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1,133 results for “Copepod”
FIGURE 7 in Late postnaupliar development of the freshwater copepods Lovenula falicifera and Metadiaptomus colonialis (Calanoida: Diaptomidae) from South Africa
FIGURE 7. Lovenula falcifera (Lovén, 1845). Male CoIV: A, habitus, dorsal; B, antennule; C, antennule 17th to 20th segment; D, antennule 25th segment; E, leg 5 (right leg arrowed). Scale bars: A, 100 µm; B, 50 µm; C, 50 µm; D, 50 µm; E, 50 µm.
FIGURE 2 in Late postnaupliar development of the freshwater copepods Lovenula falicifera and Metadiaptomus colonialis (Calanoida: Diaptomidae) from South Africa
FIGURE 2. Lovenula falcifera (Lovén, 1845). Female CoV: A, antenna; B, antenna, endopod segments 2 and 3; C, mandible; D, maxillule; E, maxilla; F, maxilliped. Scale bars: A, 100 µm; B, 50 µm; C, 50 µm; D, 100 µm; E, 100 µm; F, 100 µm.
FIGURE 1 in Late postnaupliar development of the freshwater copepods Lovenula falicifera and Metadiaptomus colonialis (Calanoida: Diaptomidae) from South Africa
FIGURE 1. Lovenula falcifera (Lovén, 1845). Female CoV: A, habitus, dorsal view; B, urosome, dorsal view; C, fifth pedigerous somite right lobe; D, fifth pedigerous somite left lobe; E, antennule; F, antennule 25th segment. Scale bars: A, 100 µm; B, 100 µm; C, 50 µm; D, 50 µm; E, 100µm; F, 100 µm.
FIGURE 6 in Late postnaupliar development of the freshwater copepods Lovenula falicifera and Metadiaptomus colonialis (Calanoida: Diaptomidae) from South Africa
FIGURE 6. Lovenula falcifera (Lovén, 1845). Male CoV: A, habitus, dorsal view; B, urosome, dorsal view; C, antennule; D, antennule 25th segment; E, leg 5 (right leg arrowed). Scale bars: A, 100 µm; B, 50 µm; C, 100 µm; D, 50 µm; E, 50 µm.
FIGURE 10 in Late postnaupliar development of the freshwater copepods Lovenula falicifera and Metadiaptomus colonialis (Calanoida: Diaptomidae) from South Africa
FIGURE 10. Metadiaptomus colonialis (van Douwe, 1914). Female CoV: A, habitus, dorsal view; B, urosome, dorsal view; C, genital somite; D, antennule; E, antennule 25th segment. Scale bars: A, 100 µm; B, 50 µm; C, 50 µm; D, 100 µm; E, 50µm.
FIGURE 13 in Late postnaupliar development of the freshwater copepods Lovenula falicifera and Metadiaptomus colonialis (Calanoida: Diaptomidae) from South Africa
FIGURE 13. Metadiaptomus colonialis (van Douwe, 1914). Female CoIV: A, habitus, dorsal; B, urosome, dorsal; C, fifth pedigerous somite and genital somite; D, leg 5. Scale bars: A, 100 µm; B, 50 µm; C, 50 µm; D, 50 µm.
FIGURE 12 in Late postnaupliar development of the freshwater copepods Lovenula falicifera and Metadiaptomus colonialis (Calanoida: Diaptomidae) from South Africa
FIGURE 12. Metadiaptomus colonialis (van Douwe, 1914). Female CoV: A, leg 1; B, leg 2; C, leg 3; D, leg 4; E, leg 5. Scale bars: A, 50 µm; B, 50 µm; C, 100 µm; D, 100 µm; E, 50 µm.
FIGURE 9 in Late postnaupliar development of the freshwater copepods Lovenula falicifera and Metadiaptomus colonialis (Calanoida: Diaptomidae) from South Africa
FIGURE 9. Lovenula falcifera (Lovén, 1845). CoIII: A, leg 3; B, leg 4; C, leg 5. Scale bars: A, 50 µm; B, 50 µm; C, 10 µm.
FIGURE 18 in Late postnaupliar development of the freshwater copepods Lovenula falicifera and Metadiaptomus colonialis (Calanoida: Diaptomidae) from South Africa
FIGURE 18. Metadiaptomus colonialis (van Douwe, 1914). CoIII: A, leg 1; B, leg 2; C, leg 3; D, leg 4. Scale bars: A, 50 µm; B, 50 µm; C, 50 µm; D, 50 µm.
FIGURE 16 in Late postnaupliar development of the freshwater copepods Lovenula falicifera and Metadiaptomus colonialis (Calanoida: Diaptomidae) from South Africa
FIGURE 16. Metadiaptomus colonialis (van Douwe, 1914). Male CoIV; A, habitus, dorsal; B, urosome, dorsal; C, antennule; D, antennule 19th segment; E, antennule 25th segment; F, leg 5 (right leg arrowed). Scale bars: A, 100 µm; B, 50 µm; C, 50 µm; D, 10 µm; E, 10 µm; F, 10 µm.
