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660 results for “Biomechanics”
Data from: Comparative cranial myology and biomechanics of Plateosaurus and Camarasaurus and evolution of the sauropod feeding apparatus
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Data for: The biomechanics of tooth strength: testing the utility of simple models for predicting fracture in geometrically complex teeth
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Evolutionary biomechanics: hard tissues and soft evidence?
<p>Biomechanical modelling is a powerful tool for quantifying the evolution of functional performance in extinct animals to understand key anatomical innovations and selective pressures driving major evolutionary radiations. However, the fossil record is composed predominantly of hard parts, forcing palaeontologists to reconstruct soft tissue properties in such models. Rarely are these reconstruction approaches validated on extant animals, despite soft tissue properties being highly determinant of functional performance. The extent to which soft tissue reconstructions and biomechanical models accurately predict quantitative or even qualitative patterns in macroevolutionary studies is therefore unknown. Here, we modelled the masticatory system in extant rodents to objectively test the ability of current muscle reconstruction methods to correctly identify quantitative and qualitative differences between macroevolutionary morphotypes. Baseline models generated using measured soft tissue properties yielded differences in muscle proportions, bite force and bone stress expected between extant sciuromorph, myomorph and hystricomorph rodents. However, predictions from models generated using reconstruction methods typically used in fossil studies varied widely from high levels of quantitative accuracy to a failure to correctly capture even relative differences between macroevolutionary morphotypes. Our novel experiment emphasises that correctly reconstructing even qualitative differences between taxa in a macroevolutionary radiation is challenging using current methods. Future studies of fossil taxa should incorporate systematic assessments of reconstruction error into their hypothesis testing and, moreover, seek to expand primary data sets on muscle properties in extant taxa to better inform soft tissue reconstructions in macroevolutionary studies.</p>
Data from: Biomechanical and leaf-climate relationships: a comparison of ferns and seed plants
Premise of the study: Relationships of leaf size and shape (physiognomy) with climate have been well characterized for woody non-monocotyledonous angiosperms (dicots), allowing the development of models for estimating paleoclimate from fossil leaves. More recently, petiole width of seed plants has been shown to scale closely with leaf mass. By measuring petiole width and leaf area in fossils, leaf mass per area (MA) can be estimated and an approximate leaf life span inferred. However, little is known about these relationships in ferns, a clade with a deep fossil record and with the potential to greatly expand the applicability of these proxies. Methods: We measured the petiole width, MA, and leaf physiognomic characters of 179 fern species from 188 locations across six continents. We applied biomechanical models and assessed the relationship between leaf physiognomy and climate using correlational approaches. Key results: The scaling relationship between area-normalized petiole width and MA differs between fern fronds and pinnae. The scaling relationship is best modeled as an end-loaded cantilevered beam, which is different from the best-fit biomechanical model for seed plants. Fern leaf physiognomy is not influenced by climatic conditions. Conclusions: The cantilever beam model can be applied to fossil ferns. The lack of sensitivity of leaf physiognomy to climate in ferns argues against their use to reconstruct paleoclimate. Differences in climate sensitivity and biomechanical relationships between ferns and seed plants may be driven by differences in their hydraulic conductivity and/or their differing evolutionary histories of vein architecture and leaf morphology.
Data from: Climate warming and plant biomechanical defences: silicon addition contributes to herbivore suppression in a pasture grass
1. Plants, notably the Poacae, often accumulate large amounts of silicon (Si) from the soil. Si has multiple functional roles, particularly for alleviating abiotic and biotic stresses (e.g. defence against herbivores). Recent evidence suggests that environmental change, including temperature changes, can diminish Si accumulation which could affect functions such as herbivore defence. 2. Using a field warming experiment, we grew a pasture grass (Phalaris aquatica) that was either supplemented or untreated with Si (+Si and -Si, respectively) under ambient and elevated (+2.8ºC above ambient) air temperatures. We quantified soil water, plant growth rates, Si accumulation, leaf biomechanical properties and in situ relative growth rates of a herbivorous global insect pest (Helicoverpa armigera). 3. Si supplementation promoted shoot and root biomass by c. 48% and 61%, respectively under ambient temperatures, but these gains were not apparent under warmed conditions. 4. Warmer temperatures reduced Si uptake by -Si plants by c. 17%, potentially due to the lower levels of soil water content in warmed plots. Si supplementation, however, increased Si accumulation in leaves by c. 24% in warmed plots restoring Si levels to those seen under ambient temperatures. 5. Si supplementation enhanced biomechanical properties in the leaves, but this was only statistically significant under ambient temperatures; leaves of +Si plants required 42% more force to fracture and were 30% tougher at the midrib than leaves of -Si plants. The relative growth rates of H. armigera declined by 56% when feeding on +Si plants under ambient temperatures and while Si supplementation caused a trend towards declining herbivore growth rates under warmer conditions, this was not statistically significant. 6. We conclude that climate warming may mitigate the beneficial effects of Si on Phalaris aquatica in the short term, potentially by reducing Si uptake. While Si uptake can be restored with Si supplementation, Si-enhanced biomechanical defences against a global pest may not be fully restored under warmer temperatures.
