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FIGURE 7 in A lost species or the loss of stripes? The case of Contomastix lizards from Cabo Polonio, Uruguay, with observations on C. lacertoides (Duméril & Bibron) and Cnemidophorus grandensis Cope (Squamata, Teiidae)
FIGURE 7. Left, ventral view of the head of a cleared and stained specimen of Contomastix lacertoides, MNHN 9462 (scale bar equals 5 mm). Right, X-ray image of the head of the holotype of Cnemidophorus grandensis ANSP 9593 in ventral view. Abbreviations: BH, basihyoid; CBI, first pair of ceratobranchials; CBII, second pair of ceratobranchials; EB, entoglossal bone; EH, epihyal; MA, mandible; PL, processus lingualis; TO, tongue; TR, trachea.
FIGURE 4 in A lost species or the loss of stripes? The case of Contomastix lizards from Cabo Polonio, Uruguay, with observations on C. lacertoides (Duméril & Bibron) and Cnemidophorus grandensis Cope (Squamata, Teiidae)
FIGURE 4. Ventral view of the head of adult Contomastix lizards (fixed specimens otherwise indicated). On top, C. lacertoides: A MCP 14453, B MCP 17758 (São Jerônimo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil); C MNHN 3189, D MNHN 3187 (Tambores, Tacuarembó). Middle, C. lacertoides from southeastern Uruguay: E MNHN 3185, F MNHN 5770 (Sierra de las Ánimas, Maldonado); G MNHN 9463 (in life), H MNHN 9464 (in life), (Quebrada de los Cuervos, Treinta y Tres). Bottom, C. lacertoides from southeastern Uruguay: I MNHN 3192 (Km 128, National Route #8, Lavalleja); C. charrua, J MNHN 3422 (paratype), K MNHN 3423, holotype (Cabo Polonio, Rocha); Cnemidophorus grandensis, L ANSP 9593, holotype (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil).
FIGURE 3 in A lost species or the loss of stripes? The case of Contomastix lizards from Cabo Polonio, Uruguay, with observations on C. lacertoides (Duméril & Bibron) and Cnemidophorus grandensis Cope (Squamata, Teiidae)
FIGURE 3. Dorsal pattern of coloration in Contomastix lizards from Uruguay. On top, from left to right: C. lacertoides MNHN 5774, 5777 (Las Piedras, Artigas), MNHN 3196 (Pozo Hondo, Tacuarembó), MNHN 3190 (Tambores, Tacuarembó). Middle, from left to right: C. lacertoides MNHN 5767 (Aiguá, Lavalleja), MNHN 6222 (Route 8, km 162, Lavalleja), MNHN 5766, 5770 (Sierra de las Ánimas, Maldonado). Bottom, from left to right: C. lacertoides MNHN 3185 (Sierra de las Ánimas, Maldonado); C. charrua MNHN 3422, 3424, paratypes and MNHN 3423, holotype (Cabo Polonio, Rocha).
FIGURE 5 in A lost species or the loss of stripes? The case of Contomastix lizards from Cabo Polonio, Uruguay, with observations on C. lacertoides (Duméril & Bibron) and Cnemidophorus grandensis Cope (Squamata, Teiidae)
FIGURE 5. Paired dorsal and lateral views of the heads of: A Contomastix lacertoides (Quebrada de los Cuervos, Uruguay) MNHN 9464; B C. charrua MNHN 3424, paratype (Cabo Polonio, Uruguay); C Cnemidophorus grandensis ANSP 9593 (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil).
Data for: Termites have wider thermal limits to cope with environmental conditions in savannas
<p>The most diverse and abundant family of termites, the Termitidae, evolved in African tropical forests. They have since colonised grassy biomes such as savannas. These open environments have more extreme conditions than tropical forests, notably wider extremes of temperature and lower precipitation levels and greater temporal fluctuations (both annual and diurnal variation). These conditions are challenging for soft-bodied ectotherms, such as termites, to survive in, let alone become as ecologically dominant as termites have.</p> <p>Here, we quantified termite thermal limits to test the hypothesis that these physiological limits have widened in savanna termite species to facilitate their existence in savanna environments.</p> <p>We sampled termites directly from mound structures, across an environmental gradient in Ghana, ranging from wet tropical forest through to savanna. At each location we quantified both Critical Thermal Maximum (CT<sub>max</sub>) and Critical Thermal Minimum (CT<sub>min</sub>) of all the most abundant mound-building Termitidae species in the study areas. We modelled the thermal limits in two separate mixed effects models against: canopy cover at the mound, temperature and rainfall, as fixed effects, with sampling location as a random intercept.</p> <p>For both CT<sub>max</sub> and CT<sub>min</sub> savanna species had significantly more extreme thermal limits than forest species. Between and within environments, areas with higher amounts of canopy cover were significantly associated with lower CT<sub>max</sub> values of the termite colonies. CT<sub>min</sub> was significantly positively correlated with rainfall. Temperature was retained in both models, however it did not have a significant relationship in either. Sampling location explained a large proportion of the residual variation, suggesting there are other environmental factors that could influence termite thermal limits.</p> <p>Our results suggest there has been a widening of the thermal limits in termite savanna species. These physiological differences, in conjunction with other behavioural adaptations, are likely to have enabled termites to cope with the more extreme environmental conditions found in savanna environments and facilitated their expansion into open tropical environments.</p>
