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Subspecies and Distribution. M.a.auriculusBR.H.Baker&Stains,1955-EsideofSierraMadreOrientalfromNuevoLeonintoTamaulipasandVeracruz(Mexico). M. a. apache Hoffmeister & Krutzsch, 1955 — from the mountains of SE Arizona and SW New Mexico (USA) S to Jalisco (Mexico); also in N Coahuila (Mexico). There is a record from Guatemala, but geographic discontinuity and absence of new records in almost 40 years indicates need for taxonomic revision ofthis specimen. in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M.a.auriculusBR.H.Baker&Stains,1955-EsideofSierraMadreOrientalfromNuevoLeonintoTamaulipasandVeracruz(Mexico). M. a. apache Hoffmeister & Krutzsch, 1955 — from the mountains of SE Arizona and SW New Mexico (USA) S to Jalisco (Mexico); also in N Coahuila (Mexico). There is a record from Guatemala, but geographic discontinuity and absence of new records in almost 40 years indicates need for taxonomic revision ofthis specimen.

Distribution. Verified records based on analyzed specimens are from NE Afghanistan, N Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab), and NW & N India (Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, and Sikkim), but distribution likely includes other regions of NW India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand) and SW China (S Tibet [= Xizang]); it probably also occurs in Nepal, although further sample comparison is needed. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. Verified records based on analyzed specimens are from NE Afghanistan, N Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab), and NW & N India (Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, and Sikkim), but distribution likely includes other regions of NW India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand) and SW China (S Tibet [= Xizang]); it probably also occurs in Nepal, although further sample comparison is needed.

Distribution. Manus, New Britain, Duke of York, and Umboi Is; a specimen from Wetar I was identified as this species, but specific status of this specimen needs to be confirmed. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. Manus, New Britain, Duke of York, and Umboi Is; a specimen from Wetar I was identified as this species, but specific status of this specimen needs to be confirmed.

Murina fusca may prove to be merely ajunior synonym of M. hilgendorfi, although the only known specimen is apparently very distinctive; further analysis is needed. Originally described as a race of M. huttonii, but does not appearto be closely related to it. Monotypic. Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Heilongjiang, NE China. in Vespertilionidae

Murina fusca may prove to be merely ajunior synonym of M. hilgendorfi, although the only known specimen is apparently very distinctive; further analysis is needed. Originally described as a race of M. huttonii, but does not appearto be closely related to it. Monotypic. Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Heilongjiang, NE China.

Distribution Known only from Peninsular Malaysia, including Selangor (Ulu Gombak) and Pahang (Sungai Tekam Forest Reserve, Gunung Benom, and Krau Wildlife Reserve) provinces. Also listed from Fraser's Hill Forest Reserve, Pahang; but this record needs verification. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution Known only from Peninsular Malaysia, including Selangor (Ulu Gombak) and Pahang (Sungai Tekam Forest Reserve, Gunung Benom, and Krau Wildlife Reserve) provinces. Also listed from Fraser's Hill Forest Reserve, Pahang; but this record needs verification.

Distribution. New Caledonia (Grande Terre), with acoustic records across much of the island; also one from the nearby Loyalty Is (Lifou), but presence there needs confirmation. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. New Caledonia (Grande Terre), with acoustic records across much of the island; also one from the nearby Loyalty Is (Lifou), but presence there needs confirmation.

Distribution. Palestine, S Israel, SWJordan, NE Egypt (Sinai), NE & SC Sudan, W Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and SW Oman; it may occur in SE Egypt, and there is a purported record from C Kenya, but these need verification. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. Palestine, S Israel, SWJordan, NE Egypt (Sinai), NE & SC Sudan, W Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and SW Oman; it may occur in SE Egypt, and there is a purported record from C Kenya, but these need verification.

Distribution. Mostly in E New Guinea with one record in West Papua Province and one record each from Salawati and New Ireland Is; possibly on New Britain and SudestIs; there was a recent acoustic record from Manus I that probably is a member of this species complex, but this needs confirmation with a specimen, and the species is most likely widespread in W New Guinea. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. Mostly in E New Guinea with one record in West Papua Province and one record each from Salawati and New Ireland Is; possibly on New Britain and SudestIs; there was a recent acoustic record from Manus I that probably is a member of this species complex, but this needs confirmation with a specimen, and the species is most likely widespread in W New Guinea.