Data from: Convergence analysis of a finite element skull model of Herpestes javanicus (Carnivora, Mammalia): implications for robust comparative inferences of biomechanical function
Predictions of skull biomechanical capability based on virtual models constitute a valuable data source for testing hypotheses about craniodental form and feeding behavior. Such comparative analyses also inform dietary reconstruction in extinct species. 3D modeling using Finite Element (FE) methods is a common technique applied to the comparative analysis of craniodental function in extinct and extant vertebrates. However, taxonomically diverse skull models in the literature often are not directly comparable to each other, in part because of distinctions in how boundary conditions are defined, but also because of substantial differences in the number of FEs composing the models. In this study, we test whether a conventional convergence test is adequate in identifying the minimum number of FEs needed to achieve internally stable results for a single species. We constructed a series of skull models of Herpestes javanicus, and simulated unilateral biting across the dentition; the models differed in the number of FEs, degrees of freedom at the joint and bite point constraints, and type of tetrahedral FEs used. We found that convergence patterns differed across constraint types, FE quantities, and bite position simulated. Four-noded tetrahedral (tet-4) FE models with relaxed constraints produced the most stable measurements compared to over-constrained tet-4 models and to relaxed tet-10 models. In absence of an optimal FE quantity from convergence testing, we propose a broadly applicable sub-sampling protocol, whereby average measurement values across multiple models per specimen are used for among-species comparisons. A regime of sampling three low FE quantity models produced the closest estimates of mean measurement values relative to larger model sets, being within the 95% bootstrap estimated confidence intervals. Future studies should focus on identifying sources of variation associated with other FE modeling protocols, so that they can be accounted for before biomechanical attributes from these simulations are used to infer form–function linkage.
Data from: Morphological and biomechanical disparity of crocodile-line archosaurs following the end-Triassic extinction
Mesozoic crurotarsans exhibited diverse morphologies and feeding modes, representing considerable ecological diversity, yet macroevolutionary patterns remain unexplored. Here we employ a unique combination of morphological and biomechanical disparity metrics to quantify the ecological diversity and trophic radiations of Mesozoic crurotarsans, using the mandible as a morpho-functional proxy. We recover three major trends. First, the diverse assemblage of Late Triassic crurotarsans was morphologically and biomechanically disparate, implying high levels of ecological variation; but, following the end-Triassic extinction, disparity declined. Second, the Jurassic radiation of marine thalattosuchians resulted in very low morphological disparity but moderate variation in jaw biomechanics, highlighting a hydrodynamic constraint on mandibular form. Third, during the Cretaceous terrestrial radiations of neosuchians and notosuchians, mandibular morphological variation increased considerably. By the Late Cretaceous, crocodylomorphs evolved a range of morphologies equaling Late Triassic crurotarsans. In contrast, biomechanical disparity in the Cretaceous did not increase, essentially decoupling from morphology. This enigmatic result could be attributed to biomechanical evolution in other anatomical regions (e.g. cranium, dentition or postcranium), possibly releasing the mandible from selective pressures. Overall, our analyses reveal a complex relationship between morphological and biomechanical disparity in Mesozoic crurotarsans that culminated in specialized feeding ecologies and associated lifestyles.
Data from: Humans exploit the biomechanics of bipedal gait during visually guided walking over complex terrain
How do humans achieve such remarkable energetic efficiency when walking over complex terrain such as a rocky trail? Recent research in biomechanics suggests that the efficiency of human walking over flat, obstacle-free terrain derives from the ability to exploit the physical dynamics of our bodies. In this study, we investigated whether this principle also applies to visually guided walking over complex terrain. We found that when humans can see the immediate foreground as little as two step lengths ahead, they are able to choose footholds that allow them to exploit their biomechanical structure as efficiently as they can with unlimited visual information. We conclude that when humans walk over complex terrain, they use visual information from two step lengths ahead to choose footholds that allow them to approximate the energetic efficiency of walking in flat, obstacle-free environments.