Coping with seasonality: dynamics of adult body mass and survival in an alpine hibernator
<p><span>Alpine mammals are highly vulnerable to current and projected climate change because they are confined to a certain elevation range. Physiological and behavioural adaptations in burrowing species, such as finding shelter in burrows when the summer conditions are unfavorable and hibernating in winter during the stressful period of resource shortage, could partly buffer the negative impacts of these forecasted changes. We studied the links between environmental factors and annual variations in adult mass and survival over 14 years in hoary marmots. We hypothesized that annual variation in seasonal environmental factors determines individual mass and survival through direct effects on food quality and availability, expecting greater survival when marmots reach higher mass before hibernation. We found that harsh winters decreased mass at emergence from hibernation by 47% compared with mild winters. Nonetheless, adult marmots had a greater mass gain in summers following harsh winters and reached a similar mass at the end of the summer compared with summers following mild winters. This result suggests individuals can adopt a resource allocation strategy that allows maximizing summer mass gain to survive hibernation. Earlier springs also increased summer mass gain by 15 g/day, and tended to increase apparent adult survival by 23%, compared with late springs. While these findings suggest a warming climate could have positive effects on summer mass gain and survival, survival also tended to decrease by 24% in summers with more precipitation. This result suggests the forecasted changes in precipitation extremes could also trigger considerable</span><span> </span><span>negative effects on the demography of burrowing species in the long term. Our study shows</span><span> </span><span>that, although burrowing and hibernating behaviours could buffer responses to</span><span> </span><span>environmental changes, these behaviours are not an indefectible shield against climate</span><span> </span><span>change.</span></p>
Subspecies and Distribution. L. c. colocolo Molina, 1782 — C Chile. L.c. braccatus Cope, 1899 — C Brazil (Mato Grosso) to N Argentina. L.c. budini Pocock, 1941 — Salta highlands in NW Argentina. L.c. crespoi Cabrera, 1957 — Salta lowlands in NW Argentina L.c. garleppi Matschie, 1912 — Andes in Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. L.c. munoai Ximénez, 1961 — extreme S Brazil and Uruguay. L. c. pajeros Desmarest, 1816 — Pampas grasslands from Buenos Aires Province to S Argentina and Chile. L. c. thomasi Lonnberg, 1913 — Ecuador. in Felidae
Subspecies and Distribution. L. c. colocolo Molina, 1782 — C Chile. L.c. braccatus Cope, 1899 — C Brazil (Mato Grosso) to N Argentina. L.c. budini Pocock, 1941 — Salta highlands in NW Argentina. L.c. crespoi Cabrera, 1957 — Salta lowlands in NW Argentina L.c. garleppi Matschie, 1912 — Andes in Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. L.c. munoai Ximénez, 1961 — extreme S Brazil and Uruguay. L. c. pajeros Desmarest, 1816 — Pampas grasslands from Buenos Aires Province to S Argentina and Chile. L. c. thomasi Lonnberg, 1913 — Ecuador.
Subspecies and Distribution. T:t.tetradactylaLinnaeus,1758—E&SEBrazil. T.t.nigraE.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1803—EColombia,Venezuela,TrinidadI,TheGuianas,andNBrazilianAmazon. T:t.quichuaThomas,1927—EEcuador,EPeru,andWBrazilianAmazon(AmazonasandAcrestates). T. t. straminea Cope, 1889 — Bolivia, S Bra- zilian Amazon, Paraguay, N Argentina, and N Uruguay. in Myrmecophagidae
Subspecies and Distribution. T:t.tetradactylaLinnaeus,1758—E&SEBrazil. T.t.nigraE.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1803—EColombia,Venezuela,TrinidadI,TheGuianas,andNBrazilianAmazon. T:t.quichuaThomas,1927—EEcuador,EPeru,andWBrazilianAmazon(AmazonasandAcrestates). T. t. straminea Cope, 1889 — Bolivia, S Bra- zilian Amazon, Paraguay, N Argentina, and N Uruguay.
Patients' experiences of coping with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) and their recommendations for its clinical management
<p>Transcripts of patient interviews.</p>
FIGURE 7 in EleVational size Variation and two new species of torrent frogs from Peninsular Malaysia (Anura: Ranidae: Amolops Cope)
FIGURE 7. Top row: (A) female Amolops larutensis from Fraser's Hill, Pahang; (B) female A. gerutu from Chemerong, Pahang; Middle row: (C) male A. larutensis from Fraser's Hill; (D) male A. gerutu from Sekayu, Terengganu; Bottom row: (E) color-pattern comparisons of the posterodorsal portion of the thigh that diffentiates A. larutensis from (F) A. gerutu and (G) A. australis.
