of tree phenology at Harvard Forest (HF003). Long-term PhenoCam data can be used to track the impact of climate variability and change on the rhythm of the seasons. This dataset contains one mid-day image for each camera. Please see the PhenoCam Network website (http://phenocam.sr.unh.edu) for more information and additional images.
Dynamics of Old-Growth Forests on Wachusett Mountain in Princeton MA 1996-1997
One of the largest old-growth forests in southern New England was recently "discovered" on the exposed upper slopes of Wachusett Mountain, one of the most heavily used recreational areas in Massachusetts, less than 50 miles from urban Boston. Presettlement and early post-settlement data suggest that most of the area's forests were comprised of a mixture of Quercus rubra and northern hardwood species. Individual species abundances and recruitment dynamics in the four stands exhibit highly variable spatial and temporal patterns across sites that differ in aspect and exposure. Three uneven-aged hardwood stands contain Quercus rubra in the largest size classes, various amounts of Fagus grandifolia, Acer and Betula species in the middle size classes and dense thickets of Acer pennsylvanicum, Acer spicatum, and Hamamelis virginiana in the small size classes. Several individuals of Q. rubra, B. lenta, and B. alleghaniensis are at or very near the maximum longevity known for these species. Of particular significance is the presence of Q. rubra exceeding 250 - 300 years of age. A Tsuga canadensis stand contains unimodal size and age distributions, with trees less than 60-cm dbh and 100 to 300 years old. Widespread Quercus rubra recruitment occurred on all sites from the 1600s through the early 1800s, when it dropped precipitously except for scattered individuals on more open talus sites, and was replaced by either Tsuga or Acer and Betula species. The historical change in recruitment from Quercus to more shade-tolerant species evidently was driven by a change in disturbance regime from an early period when fire was a major factor controlling forest dynamics to a period over the last two centuries when hurricanes (1815 and 1938), frequent wind, ice, and snow damage, but no fire, are documented. The asynchronous nature of tree-ring releases and suppression and the relatively low amount of coarse woody debris corroborate this interpretation. Chronic canopy damage through time p
Litterfall in Hemlock Removal Experiment at Harvard Forest since 2005
Hemlock decline in New England is caused by direct and indirect effects of invasion of the hemlock woolly adelgid. Direct damage from the insect is causing gradual mortality of hemlock, and widespread harvesting of hemlock in advance of mortality, in contrast, causes immediate mortality and removal of biomass from the site. Although both processes affect thousands of acres of forest annually we have only a limited understanding of their effects on forest ecosystem function and productivity and the nature of the subsequent forest community. We anticipate that harvesting will yield different consequences than gradual mortality from the insect. Therefore we designed an experiment to simulate these contrasting impacts, by logging or girdling hemlock stands. Results from the experimental treatments will be compared to the changes observed in forests that are being infested by the adelgid, and can also be included in integrated analyses of a suite of large experiments that form a core component of the Harvard Forest LTER program.
20-Year Root Mass in Chronic Nitrogen Amendment Experiment at Harvard Forest 2008
Forests typically respond to nitrogen additions with increased productivity, hence a long-held paradigm was that chronic additions of anthropogenically-derived atmospheric deposition would have positive ecosystem effects. However, twenty years of work at the Harvard Forest Chronic N Deposition plots, and in other forest ecosystems as well, has shown that that this simplistic view is incomplete. For example, enhanced ammonium uptake increases soil acidity, leading to mobilization of aluminum, and loss of nutrient cations (e.g. Mg2+, Ca2+, and K+ ) all of which influence root mass, turnover, and activity. To address long-term impacts of N additions on forest root mass, we removed O-horizon (forest floor) samples from the Chronic N hardwood and red pine stands to quantify the total mass of roots. We found that long term N additions had contrasting results in the two forests. In the hardwood plots, total root mass (less than 2mm) increased from 0.167 + 0.026 (S.E.) kg m-2 in the control plot to 0.434 + 0.170 kg m-2 in the high N plots. In contrast, in the red pine stand, roots declined from 0.074 + 0.011 (S.E.) kg m-2 in the control plot to 0.031 + 0.016 kg m-2 in the high N plots. These data are in agreement with data for aboveground productivity at the Chronic N plots, which show stimulated growth in the hardwoods and severe growth declines and enhanced mortality in the pine stand.
