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1,069 results for “Bryozoan”
Figure 2 in Systematics of the bryozoan genus Macropora (Cheilostomata)
Figure 2. Macropora nodulosa sp. nov., Foveaux Strait, New Zealand. A, group of zooids from early astogeny. B, oblique view of growing edge showing pore windows and raised proximolateral corners of orifices. C, ovicellate zooid with broken frontal shield. D, inner face of operculum. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B, C = 500 mm; D = 100 mm. DPG PF2007-1 from NIWA Stn B253.
Figure 10 in Systematics of the bryozoan genus Macropora (Cheilostomata)
Figure 10. Macropora bullata sp. nov., Eocene, Waiareka Volcanic Formation, near Oamaru, North Otago, New Zealand. A–C, IGNS BZ 230, holotype, Alma road cutting. A, group of zooids with broken ovicell (centre). B, zooids and damaged ovicell. C, ovicell, broken and partly infilled with cement. D, NHM BZ5201, Fortification Road cutting, autozooids, with (left) and without (top right) opercula. Scale bars: A, B = 1 mm; C = 200 mm; D = 500 mm.
Figure 14. Macropora trisinuata Uttley, 1949 in Systematics of the bryozoan genus Macropora (Cheilostomata)
Figure 14. Macropora trisinuata Uttley, 1949, Miocene, Mt. Brown Limestone, Weka Creek, Canterbury, New Zealand, CM zb49 (A and C depict the lectotype chosen here, B and D the paralectotype). A, autozooids. B, operculum of autozooid. C, autozooid (upper left) and avicularium (lower right). D, orifice of avicularium. Scale bars: A, C = 500 mm; B, D = 100 mm.
Figure 12. Macropora retusa Uttley, 1949 in Systematics of the bryozoan genus Macropora (Cheilostomata)
Figure 12. Macropora retusa Uttley, 1949, Oligocene, Kakanui Limestone, Deborah, North Otago, New Zealand, CM zb10, holotype. A, group of autozooids and avicularia. B, operculum of autozooid. C, orifice of avicularium. D, operculum of avicularium. E, ovicell. F, detail of ovicell showing slit-like foramina. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B–D, F = 100 mm; E = 500 mm.
Figure 9 in Systematics of the bryozoan genus Macropora (Cheilostomata)
Figure 9. Macropora leeae sp. nov., Oligocene, North Otago, New Zealand. A–C, NHM BZ5380, McDonald Limestone, Everett's Quarry. A, group of zooids. B, autozooids, mostly with intact opercula but including one with a closure plate (upper left), and an avicularium (centre top). C, oblique view of avicularium orifice. D–F, IGNS BZ 229, holotype, Whaingaroan, Lorne. D, operculum of avicularium. E, autozooids, ovicells and avicularium (left). F, ovicell. Scale bars: A, B, E = 1 mm; C, D, F = 200 mm.
Fig. 5 in Disporella guada sp. nov., an erect-ramose rectangulate cyclostome (Bryozoa, Stenolaemata) from the Caribbean Sea: convergent evolution in bryozoan colony morphology
Fig. 5. Brood chambers in Disporella guada Harmelin, Taylor & Waeschenbach sp. nov. A. Paratype (NHMUK 2021.2.25.1). B–D. Holotype (MNHN-IB-2017-696). A. Brood chamber with 8 lateral branches, thinly covered by secondary calcification. B. Thicker mesh of secondary calcification over a brood chamber. C. Transverse section of branch intersecting six lobes of ramifying brood chambers. D. Two ooeciopores (open arrowheads) at the end of a lateral branch of a brood chamber.