FIGURE 5 in EleVational size Variation and two new species of torrent frogs from Peninsular Malaysia (Anura: Ranidae: Amolops Cope)
FIGURE 5. Top: scatterplots of snout-vent length (SVL) vs. elevation with the corresponding regression line and 95% confidence interval shaded in gray. Inset values represent the correlation coefficient (R) and p-value for the Pearson's correlation test. Bottom: boxplots of SVL vs. elevation binned into high (>900 m) and low (<650 m) elevation categories. Blue=E2; purple=E1; orange=Amolops larutensis.
FIGURE 2 in EleVational size Variation and two new species of torrent frogs from Peninsular Malaysia (Anura: Ranidae: Amolops Cope)
FIGURE 2. Principal components scores of morphological variables visualized as hypervolumes constructed using kernel density estimation. Geometry of hypervolumes correspond to a minimum convex hull (polytopes) that minimally encloses the data. Axes show the first three principal components and their proportion of variance.
FIGURE 1 in EleVational size Variation and two new species of torrent frogs from Peninsular Malaysia (Anura: Ranidae: Amolops Cope)
FIGURE 1. Distribution of sampled populations and an ultrametric maximum-likelihood phylogeny inferred from 1,466 bp of the 16S rRNA-encoding mitochondrial gene. All major nodes were highly supported with>90% bootstrap. Populations represented by circles belong to the western clade, triangles represent populations from the eastern clade, and star denotes the type locality of Amolops larutensis at Bukit Larut, Perak. The red box indicates a contact zone between the eastern and western clades. This figure is adapted from Chan et al. (2017).
FIGURE 3 in EleVational size Variation and two new species of torrent frogs from Peninsular Malaysia (Anura: Ranidae: Amolops Cope)
FIGURE 3. Boxplots representing the log-transformed and body-size corrected morphological characters in males. Clusters with the same letter code are not significantly different (Tukey HSD test at p<0.05). Blue=E2; purple=E1; orange=Amolops larutensis.
FIGURE 4 in EleVational size Variation and two new species of torrent frogs from Peninsular Malaysia (Anura: Ranidae: Amolops Cope)
FIGURE 4. Boxplots representing the log-transformed and body-size adjusted morphological characters in females. Clusters with the same letter code are not significantly different (Tukey HSD test at p<0.05). Blue=E2; purple=E1; orange=Amolops larutensis.
FIGURE 2 in On the distinctiveness of Amapasaurus, its relationship with Loxopholis Cope 1869, and description of a new genus for L. guianensis and L. hoogmoedi (Gymnophthalmoidea/Ecpleopodini: Squamata)
FIGURE 2. Maximum parsimony tree (strict consensus of 36 most parsimonious trees; L=5332) estimated from concatenated mtDNA and nuclear datasets. Numbers on branches correspond to bootstrap proportions (>50%). Colored branches correspond to those highlighted in Figure 1.
FIGURE 1 in On the identity of Bufo diptychus Cope, 1862 (Anura: Bufonidae)
FIGURE 1. Rhinella diptycha juvenil (MNHNP 1573; SVL = 24.7 mm). Dorsal view (A), ventral view (B), lateral view of the head (C), palmar view of the right hand (D), plantar view of the right foot (E). Scale 5 mm.
FIGURE 2 in On the identity of Bufo diptychus Cope, 1862 (Anura: Bufonidae)
FIGURE 2. Dorsal and lateral views of juvenile individuals of Rhinella azarai (A–B, MNHNP 8782, SVL = 33.9 mm), Rhinella bergi (C–D, MNHNP 9078, SVL = 23.4 mm), Rhinella fernandezae (E–F, IIBP-H 229, SVL = 25.4 mm), Rhinella major (G–H, MNHNP 5353, SVL = 27.4 mm), and Rhinella scitula (I–J, MNHNP 9874, SVL = 25.1 mm). Scale 10 mm.
Phyllomedusa nordestina sp.nov. (MNRJ 13607, holótipo): fig.13- vista dorsal da cabeça; fig.14- vista lateral da cabeça; fig.15- palma da mão; fig.16- planta do pé. Escala = 5mm. in Redefinição Do Grupo De Phyllomedusa Hypochondrialis, Com Redescrição De P. Megacephala (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926), Revalidação De P. Azurea Cope, 1862 E Descrição De Uma Nova Espécie (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae)
Phyllomedusa nordestina sp.nov. (MNRJ 13607, holótipo): fig.13- vista dorsal da cabeça; fig.14- vista lateral da cabeça; fig.15- palma da mão; fig.16- planta do pé. Escala = 5mm.
Phyllomedusa megacephala (MNRJ 11308): fig.8- vista dorsal da cabeça; fig.9- vista lateral da cabeça; fig.10- palma da mão; fig.11- planta do pé. Escala = 5mm. in Redefinição Do Grupo De Phyllomedusa Hypochondrialis, Com Redescrição De P. Megacephala (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926), Revalidação De P. Azurea Cope, 1862 E Descrição De Uma Nova Espécie (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae)
Phyllomedusa megacephala (MNRJ 11308): fig.8- vista dorsal da cabeça; fig.9- vista lateral da cabeça; fig.10- palma da mão; fig.11- planta do pé. Escala = 5mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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