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Fig 2 from: Wilson JD, Anner SC, Murphy SM, Tinghitella RM (2020) Consequences of advanced maternal age on reproductive investment of male offspring. Journal of Orthoptera Research 29(1): 71-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.29.39228
Fig 2 Reproductive investment of male offspring by treatment. For all male offspring from both maternal age treatments: A. Testes mass; B. Spermatophore mold mass. There were no significant differences between treatments for either measure. Bars represent least square means ± SE.
Fig 1 from: Wilson JD, Anner SC, Murphy SM, Tinghitella RM (2020) Consequences of advanced maternal age on reproductive investment of male offspring. Journal of Orthoptera Research 29(1): 71-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.29.39228
Fig 1 A diagram of our experimental mating design. We mated females at either a young age (7 days after eclosion to adulthood) or an old age (25 days after eclosion to adulthood) for two subsequent generations, then measured three proxies of reproductive investment in males of the F3 generation. The F3 families from the Old treatment were the offspring of 8 founding females and the F3 families from the Young treatment were the offspring of 7 founding females.
Investing in Open Science infrastructure and repositories, shared repositories and Idea Challenge 2020-2021
<p>Recording of the OR2020 virtual session that includes:</p> <ul> <li>Investing in Open Science infrastructure and repositories: How IOI and SCOSS can help<strong> </strong>– Vanessa Proudman, SPARC Europe</li> <li>Shared repositories: building a multi-tenancy repository service at the British Library – Sara Gould, the British Library</li> <li>A year long Idea Challenge: the new beginning. Kicking-off Idea Challenge 2020-2021, for more information, please visit the <a href="https://or2020.sun.ac.za/a-year-long-idea-challenge/">Idea Challenge page</a>.</li> </ul>
Patterns of annual and seasonal immune investment in a temporal reproductive opportunist
<p> Historically, investigations of how organismal investments in immunity fluctuate in response to environmental and physiological changes have focused on seasonally breeding organisms that confine reproduction to seasons with relatively unchallenging environmental conditions and abundant resources. The red crossbill, <i>Loxia curvirostra,</i> is<i> </i>a songbird that can breed opportunistically if conifer seeds are abundant, on both short, cold, and long, warm days, providing an ideal system to investigate environmental and reproductive effects on immunity. In this study, we measured inter- and intra-annual variation in complement, natural antibodies, PIT54, and leukocytes in crossbills across four summers (2010-2013) and multiple seasons within one year (summer 2011-spring 2012). Overall, we observed substantial changes in crossbill immune investment among summers, with interannual variation driven largely by food resources, while variation across multiple seasons within a single cone year was less pronounced and lacked a dominant predictor of immune investment. However, we found weak evidence that physiological processes (e.g., reproductive condition, moult) or abiotic factors (e.g., temperature, precipitation) affect immune investment. Collectively, this study suggests that a reproductively flexible organism may be able to invest in both reproduction and survival-related processes, potentially by exploiting rich patches with abundant resources. More broadly, these results emphasize the need for more longitudinal studies of trade-offs associated with immune investment.</p>
Supplementary material from: Ashurov S, Othman AHA, Bin Rosman R, Bin Haron R (2020) The determinants of foreign direct investment in Central Asian region: A case study of Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan (A quantitative analysis using GMM). Russian Journal of Economics 6(2): 162-176. https://doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.6.48556
Arellano–Bond dynamic panel-data estimation
Data from: Negative correlation between dispersal investment and canopy openness among populations of the ant-dispersed sedge, Carex lanceolata
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Flowering plants</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> exhibit a wide variation in the resources they invest in dispersal structures (dispersal effort), but the environmental correlates remain unclear in many plants. Canopy openness is predicted to be negatively correlated with dispersal effort, because selective pressures on increased dispersal effort, including host-specific natural enemies and the paucity and/or ephemerality of safe sites, will be more prevalent in shady sites. Here, we tested this prediction using an ant-dispersed sedge, <i>Carex lanceolata</i> (Cyperaceae). By comparing seven populations of <i>C</i>.<i> lanceolata</i> in central Japan, we found a negative correlation between dispersal effort and canopy openness, thus supporting the prediction. A subsequent cafeteria experiment showed that a large species of ant (<i>Formica japonica</i>) with relatively long seed-dispersal distances tended to prefer diaspores with greater dispersal efforts, while smaller ant species with shorter dispersal distances preferred diaspores with lower dispersal efforts. These results correspond with the assumption that greater dispersal efforts result in a greater dispersal ability and indicate that among-site variations in dispersal efforts actually reflect differentiation in seed dispersal strategy rather than a neutral variation. There were more signs of rust infection caused by <i>Puccinia</i> spp., one of the main natural enemies of <i>C</i>.<i> lanceolata</i>, on adult plant leaves in more shady sites. A seedling transplant experiment was also performed and revealed that rust severity in sedge offspring was considerably reduced by the typical seed dispersal distance (ca. 4 m) afforded by the large ant species, <i>F</i>.<i> japonica</i>. The increased rust severity at shady sites, combined with the narrow dispersal ranges of rusts, can partially explain the negative correlation of dispersal effort with canopy openness. These results support the importance of canopy openness as a factor underlying the variations in dispersal effort seen among flowering plants.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Parental investment does not directly affect reproductive success in the Saffron Finch
