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1,153 results for “Fern”
The Andes of Colombia and Ecuador as a barrier to fern and lycophyte species from Mesoamerica
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A colonial epiphyte with a twist: Morphological variation and potential division of labour in the fern <em>Platycerium bifurcatum</em>
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Uncovering the incipient island Speciationgenetic diversity in <em>Adenophorus tripinnatifidus</em> Gaudich. (Polypodiaceae), a Hawaiian islands endemic fern
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Data from: Life cycle matters: DNA barcoding reveals contrasting community structure between fern sporophytes and gametophytes
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Supplemental data for: Lineage diversification and rampant hybridization among subspecies explain taxonomic confusion in the endemic Hawaiian fern Polypodium pellucidum
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Data from: Microsorum × tohieaense (Polypodiaceae), a new hybrid fern from French Polynesia, with implications for the taxonomy of Microsorum
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Speciation, dispersal, and the build-up of fern diversity in the American tropics
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Data from: Outcrossing mating system of the early-divergent moonwort fern (Botrychium lunaria, Ophioglossaceae) revealed in the European Alps
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Data from: Haplopteris palustris, a new terrestrial vittarioid fern (Pteridaceae; Polypodiales) from Western Malaysia
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Shaded habitats drive higher rates of fern diversification
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Latitudinal patterns of species richness and range size of ferns along elevational gradients at the transition from tropics to subtropics
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Patterns of ferns community assemblages in some Malaysian and Nigerian tropical forests
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Functional traits: Adaption of ferns in forest
<p>Ferns evolved from 400 million years ago show various functional traits and ecological strategies in extant species, and over 80% of them belong to the youngest order Polypodiales. How the functional traits and strategies of ferns have changed during their evolutionary history remains unexplored. Here, we measured functional traits that sensitive to environmental light and water availability of 345 fern species across the fern phylogeny, and reconstructed their evolutionary histories. We found that ferns, mainly Polypodiales, have developed diversified functional traits in response to forest environments. Terrestrial species, especially Thelypteridaceae and Athyriaceae in eupolypods II, showed decreased leaf mass per area (LMA) and area-based leaf nitrogen (N<sub>area</sub>) but increased mass-based leaf nitrogen (N<sub>mass</sub>) than early-derived polypods since the late Jurassic. Epiphytic species, mainly those in Polypodiaceae, showed reductions in N<sub>mass</sub> and individual leaf area (Area) since the late Cretaceous. The adaptation of functional traits of Polypodiales to forest environment may have played a crucial role in fern radiation since the late Jurassic. Integrative analysis of functional traits especially the numerical ones may shed new light on plant evolution.</p>
Data from: Global fern and lycophyte richness explained: how regional and local factors shape plot richness
<p>Aim<br> To disentangle the influence of environmental factors at different spatial grains (regional and local) on fern and lycophyte species richness and ask how regional and plot-level richness are related to each other.<br> Location<br> Global.<br> Time Period<br> Present.<br> Major Taxa studied<br> Ferns and lycophytes.<br> Methods<br> We explored fern and lycophyte species richness at two spatial grains, regional (hexagonal grid cells of 7666 km2) and plot-level (300–500 m2), in relation to environmental data at regional and local grains (the 7666-km2 hexagonal grid cells and 4-km2 square grid cells, respectively). For the regional grain, we obtained species richness data for 1243 spatial units and used them together with climatic, and topographical predictors to model global fern richness. For the plot-level grain, we collated a global dataset of nearly 83,000 vegetation plots with surface area in the range 300–500 m2 in which all fern and lycophyte species had been counted. We used structural equation modelling to identify which regional and local factors have the biggest effect on plot-level fern and lycophyte species richness worldwide. We investigate how plot-level richness is related to modelled regional richness at the plot's location.<br> Results<br> Plot-level fern and lycophyte species richness was best explained by models allowing a link between regional environment and plot-level richness. A link between regional richness and plot-level richness was essential, as models without it were rejected, while models without the regional environment - plot-level richness link were still valid but had a worse goodness-of-fit value. Plot-level richness showed a hump-shaped relationship with regional richness.<br> Main Conclusions<br> Both regional environment and regional fern and lycophyte species richness each are important determinants of plot-level richness, and the inclusion of one does not substitute the inclusion of the other. Plot-level richness increases with regional richness until a saturation point is reached, after which plot-level richness decreases despite increasing regional richness, possibly reflecting species interactions.</p>
Data from: Endozoochory of aquatic ferns and angiosperms by mallards in Central Europe