Fig. 2 in Disporella guada sp. nov., an erect-ramose rectangulate cyclostome (Bryozoa, Stenolaemata) from the Caribbean Sea: convergent evolution in bryozoan colony morphology
Fig. 2. Photographs (A–B) and scanning electron micrographs of Disporella guada Harmelin, Taylor & Waeschenbach sp. nov. A. Holotype, specimen kept dry (MNHN-IB-2017-696). B. Seven variously shaped colonies (top row, left to right: NHMUK 2021.2.25.1, 2021.3.19.2, 2018.1.15.63, 2021.3.19.1; bottom row, left to right: NHMUK 2021.6.14.1, 2021.6.14.2, 2021.6.14.3). C. Longitudinal section of a specimen (NHMUK 2021.3.19.1) with two branches; 1: endozone, 2: exozone, 3: basal part with central primary attachment zone (3a) and secondary peripheral attachment zone (3b). D–E. NHMUK 2021.3.19.2. D. Growing tip. E. Interzooecial walls at growing tip.
Fig. 3 in Disporella guada sp. nov., an erect-ramose rectangulate cyclostome (Bryozoa, Stenolaemata) from the Caribbean Sea: convergent evolution in bryozoan colony morphology
Fig. 3. Disporella guada Harmelin, Taylor & Waeschenbach sp. nov.A. Non-type (MNHN-IB-2017-700). B–C, E. Holotype (MNHN-IB-2017-696). D. Paratype (NHMUK 2021.2.25.1). A. Elongated maculae. B. Mixture of peristomate autozooids and kenozooids. C. Part of a transverse section of a terminal branch showing the endozone, exozone and intersecting ramifications of several gonozooids (larger white cavities). D. Kenozooids and autozooids with small peristomes bearing pointed processes. E. Kenozooids and autozooidal peristomes of various sizes and shapes.
Fig. 1 in Disporella guada sp. nov., an erect-ramose rectangulate cyclostome (Bryozoa, Stenolaemata) from the Caribbean Sea: convergent evolution in bryozoan colony morphology
Fig. 1. Underwater photos of specimens of Disporella guada Harmelin, Taylor & Waeschenbach sp. nov.; Guadeloupe, Islet Tête-à-l'Anglais, 5 m. A. Holotype (MNHN-IB-2017-696); photo Y. Bouchon- Navaro, 10 Oct. 2014. B. Another large specimen; photo C. Bouchon, 7 Nov. 2016.
Fig. 12 in Morphogenetic gradients in graptolites and bryozoans
Fig. 12. Comparison of simply organized colonies of a monograptid graptolite (A) and a cheilostomate bryozoan (B). In both instances colonies originated from an oozooid (sicula or ancestrula) and display a primary zone of astogenetic change (morphological gradient present), followed by a zone of primary astogenetic repetition (no morphological gradient). Colonies end with a terminal growing tip (A) or growth zone (B). A, original, B, modified from Boardman and Cheetham (1973).
Fig. 5 in Morphogenetic gradients in graptolites and bryozoans
Fig. 5. Diagram illustrating the introduction and spread of new thecal characters in monograptid colonies (A, B, D, E) with attempted biological interpretation of evolutionary changes involved (C, F). A, B. Proximal introduction and distalward spreading (as indicated by an arrow) of a phylogenetic novelty, interpreted (in C) as a result of increasing activity of a morphogen produced by the oozooid (siculozoooid) and acting as a stimulator of a given character, either due to increase of its amount (change from continuous oblique into broken oblique line) at the stable threshold level of the reactivity of the tissue, or due to increase of reactivity of tissues (lowering of the threshold level from t1 to t2) at the stable amount of morphogen produced. D, E. Distal introduction and spreading toward the proximal end (as indicated by an arrow) of a phylogenetic novelty, explained in F as a result of decreasing activity of a morphogen acting in this case as an inhibitor of a given character, either in result of its decreasing amount (change from continuous to broken oblique line) at the stable level of the reactivity of tissues (t1) or by the rise of the threshold level (t2) and decrease of their reactivity at the stable of morphogen produced by the oozooid. Note that the expressivity is indicated by the intensity of shading, while penetrance by numbers of zooids affected to any degree. From Urbanek (1960, 1973).