Linkages among stem xylem transport, biomechanics and storage in lianas and trees across three contrasting environments
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Role of Tissue Biomechanics in the Formation and Function of Myocardial Trabeculae in Zebrafish Embryos
<p>4D images, FEA models and FEA Parameters list</p>
Figure 1 from: Surya R, Amalia N, Gunawan WB, Taslim NA, Ghafoor M, Mayulu N, Hardinsyah H, Abdi Syahputra R, Kartawidjajaputra F, Rizzo G, Tjandrawinata RR, Subali D, Kurniawan R, Nurkolis F (2024) Tempe as superior functional antioxidant food: From biomechanism to future development of soybean-based functional food. Pharmacia 71: 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.71.e116748
Figure 1 Proposed-biomechanism of tempe on the modulation of cellular antioxidant status via the Nrf2- dependent signaling pathway. Abbreviations: 3HAA: 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid; AKT: protein kinase B; ARE: antioxidant response element; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GR: glutathione reductase; IFAs: isoflavone aglycones; IFGs: isoflavone glycosides; Keap1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RTK: receptor tyrosine kinase; SOD: superoxide dismutase.
Raw data for the article: Regional biomechanical characterization of human ascending aortic aneurysms: Microstructure and biaxial mechanical response
<p>The ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm (ATAA) is a permanent dilatation of the vessel with a high risk of adverse events, and shows heterogeneous properties. To investigate regional differences in the biomechanical properties of ATAAs, tissue samples were collected from 10 patients with tricuspid aortic valve phenotype and specimens from minor, anterior, major, and posterior regions were subjected to multi-ratio planar biaxial extension tests and second-harmonic generation (SHG) imaging. Using the data, parameters of a microstructure-motivated constitutive model were obtained considering fiber dispersion. SHG imaging showed disruptions in the organization of the layers. Structural and material parameters did not differ significantly between regions. The non-symmetric fiber dispersion model proposed by Holzapfel et al. [25] was used to fit the data. The mean angle of collagen fibers was negatively correlated between minor and anterior regions, and the parameter associated with collagen fiber stiffness was positively correlated between minor and major regions. Furthermore, correlations were found between the stiffness of the ground matrix and the mean fiber angle, and between the parameter associated with the collagen fiber stiffness and the out-of-plane dispersion parameter in the posterior and minor regions, respectively. The experimental data collected in this study contribute to the biomechanical data available in the literature on human ATAAs. Region-specific parameters for the constitutive models are fundamental to improve the current risk stratification strategies, which are mainly based on aortic size. Such investigations can facilitate the development of more advanced finite element models capable of capturing the regional heterogeneity of pathological tissues. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Tissue samples of human ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms (ATAA) were collected. Samples from four regions underwent multi-ratio planar biaxial extension tests and second-harmonic generation imaging. Region-specific parameters of a microstructure-motivated model considering fiber dispersion were obtained. Structural and material parameters did not differ significantly between regions, however, the mean fiber angle was negatively correlated between minor and anterior regions, and the parameter associated with collagen fiber stiffness was positively correlated between minor and major regions. Furthermore, correlations were found between the stiffness of the ground matrix and the mean fiber angle, and between the parameter associated with the collagen fiber stiffness and the out-of-plane dispersion parameter in the posterior and minor regions, respectively. This study provides a unique set of mechanical and structural data, supporting the microstructural influence on the tissue response. It may facilitate the development of better finite element models capable of capturing the regional tissue heterogeneity.</p>
Fig. 4. Example 3D in Reconstructed masticatory biomechanics of Peligrotherium tropicalis, a non-therian mammal from the Paleocene of Argentina
Fig. 4. Example 3D renderings of the bifulcral mandibular leverage parameters used in this analysis. A. Example of bifulcral lever arms corresponding to the working-side superficial masseter (SM-W) shown in a semi-transparent hemimandible of Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758; the muscular resultant vector is shown as a red arrow, with corresponding bite force vectors (yellow arrows) and working-side joint force vectors (purple arrows) shown for three positions on the lower postcanine tooth row. As can be seen, the in-lever lengths around the bite point fulcra (used in the calculation of joint force) increase significantly mesially. In labial (A1) and oblique (A2) views. B. Example of the varying condylar planes (CP) and bite planes (BP) used in the 3D bifulcral analysis, shown in Diceros bicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) for a bite point on the lower first molar. The mandible is shown in semi-transparent gray, while the working- and balancing-side origin surfaces for the deep masseter muscles on the skull are shown bilaterally in solid pink; similarly, the isolated origin surfaces of the medial pterygoids are shown in solid green. The muscular lines of action (LOA) for these four muscles are also shown as solid tubes, while transparent triangles demonstrate the orientations of the CP and BP for the corresponding muscle. In superior (B1) and oblique (B2) views. Not to scale. Abbreviations: BS, balancing-side; BV, bite vertex; ILBP-W, in-lever of the bite plane on the working-side; SM-W, superficial masseter working-side; WS, working-side.