Subspecies and Distribution. T.p.pachypusTemminck,1840—SumatraandJava. T.p.bhaktiOey,1960—Bali,Lombok,andAmbonIs(althoughAmbonindividualsareonlytentativelyassignedtothissubspecies). T. p. meyeri Peters, 1872 — Philippines. Present on Borneo, where subspecific identity uncertain, and needs further investigation. in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. T.p.pachypusTemminck,1840—SumatraandJava. T.p.bhaktiOey,1960—Bali,Lombok,andAmbonIs(althoughAmbonindividualsareonlytentativelyassignedtothissubspecies). T. p. meyeri Peters, 1872 — Philippines. Present on Borneo, where subspecific identity uncertain, and needs further investigation.

Subspecies and Distribution. P.r.rusticusTomes,1861—scatteredrecordsfromWAfricafromSenegaltoEEthiopiaalongwithNUgandaandWCKenya. P. r. marrensis Thomas & Hinton, 1923 — S Africa in SE Angola, Zambia, NE Namibia, N Botswana, Zimbabwe, and NE South Africa; perhaps also Malawi, although specimens from that region need to be reexamined and are not mapped here. There is also a record from E Tanzania, although its subspecific identity is uncertain. in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P.r.rusticusTomes,1861—scatteredrecordsfromWAfricafromSenegaltoEEthiopiaalongwithNUgandaandWCKenya. P. r. marrensis Thomas & Hinton, 1923 — S Africa in SE Angola, Zambia, NE Namibia, N Botswana, Zimbabwe, and NE South Africa; perhaps also Malawi, although specimens from that region need to be reexamined and are not mapped here. There is also a record from E Tanzania, although its subspecific identity is uncertain.

Subspecies and Distribution. N. n. noctula Schreber, 1774 — throughout Europe from Great Britain, France, and Spain E to W Russia, W Kazakhstan, and SW Turkmenistan, including S Scandinavia, Gotland and Oland Is, and Cyprus (Cyprus records somewhat tentatively regarded as this subspecies). Absent throughout much of Iberia and is locally extinct in Portugal. N. n. lebanoticus D. L.. Harrison, 1962 — WC & SW Syria, Lebanon, and NE Israel. N. n. mecklenburzevi Kuzyakin, 1934 — SC & E Kazakhstan, SC Russia, W Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and NW China (Xinjiang). The species may be present in N Africa, with two records claimed from Algeria in 1858, but these may represent N. lasiopterus; further sampling is needed. in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. N. n. noctula Schreber, 1774 — throughout Europe from Great Britain, France, and Spain E to W Russia, W Kazakhstan, and SW Turkmenistan, including S Scandinavia, Gotland and Oland Is, and Cyprus (Cyprus records somewhat tentatively regarded as this subspecies). Absent throughout much of Iberia and is locally extinct in Portugal. N. n. lebanoticus D. L.. Harrison, 1962 — WC & SW Syria, Lebanon, and NE Israel. N. n. mecklenburzevi Kuzyakin, 1934 — SC & E Kazakhstan, SC Russia, W Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and NW China (Xinjiang). The species may be present in N Africa, with two records claimed from Algeria in 1858, but these may represent N. lasiopterus; further sampling is needed.

Subspecies and Distribution. P.h.hesperidusTemminck,1840—EAfricainEritrea,Djibouti,Ethiopia,SWSudan,SouthSudan,andNE&SSomalia. P.h.fuscatusThomas,1901—EAfricainEDRCongo,Uganda,Kenya,Rwanda,Burundi,andTanzania. P. h. subtilis Sundevall, 1846 — S Africa in NC, C & W Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, NC Botswana, E & South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho, and along the W coast of Madagascar. There are also records on Canary and Cape Verde Is and in W Africa in W & SE Senegal, N Liberia, SE Ivory Coast, SC Burkina Faso, SE Ghana, SW Niger, NC Nigeria, W Cameroon, and Bioko I, although exact placement of these populations among taxa currently recognized under the P. hesperidus species complex is uncertain. A thorough investigation of records of this species is needed. in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P.h.hesperidusTemminck,1840—EAfricainEritrea,Djibouti,Ethiopia,SWSudan,SouthSudan,andNE&SSomalia. P.h.fuscatusThomas,1901—EAfricainEDRCongo,Uganda,Kenya,Rwanda,Burundi,andTanzania. P. h. subtilis Sundevall, 1846 — S Africa in NC, C & W Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, NC Botswana, E & South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho, and along the W coast of Madagascar. There are also records on Canary and Cape Verde Is and in W Africa in W & SE Senegal, N Liberia, SE Ivory Coast, SC Burkina Faso, SE Ghana, SW Niger, NC Nigeria, W Cameroon, and Bioko I, although exact placement of these populations among taxa currently recognized under the P. hesperidus species complex is uncertain. A thorough investigation of records of this species is needed.