1. Modern literature on plant dispersal by birds focuses mainly on the importance of frugivory and scatter-hoarding, yet recent studies show that endozoochory by migratory waterbirds is an important mechanism of long-distance dispersal for a broad range of plants. Nevertheless, there is a lack of empirical field studies that identify the plants dispersed by waterbirds, and relate them to expectations based on dispersal syndromes. To date, there are no detailed studies of the level of spatial variation in the plant taxa dispersed by a waterbird vector. 2. Five sets of faecal samples (total n = 215) were collected from mallards Anas platyrhynchos on autumn migration in the Tisza and Balaton regions in Hungary, central Europe. Intact diaspores were extracted, identified and their germinability assessed under standard conditions. The plant communities recorded at different sites were compared with PERMANOVA and other multivariate methods. 3. Macrospores of the floating watermoss Salvinia natans were recorded in 32 samples, and a total of 16 macrospores germinated, providing the first field demonstration of endozoochory of ferns by birds. Of 21 angiosperm taxa recorded (of which 8 germinated), 13 were terrestrial species, although the most abundant taxa were aquatic species such as the alkali bulrush Bolboschoenus maritimus and the sago pondweed Potamogeton pectinatus. Two naturalized alien species, the common fig (Ficus carica) and the hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) were also recorded. The plant taxa dispersed varied at two different spatial scales, with minor but significant differences between samples from sites separated by less than 1 km, and major differences between the two regions separated by approximately 220 km. 4. Synthesis. This is a unique study of the spatial variation in plants dispersed by endozoochory by a migratory waterfowl species, with the first demonstration of avian endozoochory of ferns. Most taxa dispersed are generally assumed to disperse by water, wind or self-dispersal, and waterfowl will provide much greater maximum dispersal distances. More such studies are essential before we can understand which plants are dispersed by migratory birds, because morphological dispersal syndromes do not allow us to make adequate a priori predictions.
Data from: Historical reconstruction of climatic and elevation preferences and the evolution of cloud forest-adapted tree ferns in Mesoamerica
Background. Cloud forest, characterized by a persistent, frequent or seasonal low-level cloud cover and a fragmented distribution, is one of the most threatened habitats especially in the Neotropics. Tree ferns are among the most conspicuous elements in these forests and ferns are restricted to regions in which minimum temperatures rarely drop below freezing and rainfall is high and evenly distributed around the year. Current phylogeographic data suggest that some of the cloud forest-adapted species remained in situ or expanded to the lowlands during glacial cycles and contracted allopatrically during the interglacials. Although the observed genetic signals of population size changes of cloud forest-adapted species including tree ferns correspond to predicted changes by Pleistocene climate change dynamics, the observed patterns of intraspecific lineage divergence showed temporal incongruence. Methods. Here we combined phylogenetic analyses, ancestral area reconstruction, and divergence time estimates with climatic and altitudinal data (environmental space) for phenotypic traits of tree fern species to make inferences about evolutionary processes in deep time. We used phylogenetic Bayesian inference and geographic and altitudinal distribution of tree ferns to investigate the ancestral area and elevation and environmental preferences of Mesoamerican tree ferns. The phylogeny was then used to estimate divergence times and ask whether the ancestral area and elevation and environmental shifts were linked to climatic events and historical climatic preferences. Results. Bayesian trees retrieved Cyathea, Alsophila, Gymnosphaera and Sphaeropteris in monophyletic clades. Splits for species in these genera found in the Mesoamerican cloud forests are recent, from the Neogene to the Quaternary. Australia was identified as the ancestral area for the clades of these genera, except for Gymnosphaera that was Mesoamerica. Climate tolerance was not divergent from hypothesized ancestors for the four most significant variables or elevation. For elevational shifts we found repeated changes from low to high elevations. Conclusions. Our data suggest that representatives of Cyatheaceae main lineages migrated from Australia to Mesoamerican cloud forests in different times and have persisted in these environmentally unstable areas but extant species diverged recently from their ancestors.
Data from: Fitness of an allopolyploid rupicolous fern compared to its diploid progenitors: From sporogenesis to sporophyte formation
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: When two populations of related cytotypes grow in sympatry, the rarer cytotype tends to be excluded due to a frequency-dependent mating disadvantage. Evolutionary models predict that polyploids, which are typically the rarer cytotype upon first formation, should have higher relative fitness and/or higher selfing rates to establish and then coexist with diploid parents. METHODS: We compared performance in early recruitment among three co-occurring rupicolous fern species: the allotetraploid Cheilanthes tinaei and its diploid ancestors, C. hispanica and C. maderensis. We made culture experiments with fresh spores and samples of soil spore banks to test for variation among cytotypes in germination, survival, growth and fecundity, and mating system of gametophytes. KEY RESULTS: Compared to its diploid parents, C. tinaei fresh spores had: higher abortion percentages, worselower dispersal ability due to larger spores, and similar vigor at germination. As for gametophytes from soil spore banks, C. tinaei showed high survival as C. maderensis, but its , similar germination percentage and similar time taken to germinate at each incubation temperature. Regarding soil spore banks, C. tinaei showed more abundant germination than both diploids, which supports greater spore deposition under sporophytes of the allotetraploid. Its gender expression resembles that of C. hispanica, with a high proportion of males. Patterns of sporophyte formation by females and bisexuals indicate that the polyploid does not have increased intragametophytic selfing rates. Gametophytes were larger in C. tinaei, but its reproductive success (sporophyte formation) was intermediate relative to diploids. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the allopolyploid show similar or even lower fitness than diploid progenitors show no evidence of higher selfing or fitness advantage of the allopolyploid over both diploid parents at any stage of early recruitment. In addition, all three species may have similar selfing rates. These two unexpected findings suggest that further factors, such as niche differentiation, play a more important role in cytotype coexistence.