Fig. 7 in Morphogenetic gradients in graptolites and bryozoans
Fig. 7. Diagram showing two patterns of regeneration in fragmented graptoloid colonies. A. Primary rhabdosome subject to fragmentation (as indicated by wavy line) into the proximal and distal portions. B. Regeneration from the proximal fragment of the primary rhabdosome resulting in a unipolar regenerative morphosis (single arrow), with a distal regenerative portion showing an abrupt increase in the size of zooidal tubes (thecae). C. Regeneration from the distal fragment of the primary rhabdosome resulting in a bipolarly growing morphosis (two arrows) due to formation of the regenerative proximal portion growing (solid arrow) simultaneously with the preserved distal tip of the primary rhabdosome (broken arrow); S, scar or traces of fracture, regenerated portions obliquely hatched.
Fig. 1 in Morphogenetic gradients in graptolites and bryozoans
Fig. 1. Astogeny in Graptolithoidea. A–C. Early development of a rhabdopleurid pterobranch and a tuboid graptolite colony. A. Encapsulated larva after metamorphosis (A1) and primary zooid in Rhabdopleura compacta Hincks (A2). B, C. Comparison of sicular portions in Recent Rhabdopleura compacta (B) and in Ordovician tuboid graptolite Epigraptus Eisenack (C). D. Sicula (D1) and thecae with underlying stolon system (D2) of an Ordovician dendroid graptolite Dendrograptus sp. E. Zooidal tubes and internal stolon system in Recent Rhabdopleura normani Allman. Not to scale. A, B, from Stebbing (1970), C–E, from Kozłowski (1949, 1970).
Fig. 13 in Morphogenetic gradients in graptolites and bryozoans
Fig. 13. Diagram of astogeny in the cheilostomate bryozoan Bugula Oken showing a regular succession of events, namely a primary zone of astogenetic change and a primary zone of astogenetic repetition as well as the secondary zone of astogenetic change on a separate branch which is concurrent with ongoing primary zone of astogenetic repetition on the main sequence. Astogeny includes here a change from uniserial to biserial budding, while subsequent zone of change is not concomitant but sectorial. Modified from Boardman, Cheetham, and Cook (1970).
Data from: Plastic responses of bryozoans to ocean acidification
Phenotypic plasticity has the potential to allow organisms to respond rapidly to global environmental change, but the range and effectiveness of these responses are poorly understood across taxa and growth strategies. Colonial organisms might be particularly resilient to environmental stressors, as organizational modularity and successive asexual generations can allow for distinctively flexible responses in the aggregate form. We performed laboratory experiments to examine the effects of increasing dissolved carbon dioxide (i.e. ocean acidification) on the colonial bryozoan Celleporella cornuta sampled from two source populations within a coastal upwelling region of the northern California coast. Bryozoan colonies were remarkably plastic under these carbon dioxide (CO2) treatments. Colonies raised under high CO2 grew more quickly, investing less in reproduction and producing lighter skeletons when compared to genetically identical clones raised under current atmospheric values. Bryozoans held in high CO2 conditions also changed the Mg/Ca ratio of skeletal walls and increased the expression of organic coverings in new growth, which may serve as protection against acidified water. We also observed strong differences between populations in reproductive investment and organic covering reaction norms, consistent with adaptive responses to persistent spatial variation in local oceanographic conditions. Our results demonstrate that phenotypic plasticity and energetic trade-offs can mediate ecological responses to global environmental change, and highlight the broad range of strategies available to colonial organisms.