Distribution. Known only confidently from holotype in NE part of N Peninsula of Sulawesi; there are apparently records from Tolai and Rurukan, N Sulawesi, and two other specimens from Tobelo, N Sulawesi, which are all located near type locality, but all of these specimens need to be reexamined to determine whether or not they truly represent this species. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. Known only confidently from holotype in NE part of N Peninsula of Sulawesi; there are apparently records from Tolai and Rurukan, N Sulawesi, and two other specimens from Tobelo, N Sulawesi, which are all located near type locality, but all of these specimens need to be reexamined to determine whether or not they truly represent this species.

Distribution. Lowland forests of W Brazil, E Peru, and N Bolivia, S of the Amazon River. Because of abundance of individuals in the C. castanea complex, hampering precise species identification in the field and in collections, a detailed assessment ofits distribution is still needed. in Phyllostomidae

Distribution. Lowland forests of W Brazil, E Peru, and N Bolivia, S of the Amazon River. Because of abundance of individuals in the C. castanea complex, hampering precise species identification in the field and in collections, a detailed assessment ofits distribution is still needed.

Subspecies and Distribution. H.a.aterTempleton,1848-IndiaandSriLanka. H.a.amboinensisPeters,1871—AmbonI,Moluccas. H.a.antricolaPeters,1861—Philippines. H.a.aruensisj.E.Gray,1858—NewGuinea,BismarckArchipelago,WoodlarkI,andEAustralia(Queensland). H.a.gilbertiD.H.Johnson,1959-WesternAustraliaandNorthernTerritory,Australia. H.a.naUamalaensis.Srinivasulu&B.Srinivasulu,2006-EasternGhats,AndhraPradesh,India. H. a. saevus K. Andersen, 1918 -Myanmar S to Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, N Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Is (Bali and Lombok), Sulawesi, Moluccas, and Kai Is. Range of this subspecies is tentative and needs revision in Hipposideridae

Subspecies and Distribution. H.a.aterTempleton,1848-IndiaandSriLanka. H.a.amboinensisPeters,1871—AmbonI,Moluccas. H.a.antricolaPeters,1861—Philippines. H.a.aruensisj.E.Gray,1858—NewGuinea,BismarckArchipelago,WoodlarkI,andEAustralia(Queensland). H.a.gilbertiD.H.Johnson,1959-WesternAustraliaandNorthernTerritory,Australia. H.a.naUamalaensis.Srinivasulu&B.Srinivasulu,2006-EasternGhats,AndhraPradesh,India. H. a. saevus K. Andersen, 1918 -Myanmar S to Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, N Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Is (Bali and Lombok), Sulawesi, Moluccas, and Kai Is. Range of this subspecies is tentative and needs revision

Distribution. India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, China, Thailand, Laos, Vietham, Cambodia, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Is (Bali and Lombok), and Philippines; presence in Bangladesh is very likely but needs confirmation. Previous records on Malay Peninsula and Sumatra need further verification as to whether the populations may have disappeared or may have been misidentified. in Molossidae

Distribution. India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, China, Thailand, Laos, Vietham, Cambodia, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Is (Bali and Lombok), and Philippines; presence in Bangladesh is very likely but needs confirmation. Previous records on Malay Peninsula and Sumatra need further verification as to whether the populations may have disappeared or may have been misidentified.

On following pages 4 Brumback s Nıgm Monkey (Aorus brumbeckı) 5 Humboldt s Nıght Monkey (Aorus mvırgaruså 6 Spıx s Nıght Monkey (Aotus vocılerıns) 7 Hernández-Camacho s Nıght Monkey (Actus l°f96hemandezù B Andean Nıght Monkey (Actus mıoonvd 9 Ma s Nıght Monkey (Actus nencyrrıaee) 10 Black-needed Nıght Monkey (Actus mgnœps) Azara s Nngh! Monkey (Actus azarad in Aotidae