Adding a toe joint to a prosthetic foot: walking biomechanics, metabolic rate and user preference of individuals with unilateral transtibial limb loss
<p>See ReadMe.mat</p>
Biomechanical Responses to Abdominal Bracing and Stabilization Belt Use During a Loaded Squat
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Data from: Resilin in the flight apparatus of Odonata (Insecta) – cap tendons and their biomechanical importance for the flight
In Odonata, a direct flight mechanism with specialised tendons evolved. One particular adaptation, the implementation of the rubber-like protein resilin in these cap tendons might be of major importance. Although, resilin was firstly described in one tendon of Odonata, no comprehensive study about the presence of resilin in the thorax exists yet. We investigated various species of Odonata, using µCT, dissection and fluorescence microscopy. Here we show a complete mapping of the odonatan pterothorax, regarding the presence of tendons and their properties. Thus, 20-21 cap tendons in the pterothorax of Odonata show the presence of resilin. While performing outstanding and often aggressive flight manoeuvres, resilin can provide shock absorption against mechanical damage from strong impacts. It may further improve the wear and fatigue resistance due to resilin's damping behaviour. Additionally, resilin in tendons can absorb and return kinetic energy to restore muscles to their original shape after contracting and help maintaining self-oscillation of the flight muscles. Here the material distribution within the direct flight system of Odonata and the biomechanical importance and possible function of resilin is discussed. These results are an important step towards the understanding of the complex form-material-function interplay of the insect cuticle.
Data from: Computational biomechanical analyses demonstrate similar shell-crushing abilities in modern and ancient arthropods
The biology of the extant American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, is well documented—including its dietary habits, particularly the ability to crush shell with its gnathobasic walking appendages—but virtually nothing is known about the feeding biomechanics of this iconic arthropod. This species is also considered the archetypal functional analogue for a range of extinct groups that have gnathobasic appendages, including eurypterids, trilobites, and some of the earliest arthropods, especially Sidneyia inexpectans from the middle Cambrian (508 million-year-old) Burgess Shale of Canada. Exceptionally-preserved specimens of S. inexpectans show intriguing evidence suggestive of durophagous (shell-crushing) tendencies—including thick gnathobasic spine cuticle and shelly gut contents—but this feeding mode has never been substantiated using advanced computational techniques, such as Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Here we present a unique application of 3D FEA by modelling the feeding mechanics of L. polyphemus and S. inexpectans, representing the first such analysis of a modern horseshoe crab, or indeed any fossil arthropod. Results show that mechanical performance of the feeding appendages in both arthropods is remarkably similar, confirming that S. inexpectans was a durophagous predator. This biomechanical solution to processing shelled prey therefore has a history extending over 500 million years, almost dating back to the first appearance of shell-bearing animals themselves. The arrival of durophagous predators such as S. inexpectans during the early phase of animal evolution undoubtedly fuelled the Cambrian 'arms race' that encompasses the rapid increase in diversity and abundance of biomineralised prey species.
Figure 12 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain
Figure 12. Lateral (top row) and medial (bottom row) views of selected left metatarsals of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1: A and F, B-22073, Mt V, B and G, B-2498, Mt IV; C and H, B-2443, Mt III; D and I, B-2511, Mt II; E and J, BAT-1′04 F7-12, Mt I.
Figure 4. B-3582 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain
Figure 4. B-3582(2), right scapula of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1 in lateral (A) and cranial (B) views.
Figure 14 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain
Figure 14. Left scapulae in lateral view of Gulo gulo (A), Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1 (B), Ailurus fulgens (C) and Potos flavus (D) showing the different development of the attachment areas for the teres major (t.m.) and subscapularis minor (s.m.) muscles. Broken line shows inferred contour of the missing cranial margin of the scapula of S. batalleri. The bones are illustrated at the same size.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.