Autumnal Litter Input in DIRT Litter Manipulation Experiment at Harvard Forest 2008
Climate change will alter forest ecosystem productivity, changing the quantity and quality of detrital inputs to soil and altering rates of soil organic matter (SOM) accumulation and stabilization. To examine changes in forest soil SOM pools, we have used the Detritus Input and Removal Treatments (DIRT) Project to alter organic matter input rates and sources (roots, leaves) to soils, allowing us to measure contributions of organic matter sources to long-term SOM storage at five temperate forests (Harvard Forest, HJ Andrews, Bousson (PA) Experimental Forest (BEF), U. Michigan Biological Station (UMBS), Síkfokut ILTER, Hungary). Organic matter inputs are altered by excluding or adding leaf inputs, or by excluding roots from forested plots. Soil respiration partitioning at HF, BEF, and UMBS shows that soil fertility controls the allocation of C to above- and belowground tissue. At UMBS, glacial outwash sandy soils are extremely low in N, and C released from root respiration plus root litter decomposition is 87% of total soil respiration. Conversely, at the N-rich BEF site, total belowground sources of CO2 are only 61% of soil respiration, with 47% attributed to root litter. These data suggest that at BEF, leaf litter, comprising only 39% of soil respiration, would be a more important source of long-term SOM than root litter. However, soil chemistry and radiocarbon data have shown us that long-term soil C storage is complex. The year 2010 represents the 20-year anniversary of the initiation of DIRT treatments at the Harvard Forest (2010), and we are therefore planning to conduct systematic sampling campaigns for a comprehensive study of changes in SOM quality after long-term manipulation of inputs. One objective is to quantify how 20 years of litter input alterations have affected SOM quantity and quality at the surface (0-20 cm) and deeper in the soil profile (20-100 cm). To uderstand these changes, we need to quantify the quantity and quality of aboveground litter inp
Decomposition Dynamics in the Sarracenia Purpurea Microecosystem at Harvard Forest 2010
Ecological communities show great variation in species richness, composition and food web structure across similar and diverse ecosystems. Knowledge of how this biodiversity relates to ecosystem functioning is important for understanding the maintenance of diversity and the potential effects of species losses or gains on ecosystems. While research often focuses on how variation in species richness influences ecosystem processes, assessing species richness in a food web context can provide further insight into the relationship between diversity and ecosystem functioning and provide potential mechanisms underpinning this relationship. Here, we assessed how species richness and trophic diversity affect decomposition rates in a complete aquatic food web: the five trophic level web that occurs within water-filled leaves of the northern pitcher plant, Sarracenia purpurea. We identified a trophic cascade in which top-predators - larvae of the pitcher-plant mosquito - indirectly increased bacterial decomposition by preying on bactivorous protozoa. Our data also revealed a facultative relationship in which larvae of the pitcher-plant midge increased bacterial decomposition by shredding detritus. These important interactions occur only in food webs with high trophic diversity, which in turn only occurs in food webs with high species richness. We show that species richness and trophic diversity underlie strong linkages between food web structure and dynamics that influence ecosystem functioning. The importance of trophic diversity and species interactions in determining how biodiversity relates to ecosystem functioning suggests that simply focusing on species richness does not give a complete picture as to how ecosystems may change with the loss or gain of species.