On following pages 4 Brumback s Nıgm Monkey (Aorus brumbeckı) 5 Humboldt s Nıght Monkey (Aorus mvırgaruså 6 Spıx s Nıght Monkey (Aotus vocılerıns) 7 Hernández-Camacho s Nıght Monkey (Actus l°f96hemandezù B Andean Nıght Monkey (Actus mıoonvd 9 Ma s Nıght Monkey (Actus nencyrrıaee) 10 Black-needed Nıght Monkey (Actus mgnœps) Azara s Nngh! Monkey (Actus azarad

Subspecies and Distribution. S.s.sciureusLinnaeus,1758—GuianasandNBrazil,NoftheAmazonRiverfromtheriosNegroandDemini(AmazonasState),Etotherivermouth,andSoftheAmazonRiverbetweentheRioXingu-Iriri(ParaState)EtotheRioPindaré(MaranhaoState),extendingStoc.6°SalongtheupperreachesoftheRioXingu. S. s. collins: Osgood, 1916 — N Brazil, Marajo I in the estuary of the Amazon River (Para State), but further studies are needed to identify the extent of its occurrence, which may well be much larger; the identity of the squirrel monkeys on other islands in the Amazon estuary (Gurupa, Caviana, and Mexiana) has yet to be ascertained. in Cebidae

Subspecies and Distribution. S.s.sciureusLinnaeus,1758—GuianasandNBrazil,NoftheAmazonRiverfromtheriosNegroandDemini(AmazonasState),Etotherivermouth,andSoftheAmazonRiverbetweentheRioXingu-Iriri(ParaState)EtotheRioPindaré(MaranhaoState),extendingStoc.6°SalongtheupperreachesoftheRioXingu. S. s. collins: Osgood, 1916 — N Brazil, Marajo I in the estuary of the Amazon River (Para State), but further studies are needed to identify the extent of its occurrence, which may well be much larger; the identity of the squirrel monkeys on other islands in the Amazon estuary (Gurupa, Caviana, and Mexiana) has yet to be ascertained.

Distribution. SW Madagascar, known only from the Zombitse-Vohibasia National Park region, N of the Onilahy River and S of the Fiherena River. Additional surveys are needed to determine the N, W, and E boundaries of the distribution. in Lepilemuridae

Distribution. SW Madagascar, known only from the Zombitse-Vohibasia National Park region, N of the Onilahy River and S of the Fiherena River. Additional surveys are needed to determine the N, W, and E boundaries of the distribution.

Distribution. NE Madagascar, extremely limited distribution in the far N of the island, just to the S of Antsiranana (= Diégo-Suarez), it was formerly believed to inhabit both dry and humid forests from the Montagne d' Ambre region S to the Mahavavy River near Ambilobe in the W, and probably to the Fanambana River S of Vohémarin the E. However, with the recognition of the Ankarana Sportive Lemur (L. ankaranensis) as a distinct species, the range of the Sahafary Sportive Lemur was reduced to a handful of very small remnant forest patches nearthe villages of Madirobe and Ankarongana in the Sahafary region, and in the immediate vicinity of Andrahona, a small mountain rising out of the surrounding lowlands about 30 km south of Antsiranana and E of the RN6 main road. Recent faunal surveys in the Montagne des Francais, a calcareous massif of c.6114 ha approximately 12 km SE of Antsiranana, listed the Sahafary Sportive Lemur as one of the species occurring there, but this needs to be confirmed; it may be widerranging than the Ankarana Sportive Lemur. in Lepilemuridae

Distribution. NE Madagascar, extremely limited distribution in the far N of the island, just to the S of Antsiranana (= Diégo-Suarez), it was formerly believed to inhabit both dry and humid forests from the Montagne d' Ambre region S to the Mahavavy River near Ambilobe in the W, and probably to the Fanambana River S of Vohémarin the E. However, with the recognition of the Ankarana Sportive Lemur (L. ankaranensis) as a distinct species, the range of the Sahafary Sportive Lemur was reduced to a handful of very small remnant forest patches nearthe villages of Madirobe and Ankarongana in the Sahafary region, and in the immediate vicinity of Andrahona, a small mountain rising out of the surrounding lowlands about 30 km south of Antsiranana and E of the RN6 main road. Recent faunal surveys in the Montagne des Francais, a calcareous massif of c.6114 ha approximately 12 km SE of Antsiranana, listed the Sahafary Sportive Lemur as one of the species occurring there, but this needs to be confirmed; it may be widerranging than the Ankarana Sportive Lemur.