Data from: Parallel polyploid speciation: distinct sympatric gene-pools of recurrently derived allo-octoploid Asplenium ferns
Although polyploidy is widespread, its significance to the generation of biodiversity remains unclear. Many polyploids have been derived recurrently. For a particular polyploid, gene-flow between the products of independent origin is typical where they come into contact. Here, we use AFLP DNA-fingerprinting and chloroplast DNA sequences to demonstrate parallel polyploid speciation within both of the ferns Asplenium cimmeriorum and A. gracillimum. Both of these taxa comprise at least two allopolyploids, recurrently derived from the same progenitor pair. Each of these allopolyploids remain genetically distinguishable even with extensive sympatry, and could therefore be considered distinct species. To our knowledge, parallel speciation on this scale amongst recurrent polyploids has not been previously reported. With their parallel origins, these 'evolutionary replicates' provide an unrivalled opportunity to investigate how the reproductive barriers and ecological differentiation necessary for speciation arise following polyploidy.
Data from: Ascogrammitis lehnertii (Polypodiaceae): A new and dominant understory-species from a diverse community of grammitid ferns in the Andes of Ecuador
In the scope of pantropical studies aimed at understanding how the diversity of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae) has evolved and is maintained, we studied a diverse grammitid community in treeline elfin forests in eight study plots of 400 m2 each at 3200 m on Cerro Toledo, Loja, southern Ecuador. We recorded a total of 7986 individuals of 16 grammitid species. Ascogrammitis lehnertii is here described as a new species. We also recorded Mycopteris leucosticta, a species previously believed to be restricted to the Chocó region of Ecuador. We found that the grammitid species were segregated by habitat into trunk-base and trunk specialists, which suggests that species coexistence in these diverse epiphytic communities is at least partly linked to habitat segregation. Ascogrammitis lehnertii and M. leucosticta were the second and third most abundant species, respectively, and both were mostly trunk-base species. The new species A. lehnertii differs from its congeners by the combination of its relatively broad lamina, (2‐)3‐4 cm wide, fertile leaves bearing 2 mm long reddish setae in and near the sori, and by bearing proliferous roots from which new plants emerge. Phylogenetic analyses of atpß, rbcL, rps4, trnG-trnR, and trnL-trnF DNA molecular sequences, using maximum likelihood, place A. lehnertii as sister to A. cuencana with strong support. Despite previous intensive collection efforts in Loja for the past 30 yr, all but one of the collections of this new species were made in the last three years. The discovery of A. lehnertii and the new record of M. leucosticta highlight the patchy distribution of some species in the Andes and the value of surveying habitats that potentially host unrecognized plant diversity. In order to facilitate further discovery, we provide a key to all species of Ascogrammitis.
Data from: Species richness-productivity relationships of tropical terrestrial ferns at regional and local scales
1. The species richness-productivity relationship (SRPR), by which the species richness of habitats or ecosystems is related to the productivity of the ecosystem or the taxon, has been documented both on regional and local scales, but its generality, biological meaning, and underlying mechanisms remain debated. 2. We evaluated the SRPR and 3 mechanistic hypotheses using terrestrial ferns in 18 study plots along an elevational gradient (500-4000 m) in Ecuador. We measured annual increases in above-ground biomass of 6175 fern individuals from 91 species over 2 years, and estimated plot-level tree productivity from increases in above-ground woody biomass of 560 trees. Analyses were conducted by (a) comparing plots along the elevational gradient (regional scale) and (b) comparing plots within each elevational belt (local scale). 3. Fern diversity was related to the productivity of the fern assemblages, but not to above-ground productivity of the trees. At the regional scale, we found a positive relationship of fern species richness to fern productivity that appeared to be determined by an increase in the number of fern individuals and niche availability. In contrast, at the local scale this relationship was negative and likely driven by interspecific competition. 4. Synthesis: Plot diversity of ferns appears to be limited by the number of available niches and competition to occupy these niches. At the local scale, this is reflected in a negative SRPR probably driven by competition, whereas with increasing scale the positive influence of productivity emerges. This represents the first evidence that productivity and competition affect the diversity of tropical herb assemblages at the plot scale.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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