Vegetation Patterns of a New England Sand Plain in Montague MA 1993-1995
For details on methods and results, please see the published paper (Motzkin, G., D. Foster, A. Allen, J. Harrod and R. D. Boone. 1996. Controlling site to evaluate history: vegetation patterns of a New England sand plain. Ecological Monographs 66: 345-365). The Abstract from the paper is reproduced below. "The widespread and long-lasting impact of human activity on natural eco-systems indicates that land-use history must be treated as an integral aspect of ecological study and a critical component of conservation planning. The New England landscape has undergone a complete transformation as forests were converted to agriculture in the 18th and 19th centuries followed by succession to woodland as a result of widespread agricultural abandonment. Despite the prevalence of human impacts, the effect and longevity of land-use practices on modern forest conditions are poorly understood. In the present study of pitch pine - scrub oak vegetation on a sand plain in the Connecticut Valley of Massachusetts, we address the following questions: (1) what is the relative importance of human and natural disturbance and environmental factors in controlling vegetation composition, structure, and landscape patterns; (2) what are the mechanisms underlying human impacts on vegetation, and what is the duration of these impacts; and (3) what are the implications of land-use history for the interpretation and conservation of these communities? Sand plain vegetation was selected for investigation because the homogeneity of site conditions facilitates the interpretation of land-use and natural disturbance impacts, and because the uncommon vegetation and constituent species are priorities for conservation efforts. "Paleoecological data suggest that pre-European fires were common on the study area, perhaps ignited by a large regional Indian population. The area was noted historically as an extensive pine plain and was used for wood products from the 18th to the mid-19th century. Eighty-two perc
Thresholds and Regime Shifts at Four LTER Sites (CCE, JRN, PAL, SBC) 1951-2009
The existence and causes of abrupt transitions, thresholds, or regime shifts between ecosystem states is of great concern because the likelihood of such transitions is predicted to increase. The science for measuring and responding to state changes, however, is not well developed. This limitation stems from a lack of data-supported case studies of abrupt transitions in all but a few well-studied ecosystems. We used 30-60 years of data on biological responses and putative drivers from ocean, coastal, polar, and dryland ecosystems to illustrate general approaches to analysis of abrupt transitions. The analyses indicate one case in which the state or response variable (krill abundance) tracked abrupt changes in the driver (Pacific Decadal Oscillation) in a linear fashion. Response variables in other cases (sea cucumber abundance, penguin abundance, and perennial grass production) exhibited hysteretic relationships to drivers (wave intensity, sea ice duration, and monsoonal rainfall amounts, respectively) through a variety of response mechanisms. The analyses illustrate that 1) a suite of common concepts and approaches can be used across disparate systems, 2) there are generally insufficient data for the use of leading indicators, particularly considering the abruptness of transition relative to the lifespan of long-lived organisms, 3) information on spatiotemporal context is useful for comparing transitions in similar systems, and 4) ancillary information from associated experiments and observations is critical for interpreting response-driver relationships.
Root and Mycorrhizal Respiration at Harvard Forest Soil Warming Experiments 2007-2008
Soil heating typically causes large initial increases in soil respiration, with the enhancement lessening over time. This transient response is attributed to rapid decomposition of labile soil C compounds in the first years of heating, but the potential role of changes in root and mycorrhizal respiration is not well understood. To assess the degree to which root respiration adjusts to warmer soil temperature regimes, specific root respiration rates (nmol CO2/g/s) are being measured in three soil warming experiments at Harvard Forest. Soils in the experiments had been heated since 1991, 2003 and 2006. Respiration rates for fine roots (less than 1 mm) from control and heated plots were measured both at a common reference temperature of 18 deg C and at the ambient soil temperature of the measurement date for the control and heated (+ 5 deg C) treatments. Mycorrhizal respiration is being assessed through the use of hyphal ingrowth bags which allow determination both mycorrhizal hyphal biomass and respiration rate. Changes in mycorrhizal community composition are also being investigated. Specific questions we will address include: Does rapid temperature acclimation occur in roots of large perennial woody plants? How do root biomass, root N concentration, and root respiration rates adjust to long-term changes in soil temperature and moisture and concomitant changes in N availability? How is mycorrhizal biomass and activity influenced by the effects of warmer soil temperatures on host C balance and soil N availability? How do the short- and long-term responses of roots and mycorrhizae to warming and associated changes in soil nutrient cycling affect soil CO2 efflux and C availability for aboveground NPP? Are the interrelationships between warmer soil temperature regimes and C fluxes to and from roots and mycorrhizae adequately described by current ecophysiological models?