FIGURE 17 in Late postnaupliar development of the freshwater copepods Lovenula falicifera and Metadiaptomus colonialis (Calanoida: Diaptomidae) from South Africa
FIGURE 17. Metadiaptomus colonialis (van Douwe, 1914). CoIII: A, habitus, dorsal; B, urosome, dorsal; C, antennule; D, antennule 25th segment; E, leg 5. Scale bars: A, 100 µm; B, 50 µm; C, 50 µm; D, 10 µm; E, 10 µm.
FIGURE 14 in Late postnaupliar development of the freshwater copepods Lovenula falicifera and Metadiaptomus colonialis (Calanoida: Diaptomidae) from South Africa
FIGURE 14. Metadiaptomus colonialis (van Douwe, 1914). Female CoIV: A, leg 1; B, leg 2; C, leg 3; D, leg 4. Scale bars: A, 50 µm; B, 50 µm; C, 50 µm; D, 50 µm.
Size, not temperature, drives cyclopoid copepod predation of invasive mosquito larvae
<p class="CxSpFirst">During range expansion, invasive species can experience new thermal regimes. Differences between the thermal performance of local and invasive species can alter species interactions, including predator-prey interactions. The Asian tiger mosquito, <i>Aedes albopictus</i>, is a known vector of several viral diseases of public health importance. It has successfully invaded many regions across the globe and currently threatens to invade regions of the UK where conditions would support seasonal activity. We assessed the functional response and predation efficiency (percentage of prey consumed) of the cyclopoid copepods <em>Macrocyclops albidus</em> and <em>Megacyclops viridis</em> from South East England, UK against newly-hatched French <em>Ae. albopictus</em> larvae across a relevant temperature range (15, 20, and 25ºC). Predator-absent controls were included in all experiments to account for background prey mortality. We found that both <i>M. albidus</i> and<i> M. viridis </i>display type II functional response curves, and that both would therefore be suitable biocontrol agents in the event of an <i>Ae. albopictus</i> invasion in the UK. No significant effect of temperature on the predation interaction was detected by either type of analysis. However, the predation efficiency analysis did show differences due to predator species. The results suggest that <i>M. viridis</i> would be a superior predator against invasive <i>Ae. albopictus</i> larvae due to the larger size of this copepod species, relative to <i>M. albidus</i>. Our work highlights the importance of size relationships in predicting interactions between invading prey and local predators.</p>
Data from: Sex without sex chromosomes: genetic architecture of multiple loci independently segregating to determine sex ratios in the copepod Tigriopus californicus
Sex determining systems are remarkably diverse and may evolve rapidly. Polygenic sex determination systems are predicted to be transient and evolutionarily unstable yet examples have been reported across a range of taxa. Here we provide the first direct evidence of polygenic sex determination in Tigriopus californicus, a harpacticoid copepod with no heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Using genetically distinct inbred lines selected for male- and female-biased clutches, we generated a genetic map with 39 SNPs across 12 chromosomes. Quantitative trait locus mapping of sex ratio phenotype (the proportion of male offspring produced by an F2 female) in four F2 families revealed six independently segregating quantitative trait loci on five separate chromosomes, explaining 19% of the variation in sex ratios. The sex ratio phenotype varied among loci across chromosomes in both direction and magnitude, with the strongest phenotypic effects on chromosome 10 moderated to some degree by loci on four other chromosomes. For a given locus, sex ratio phenotype varied in magnitude for individuals derived from different dam lines. These data, together with the environmental factors known to contribute to sex determination, characterize the underlying complexity and potential lability of sex determination, and confirm the polygenic architecture of sex determination in T. californicus.
CPR dataset for: Testing Bergmann's Rule in Marine Copepods
<p>This is the global dataset used for the Campbell et al. (2021) paper "Testing Bergmann's Rule in marine copepods". The dataset includes the mean length of copepods weighted by abundance found in 97,830 continuous plankton recorder (CPR) samples. Further, it contains satellite observations for sea surface temperature, chlorophyll-a, and dissolved oxygen (see paper for details). It was a massive collaborative effort to get this dataset assembled by the Global Alliance of CPR Surveys (GACS 2011, Batten et al. 2019).</p>
Data from: Testing for beneficial reversal of dominance during salinity shifts in the invasive copepod Eurytemora affinis, and implications for the maintenance of genetic variation
Maintenance of genetic variation at loci under selection has profound implications for adaptation under environmental change. In temporally and spatially varying habitats, non-neutral polymorphism could be maintained by heterozygote advantage across environments (marginal overdominance), which could be greatly increased by beneficial reversal of dominance across conditions. We tested for reversal of dominance and marginal overdominance in salinity tolerance in the salt-to-freshwater invading copepod Eurytemora affinis. We compared survival of F1 offspring generated by crossing saline and freshwater inbred lines (between-salinity F1 crosses) relative to within-salinity F1 crosses, across three salinities. We found evidence for both beneficial reversal of dominance and marginal overdominance in salinity tolerance. In support of reversal of dominance, survival of between-salinity F1 crosses was not different from that of freshwater F1 crosses under freshwater conditions and saltwater F1 crosses under saltwater conditions. In support of marginal overdominance, between-salinity F1 crosses exhibited significantly higher survival across salinities relative to both freshwater and saltwater F1 crosses. Our study provides a rare empirical example of complete beneficial reversal of dominance associated with environmental change. This mechanism might be crucial for maintaining genetic variation in salinity tolerance in E. affinis populations, allowing rapid adaptation to salinity changes during habitat invasions.