<p>In tropical species, the study of parental care and the description of the intraspecific variation of parental care remain relatively understudied, especially when compared to the vast works dedicated to species from the northern hemisphere. In Colombia, the Saffron Finch (<i>Sicalis flaveola</i>), is a species with a wide geographical distribution, and despite its abundance in open habitats and urban environments, little is known about its reproductive ecology. As a small‐bodied, short‐lived passerine, we postulated that the Saffron Finch should behave according to the "reproductive value hypothesis,'' investing in the current brood at the expense of future survival. Consequently, we predicted: (1) that parental investment would be associated with brood size and (2) parental investment would be positively associated with nestling growth rate and reproductive success (defined as the number of nestlings which reached fledging age). In 2018, two reproductive peaks of <i>S. flaveola flaveola</i> were documented in the Meléndez campus of Universidad del Valle, Cali. Direct observations and video cameras (> 1700 hours of recording) were used to monitor the nests from 38 different breeding pairs. We found that feeding visits and the number of regurgitation events were positively related to brood size. In an experiment of simulated nest predation, 85% of breeding pairs responded to the stimulus and parents who exhibited highly responsive behaviours (50%) raised nestlings with a higher growth rate. We also found that egg surface area positively affected the number of incubation bouts per hour. Whilst no relationship was found between overall parental investment and reproductive success, our results appear to show that the intensity of parental investment during reproduction was modulated by brood size. Our findings suggest that there are multiple ecological factors that influence reproductive success in the Saffron Finch, and reinforce the need for longer term studies of tropical passerines.</p>
Data from: Anthropogenic noise reduces male reproductive investment in an acoustically signaling insect
<p>Rapidly changing environments impose novel selection pressures on organisms, and sometimes adaptive phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to survive and reproduce in the face of environmental change. However, plastic responses can also be maladaptive. In this study, we investigate whether male reproductive investment responds plastically to varied experience with traffic noise. We exposed male crickets chronically to one of three noise treatments from the 2<sup>nd</sup>-3<sup>rd</sup>instar until their natural death: masking traffic noise (including noise that overlaps in frequency with the male crickets' mating calls), non-masking traffic noise (an identical traffic noise track from which we digitally removed the frequencies that mask the crickets' mating call), and silence. We dissected and weighed their testes and spermatophore molds. Controlling for body mass, we found that the spermatophore molds of crickets reared in masking and non-masking noise were 29% and 24% lighter, respectively, than those of crickets reared in silence There were no differences in body mass adjusted testes mass among treatments. If spermatophore mold mass is positively associated with male reproductive output, this reduction in size could have negative fitness consequences for animals exposed to traffic noise. We encourage future work to investigate impacts of noise on reproductive investment in other study systems that are likely sensitive to anthropogenic noise (e.g., birds, frogs, singing insects).</p>
Data from: Larval UV exposure impairs adult immune function through a trade-off with larval investment in cuticular melanin
Despite the strong impact of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on invertebrates, it is unknown whether it affects immune function across metamorphosis. More generally, the mechanisms on how larval stressors bridge metamorphosis and shape adult fitness in animals with a complex life cycle remain poorly understood. We studied whether cuticular melanin content is upregulated under UV exposure in the larval stage of the damselfly Coenagrion puella and whether this is traded off across metamorphosis against a key component of the invertebrate immune response, the melanotic encapsulation response, in the adult stage. Larvae exposed to UV increased the melanin content in their exoskeleton and metamorphosed later and at a smaller mass than animals reared without UV. Across metamorphosis, this was associated with a reduced melanotic encapsulation response, thereby constituting the first proof for a UV driven impaired immune response in an invertebrate. The demonstrated costs of UV exposure in terms of age and mass at metamorphosis and reduced adult immune response likely translate into reduced adult fitness. Path analysis indicated that the immunosuppressive property of larval UV exposure was not mediated by age and mass at metamorphosis, but instead that the adult immune response was traded off against larval cuticular melanin investment. Melanin-based trade-off across metamorphosis provide a new pathway by which effects of larval stressors are carried over to the adult stage and thereby advances our understanding of the still largely enigmatic mechanisms of carryover effects of larval stressors across metamorphosis. Given the mechanistic base, this carryover effect of larval UV exposure on adult immune function is expected to be general and may constitute a widespread and important cost of UV exposure in invertebrates.