A genome-skimmed phylogeny of a widespread bryozoan family, Adeonidae
<p>Understanding the phylogenetic relationships among species is one of the main goals of systematic biology. Simultaneously, credible phylogenetic hypotheses are often the first requirement for unveiling the evolutionary history of traits and for modelling macroevolutionary processes. However, many non-model taxa have not yet been sequenced to an extent such that statistically well-supported molecular phylogenies can be constructed for these purposes. Here, we use a genome-skimming approach to extract sequence information for 15 mitochondrial and 2 ribosomal operon genes from the cheilostome bryozoan family, the Adeonidae, Busk, 1884, whose current systematics is based purely on morphological traits. The members of the Adeonidae are, like all cheilostome bryozoans, benthic, colonial, marine organisms. Adeonids are also geographically widely-distributed, often locally common, and are sometimes important habitat-builders. Results We successfully genome-skimmed 35 adeonid colonies representing 6 genera (Adeona, Adeonellopsis, Bracebridgia, Adeonella, Laminopora and Cucullipora). We also contributed 16 new, circularised mitochondrial genomes to the eight previously published for cheilostome bryozoans. Using the aforementioned mitochondrial and ribosomal genes, we inferred the relationships among these 35 samples. Contrary to some previous suggestions, the Adeonidae is a robustly supported monophyletic clade. However, the genera Adeonella and Laminopora are in need of revision: Adeonella is polyphyletic and Laminopora paraphyletically forms a clade with some Adeonella species. Additionally, we assign a sequence clustering identity using cox1 barcoding region of 99% at the species and 83% at the genus level. Conclusions We provide sequence data, obtained via genome-skimming, that greatly increases the resolution of the phylogenetic relationships within the adeonids. We present a highly-supported topology based on 17 genes and substantially increase availability of circularised cheilostome mitochondrial genomes, and highlight how we can extend our pipeline to other bryozoans.</p>
FIG. 13 in Bryozoan faunas at the Tortonian-Messinian transition. A palaeoenvironmental case study from Crete Island, eastern Mediterranean
FIG. 13. — Bathymetric reconstruction and correlations between sections.
Fig. 2 in The First Finding Of Bryozoan Pectinatella Magnifica (Lophopodidae) In Lower Danube
Fig. 2. Statoblast of bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica from the Ukrainian part of the Danube Delta.
Fig. 1 in The First Finding Of Bryozoan Pectinatella Magnifica (Lophopodidae) In Lower Danube
Fig. 1. Schematic map of the bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica detection areas (black circles).
Data from: Skeletal mineralogy of marine organisms shaped by seawater temperature and evolutionary history - a case study of cheilostome bryozoans
<p>The record of CaCO<sub>3</sub> biominerals serves as a valuable repository documenting Earth's evolutionary history and environmental changes. An in-depth understanding of the mineralogical diversity within calcifying organisms is essential for interpreting the evolutionary record of CaCO<sub>3</sub> and evaluating the adaptability of biomineralizers to past and future environmental change. To offer insights into the relative importance of environment vs. phylogenetic history in determining mineralogy, this study explores the modern-day global distribution of mineralogies in cheilostome bryozoans.</p> <p>Cheilostome bryozoans vary considerably in their mineral composition: in our dataset 65% of the species possess purely calcite skeletons, 15% exclusively employ aragonite, and 20% exhibit mixed (i.e., calcite and aragonite) mineralogies. Temperature is the predominant measured environmental factor influencing bryozoan skeletal mineralogy, accounting for 20% of its variability across species, when phylogenetic relatedness is unaccounted for. Bryozoans in lower latitudes, characterized by higher seawater temperatures, have higher aragonite concentrations. By accounting for phylogenetic structure using a subset of 87 species for which we have topological information, 40% of the observed mineralogical variability could be attributed to present-day temperature. In contrast, depth and salinity played minor roles, explaining less than 1% of the mineralogical variation each.</p> <p>This study emphasizes the influence of evolutionary history on the mineralogical variability of calcifying organisms, even when it can be shown that a single environmental factor (temperature) explains a substantial amount of this variability. When confronted with changing temperature, calcifiers such as bryozoans are likely to respond in diverse ways, depending on the species, given their phylogenetic relatedness and the external conditions they meet.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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