Data from: Intoxicated copepods: ingesting toxic phytoplankton leads to risky behaviour
Understanding interactions between harmful algal bloom (HAB) species and their grazers is essential for determining mechanisms of bloom proliferation and termination. We exposed the common calanoid copepod, Temora longicornis to the harmful algal bloom species Alexandrium fundyense and examined effects on copepod survival, ingestion, egg production and swimming behaviour. A. fundyense was readily ingested by T. longicornis and significantly altered copepod swimming behaviour without affecting copepod survival or fitness. A. fundyense caused T. longicornis to increase their swimming speed and the straightness of their path long after the copepods had been removed from the A. fundyense treatment. Models suggest that these changes could lead to a 25-56% increase in encounter frequency between copepods and their predators. This work highlights the need to determine how ingesting HAB species alters grazer behaviour as this can have significant impacts on the fate of HAB toxins in marine systems.
Data from: Molecular characterization of copepod photoreception
Copepod crustaceans are an abundant and ecologically significant group whose basic biology is guided by numerous visually guided behaviors. These behaviors are driven by copepod eyes, including naupliar eyes and Gicklhorn's organs, which vary widely in structure and function among species. Yet little is known about the molecular aspects of copepod vision. In this study we present a general overview of the molecular aspects of copepod vision by identifying phototransduction genes from newly generated and publicly available RNA-sequencing data and assemblies from 12 taxonomically diverse copepod species. We identify a set of 10 expressed transcripts that serve as a set of target genes for future studies of copepod phototransduction. Our more detailed evolutionary analyses of the opsin gene responsible for forming visual pigments found that all of the copepod species investigated express two main groups of opsins: middle-wavelength-sensitive (MWS) opsins and pteropsins. Additionally, there is evidence from a few species (e.g., Calanus finmarchicus, Eurytemora affinis, Paracyclopina nana, and Lernaea cyprinacea) for the expression of two additional groups of opsins—the peropsins and rhodopsin 7 (Rh7) opsins—at low levels or distinct developmental stages. An ontogenetic analysis of opsin expression in Calanus finmarchicus found the expression of a single dominant MWS opsin, as well as evidence for differences in expression across development in some MWS, pteropsin, and Rh7 opsins, with expression peaking in early naupliar through early copepodite stages.
Data from: "De novo assembly transcriptome for the rostrum dace (Leuciscus burdigalensis, Cyprinidae: fish) naturally infected by a copepod ectoparasite" in Genomic Resources Notes accepted 1 December 2014 to 31 January 2015
The emergence of pathogens represents substantial threats to public health, livestock, domesticated animals, and biodiversity. How wild populations respond to emerging pathogens has generated a lot of interest in the last two decades. With the recent advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies it is now possible to develop large transcriptomic resources for non-model organisms, hence allowing new research avenues on the immune responses of hosts from a large taxonomic spectra. We here focused on a wild population of the rostrum dace (Leuciscus burgiladensis) that is infected by Tracheliastes polycolpus, an emerging freshwater ectoparasite copepod. We used next generation Illumina sequencing technology to sequence the transcriptome of eight L. burdigalensis adult individuals collected in natura from the same sampling site. Four individuals were non-infected and four individuals were infected by T. polycolpus. We specifically focused on the spleen, the head kidney and epithelial cells and mucus from the fins, three tissues known to be involved in the immune response of fish. We used the Trinity methodology to reconstruct a de novo full-length transcriptome for L. burdigalensis. The resulting transcriptome will serve as an important broad-scale genomic resource for further studying the response of local population of L. burdigalensis to T. polycolpus pressures.
Data from: Potential fitness tradeoffs for thermal tolerance in the intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus
Thermal adaptation to spatially varying environmental conditions occurs in a wide range of species, but what is less clear is the nature of fitness trade-offs associated with this temperature adaptation. Here, populations of the intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus are examined at both local and latitudinal scales to determine whether these populations have evolved differences in their survival under high temperature stress. A clear pattern of increasing high temperature stress tolerance is seen with decreasing latitude, consistent with temperature adaptation. Additionally, there is also evidence for significant variation in thermal tolerance on a smaller scale. The competitive fitness of pairs of northern and southern copepod populations were also examined under a series of lower, more moderate temperatures. These fitness assays show that the southern populations that have the best survival under extreme high temperatures have lowered competitive fitness at the lower temperatures tested, whereas the fitness of the southern populations exceeded that of the northern populations at the highest temperatures tested. Combined, these results suggest that there may be evolutionary trade-offs between performance at high and stressful temperatures and fitness at moderate temperatures in this species.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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