Data from: Differential investment in pre- versus post-copulatory sexual selection reinforces a cross-continental reversal of sexual size dimorphism in Sepsis punctum (Diptera: Sepsidae)
Theory predicts that males have a limited amount of resources to invest in reproduction, suggesting a trade-off between traits that enhance mate acquisition and those enhancing fertilization success. Here we investigate the relationship between pre- and post-copulatory investment by comparing the mating behavior and reproductive morphology of four European and five North American populations of the dung fly Sepsis punctum (Diptera) that display a reversal of sexual size dimorphism (SSD). We show that the geographic reversal in SSD between the continents (male-biased in Europe, female-biased in North America) is accompanied by differential investment in pre- versus post-copulatory traits. We find higher re-mating rates in European populations, where larger males acquire more matings and consequently have evolved relatively larger testes and steeper hyper-allometry with body size. American populations, in sharp contrast, display much reduced, if any, effect of body size on those traits. Instead, North American males demonstrate an increased investment in mate acquisition prior to copulation, with more mounting attempts and a distinctive abdominal courtship display that is completely absent in Europe. When controlling for body size, relative female spermathecal size is similar on both continents, so we find no direct evidence for the co-evolution of male and female internal reproductive morphology. By comparing allopatric populations of the same species that apparently have evolved different mating systems and consequently SSD, we thus indirectly demonstrate differential investment in pre- vs. post-copulatory mechanisms increasing reproductive success.
Data from: Sex differences in parental care: gametic investment, sexual selection and social environment
Male and female parents often provide different type and amount of care to their offspring. Three major drivers have been proposed to explain parental sex roles: (i) differential gametic investment by males and females that precipitates into sex difference in care, (ii) different intensity of sexual selection acting on males and females, and (iii) biased social environment that facilitates the more common sex to provide more care. Here we provide the most comprehensive assessment of these hypotheses using detailed parental care data from 792 bird species covering 126 families. We found no evidence for the gametic investment hypothesis: neither gamete sizes nor gamete production by males relative to females was related to sex difference in parental care. However, sexual selection correlated with parental sex roles, because the male share in care relative to female decreased with both extra-pair paternity and frequency of polygamy. Parental sex roles were also related to social environment, because male parental care increased with male-biased adult sex ratios. Taken together, our results are consistent with recent theories suggesting that gametic investment is not tied to parental sex roles, and highlight the importance of both sexual selection and adult sex ratios in influencing parental sex roles.
Data from: Increased prenatal maternal investment reduces inbreeding depression in offspring
Inbreeding depression refers to the reduction of fitness that results from matings between relatives. Evidence for reduced fitness in inbred individuals is widespread, but the strength of inbreeding depression varies widely both within and among taxa. Environmental conditions can mediate this variation in the strength of inbreeding depression, with environmental stress exacerbating the negative consequences of inbreeding. Parents can modify the environment experienced by offspring, and have thus the potential to mitigate the negative consequences of inbreeding. While such parental effects have recently been demonstrated during the postnatal period, the role of prenatal parental effects in influencing the expression of inbreeding depression remains unexplored. To address this gap, we performed matings between full-sibs or unrelated individuals in replicated lines of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) experimentally selected for high and low maternal egg provisioning. We show that in the low maternal investment lines hatching success was strongly reduced when parents were related. In the high maternal investment lines, however, this negative effect of inbreeding on hatching success was absent, demonstrating that prenatal maternal provisioning can alleviate the negative fitness consequences of inbreeding.