Allelopathy of Frangula Alnus to Native New England Wetland Vegetation at Harvard Forest 2008
Glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus), an invasive shrub from Eurasia, colonizes both upland and mesic sites in New England, USA, reducing the growth and survival of native tree saplings and lowering species richness. Although a generalist, buckthorn thrives particularly well along river, pond, and wetland margins, which are traditional habitat for speckled alder (Alnus incana ssp. rugosa), a native nitrogen-fixing shrub. As buckthorn’s dense, monospecific growth is typical of allelopaths, we wondered whether it chemically suppresses the growth of alder and other indigenous shrubs. We thus propagated three native shrub species: Alnus incana ssp. rugosa, Viburnum dentatum and Spiraea latifolia, in invasive buckthorn and native dogwood (Cornus amomum) root and leaf mulch. After seven weeks, alder grown in buckthorn root demonstrated significantly smaller basal diameter than alder grown in buckthorn leaf or other mulches. Therefore, putative buckthorn allelopathy to alder likely occurs through root exudation instead of leaf litter effects. Meadowsweet grown in buckthorn mulch, in contrast, was taller, thicker, and had more numerous leaves than meadowsweet grown in native mulch. These species-specific effects point to allelopathy as a mechanism by which buckthorn changes the structure of native plant communities.
Soil Arthropods in Hemlock Removal Experiment at Harvard Forest 2008
In eastern North American forests, eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is a foundation species. As hemlock is lost from forests due to the invasive hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) and pre-emptive salvage logging, the structure of assemblages of species associated with hemlock is expected to change. We manipulated hemlock canopy structure at hectare scales to investigate the effects of hemlock death on assemblages of ants, beetles, and spiders in a New England forest. Relative to reference hemlock stands, both in situ death of hemlock and logging and removal of hemlock altered composition and diversity of beetles and spiders, and logging increased the species richness and evenness of ant assemblages. Species composition of ant assemblages in disturbed habitats was non-random relative to the regional species pool, but we found no evidence that interspecific competition shaped the structure of ant, beetle or spider assemblages, in either manipulated or intact forest stands. Environmental filtering by hemlock appears to maintain low levels of species richness and evenness in forest stands, suggesting that the loss of hemlock due to the hemlock woolly adelgid or human activities will not likely lead to extirpations of ant, beetle, or spider species at local scales.
Barre Woods Soil Warming Experiment at Harvard Forest since 2001
Two of the major results of our original soil warming study were that: (1) warming stimulated the decay of a labile soil carbon pool; and (2) it also increased the availability of inorganic nitrogen to plants. Because of the small size of the original warming plots an important question we have not been able to answer conclusively is: Has the increase in available nitrogen led to an increase in carbon storage in the vegetation? And if yes, how much? In a systems context an additional question is: What is the balance between the carbon lost from the soil and the carbon stored in the vegetation in response to soil warming? We are now addressing these important questions with a new warming experiment in the Barre Woods area of the Harvard Forest. The Barre Woods site was chosen because of its similarities to the Prospect Hill site - stand age, tree species composition, and soil type. There is no evidence of a plow horizon at the Barre Woods site, though surrounding stone walls indicate past use as pastureland. Historical records indicate the site was destroyed during the 1938 hurricane and then regrew naturally. During the summer and fall of 2001 we buried 3.4 miles of heating cable in a 30 x 30m plot. Cables were buried at a 10cm depth, spaced 20cm apart. A second 30 x 30m area was delineated to serve as the control plot. Results from the original soil warming experiment confirmed that the soil disturbance associated with the installation of heating cables has had no effect on soil temperatures and only minor and variable impacts on soil moisture. In April 2002, we began a one-year period of baseline measurements before turning on the heat in the new megaplot. These measurements included nitrogen mineralization, trace gas fluxes (CO2, CH4, N2O), tree growth (dendrometer bands), an understory species survey, canopy foliage analysis (C:N, NIR), and lysimetry. Thermistors were installed in both plots to begin tracking soil temperatures. The baseline measurements have con
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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OpenNeuro
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