Data from: Differential allocation revisited: when should mate quality affect parental investment?
Differential allocation (DA) is the adaptive adjustment of reproductive investment (up or down) according to partner quality. A lack of theoretical treatments has led to some confusion in the interpretation of DA in the empirical literature. We present a formal framework for DA that highlights the nature of reproductive benefits versus costs for females mated to males of different quality. Contrary to popular belief, analytical and stochastic dynamic models both show that additive benefits of male quality on offspring fitness have no effect on optimal levels of female investment and thus cannot produce DA. Instead, if offspring fitness is affected multiplicatively by male quality, or male quality affects the female cost function, DA is expected because of changes in the marginal benefits or costs of extra investment. Additive male quality effects on the female cost function can cause a novel form of weak DA, because reduced costs can slightly favor current over future reproduction. Combinations of these distinct effects in more realistic model scenarios can explain various patterns of positive and negative DA reported for different species and mating systems. Our model therefore sheds new light on the diversity of empirical results by providing a strong conceptual framework for the differential allocation hypothesis.
Data from: Data archiving is a good investment
Funding agencies are reluctant to support data archiving, even though large research funders such as the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Institutes of Health acknowledge its importance for scientific progress. Our quantitative estimates of data reuse indicate that ongoing financial investment in data-archiving infrastructure provides a high scientific return.
Data from: Eyes wide shut: the impact of dim-light vision on neural investment in marine teleosts
Understanding how organismal design evolves in response to environmental challenges is a central goal of evolutionary biology. In particular, assessing the extent to which environmental requirements drive general design features among distantly related groups is a major research question. The visual system is a critical sensory apparatus that evolves in response to changing light regimes. In vertebrates, the optic tectum is the primary visual processing center of the brain, and yet it is unclear how, or whether this structure evolves while lineages adapt to changes in photic environment. On one hand, dim‐light adaptation is associated with larger eyes and enhanced light‐gathering power that could require larger information processing capacity. On the other hand, dim‐light vision may evolve to maximize light sensitivity at the cost of acuity and color sensitivity, which could require less processing power. Here, we use X‐ray microtomography and phylogenetic comparative methods to examine the relationships between diel activity pattern, optic morphology, trophic guild, and investment in the optic tectum across the largest radiation of vertebrates—teleost fishes. We find that despite driving the evolution of larger eyes, enhancement of the capacity for dim‐light vision generally is accompanied by a decrease in investment in the optic tectum. These findings underscore the importance of considering diel activity patterns in comparative studies and demonstrate how vision plays a role in brain evolution, illuminating common design principles of the vertebrate visual system.
Data from: Sexual cannibalism increases male material investment in offspring: quantifying terminal reproductive effort in a praying mantis
Models of the evolution of sexual cannibalism argue that males may offset the cost of cannibalism if components of the male body are directly allocated to the eggs that they fertilize. We tested this idea in the praying mantid Tenodera sinensis. Males and females were fed differently radiolabelled crickets and allowed to mate. Half of the pairs progressed to sexual cannibalism and we prevented cannibalism in the other half. We assess the relative allocation of both male-derived somatic materials and ejaculate materials into the eggs and soma of the female. Our results show that male somatic investment contributes to production of offspring. The eggs and reproductive tissues of cannibalistic females contained significantly more male-derived amino acids than those of non-cannibalistic females, and there was an increase in the number of eggs produced subsequent to sexual cannibalism. Sexual cannibalism thus increases male material investment in offspring. We also show that males provide substantial investment via the ejaculate, with males passing about 25% of their radiolabelled amino acids to females via the ejaculate even in the absence of cannibalism.
Data from: A trade-off between reproductive investment and maternal cerebellum size in a precocial bird
Natural selection favours increased investment in reproduction, yet considerable variation in parental investment is observed in natural populations. Life-history theory predicts that this variation is maintained by a trade-off between the benefits of increased reproductive investment and its associated costs for the parents. The nature of these costs of reproduction, however, remains poorly understood. The brain is an energetically highly expensive organ and increased reproductive investment may, therefore, negatively affect brain maintenance. Using artificial selection lines for high and low prenatal maternal investment in a precocial bird, the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), we provide experimental evidence for this hypothesis by showing that increased prenatal provisioning negatively affects the size of a particular brain region of the mother, the cerebellum. Our finding suggests that cognitive demands may constrain the evolution of parental investment, and vice versa, contributing to the maintenance of variation in reproductive behaviour in animal populations.
Data from: Mutualists or parasites? Context-dependent influence of symbiotic fly larvae on carnivorous investment in the Albany pitcher plant
Carnivorous plants allocate more resources to carnivorous structures under nutrient-limited conditions, and relative investment can also be influenced by animals (infauna) that live in association with these plants and feed on their prey. We investigated these effects within a population of the pitcher plant Cephalotus follicularis containing varying densities of larvae of the fly Badisis ambulans. For plants with a relatively high proportion of adult pitchers, increasing larval density was associated with lower relative leaf allocation to new pitcher buds. For plants with relatively few adult pitchers, however, there was greater relative leaf allocation to pitcher buds with increasing larval density. In a field experiment, there was no significant effect of experimental larval presence or absence on the change in carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio of plants. Although the direction of the correlation between B. ambulans larvae and relative investment in carnivorous and non-carnivorous structures depends on the relative number of mature structures, whether the larvae enhance or reduce nutrient stress under different conditions remains unclear. The change in C/N was, however, less variable for pitchers that contained larvae, suggesting a stabilizing effect. Eighteen of 52 experimental pitchers were damaged by an unknown species, causing the pitcher fluid to drain. These pitchers were significantly more likely to survive if they contained larvae. These results suggest that the relationship between infauna and host varies with the initial resource status and environmental context of the host plant.
Data from: Effect of juvenile hormone on senescence in males with terminal investment
Senescence, a decline in survival and reproductive prospects with age, is controlled by hormones. In insects, juvenile hormone (JH) is involved in senescence with captive individuals, but its effect under natural conditions is unknown. We have addressed this gap by increasing JH levels in young and old wild males of the damselfly Hetaerina americana. We assessed survival in males that were treated with a JH analogue (methoprene), which is known to promote sexual activity, and an immune challenge, which is known to promote terminal investment in reproduction in the studied species. We replicated the same procedure in captivity (to control for environmental variation), where males were deprived of any activity or food. We expected old males to show the lowest survival after being treated with JH and immune-challenged, because the effect of terminal investment on senescence would be exacerbated by JH. However, this should be the case for wild animals, but not for captive animals, as the effects of JH and immune challenge should lead to an increase in high energetic-demanding activities only occurring in the wild. Old animals died sooner compared with young animals in both the wild and captivity, confirming that males are subject to senescence. In wild but not captive animals, JH decreased survival in young males and increased it in old males, confirming that JH is sensitive to the environment when shaping animal senescence. Immune challenge had no effect on survival, suggesting no effect of terminal investment on senescence. Additionally, contrary to the expected effects of terminal investment, with an immune challenge, recapture rates increased in young males and decreased in old males. Our results show that male senescence in the wild is mediated by JH and that terminal investment does not cause senescence. One explanation is that animals undergoing senescence and terminal investment modify their feeding behaviour to compensate for their physiological state.
Data from: Age-specific patterns of maternal investment in common gull egg yolk
While the general patterns of age-specific changes in reproductive success are quite well established in long-lived animals, we still do not know if allocation patterns of maternally-transmitted compounds are related to maternal age. We measured yolk testosterone, carotenoids and vitamins A and E levels in a population of known-aged common gulls (Larus canus) and found an age-specific pattern in yolk lutein and vitamin A concentrations. Middle-aged mothers allocated more of these substances to yolk compared to young and old mothers. These results can be explained through differences in age-specific foraging, absorption, or deposition patterns of carotenoids and vitamins into yolk. If these molecules play a role in antioxidant defense and immune modulation, our results suggest a possible physiological pathway behind the age-specific changes in reproductive success of long-lived birds in the wild.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.