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Fig. 4 in Redescription and phylogenetic position of the enigmatic Neotropical electric fish Iracema caiana Triques (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae) using x-ray computed tomography

Fig. 4. Skull roof and brain case of the left side of Iracema caiana (MZUSP 49205, 235 mm SL). (a) Lateral view; (b) Midsagittal view. Anterior to left. Scale bar is 5 mm. Abbreviations: v = ventral ethmoid+vomer; met = mesethmoid; pas = parasphenoid; fr = frontals; obs = orbitosphenoid; pts = pterosphenoid; pro = prootic; spo = sphenotic; pto = pterotic; pa = parietal, bo = basioccipital; exo = exoccipital; epo = epioccipital; and soc = supraoccipital.

Fig. 8 in Redescription and phylogenetic position of the enigmatic Neotropical electric fish Iracema caiana Triques (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae) using x-ray computed tomography

Fig. 8. Weberian apparatus of right side (image reversed) of Iracema caiana (MZUSP 49205, 235 mm SL). Left side ribs and parapophysis removed. Anterior to left. Scale bar is 5 mm. Abbreviations: c1-c2 = centrum; s= scaphium; i = intercalarium; os = os suspensorium; t = tripus; bl = Baudelot's ligament; na3-na4 = neural arches; sn = supraneural; ns = neural spine; pp4 = parapophysis 4 and r5-r6 = ribs.

Fig. 3 in Redescription and phylogenetic position of the enigmatic Neotropical electric fish Iracema caiana Triques (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae) using x-ray computed tomography

Fig. 3. Lateral view of the skull and cleithral region of Iracema caiana, (a) MZUSP 49205, 235 mm SL, scale bar is 5 mm; (b) MZUSP 49205, 345 mm SL, snout bent upwards due to preservation artifact. Scale bar is 10 mm.

Fig. 1. Iracema caiana, MZUSP 49205 in Redescription and phylogenetic position of the enigmatic Neotropical electric fish Iracema caiana Triques (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae) using x-ray computed tomography

Fig. 1. Iracema caiana, MZUSP 49205 (paratypes). Specimens used for the CT-scan images: above 235 mm SL, below 345 mm SL.

Fig. 6 in Population dynamics of the migratory fish Prochilodus lineatus in a neotropical river: the relationships with river discharge, flood pulse, El Niño and fluvial megafan behaviour

Fig. 6. Above: Retreat of the Pilcomayo River and dynamic creation of new flood plains due to self-blockage (silting up) of the river channel. This caused a retreat of hundreds of kilometers of the choke point in a few decades (indicated by the black arrow) and an upstream migration of the flood plains. Bullets indicate migrating Sábalo population in the Pilcomayo River (white) and Sábalo population in the La Plata basin (black). Below: Breakthrough of Pilcomayo River bank inundating new areas in the Chaco floodplain area.

Fig. 5 in Population dynamics of the migratory fish Prochilodus lineatus in a neotropical river: the relationships with river discharge, flood pulse, El Niño and fluvial megafan behaviour

Fig. 5. (a) Mean annual discharge and Sábalo catches over the years in the Pilcomayo River near Villa Montes. (b) Calculated and observed Sábalo catches based on the data presented in Fig. 4a. Correlations were obtained by stepwise multiple linear regression with backward selection (SPSS v. 15.0). The river discharge of the seven preceding years (Y1-Y7) plus the current year (Y0) were used in the analyses. The solid line is based upon the years 1980-2006. The dashed line is based upon the years 1997-2007. (c) Observed Sábalo catches plotted against the calculated Sábalo catches for the years 1980-1996 and 1997- 2006. Data of Sábalo catches and mean river discharges were obtained from Proyecto Pilcomayo (Tarija, Bolivia).

Fig. 4 in Population dynamics of the migratory fish Prochilodus lineatus in a neotropical river: the relationships with river discharge, flood pulse, El Niño and fluvial megafan behaviour

Fig. 4. (a) Mean annual discharge for the Pilcomayo River since 1960. The values were calculated for the hydrological year, which runs from October of the previous year until September of the current year. Data were obtained from Proyecto Pilcomayo (Tarija, Bolivia). (b) Mean monthly values of the Southern Oscillation Index (dots) and mean annual discharges of the Pilcomayo River (open circles), since 1976. Mean annual discharge values were calculated from data obtained from Proyecto Pilcomayo (Tarija, Bolivia). The values were calculated for the hydrological year, which runs from October of the previous year until September of the current year.

Fig. 3 in Population dynamics of the migratory fish Prochilodus lineatus in a neotropical river: the relationships with river discharge, flood pulse, El Niño and fluvial megafan behaviour

Fig. 3. Total dissolved solids concentration (TDS) in Pilcomayo River water (a) or water temperature (b) and gonadal maturation indices of Sábalo (Prochilodus lineatus) fish versus time (May 1998 until February 1999). The gonadal maturation indices are scaled from 1 to 6 in which 6 represents spawning.

Fig. 3 in Reproductive biology of the Neotropical electric fish Brachyhypopomus draco (Teleostei: Hypopomidae) from southern Brazil

Fig. 3. Monthly variation of mean hepatosomatic index (HSI) for Brachyhypopomus draco males (above) and females (below) from September 2003 to August 2004. Vertical bars represent the standard deviation and the values between the brackets are the sample size.

Fig. 3 in Aquatic insects as the main food resource of fish the community in a Neotropical reservoir

Fig. 3. Cluster analysis of diet similarity among species, showing the trophic guilds of the fish community from the Nova Avanhandava Reservoir.

Fig. 1 in Reproductive biology of the Neotropical electric fish Brachyhypopomus draco (Teleostei: Hypopomidae) from southern Brazil

Fig. 1. Monthly variation of mean gonadosomatic index (GSI) for Brachyhypopomus draco males (above) and females (below) from September 2003 to August 2004. Vertical bars represent the standard deviation and the values between the brackets are the sample size.

Fig. 4 in Reproductive biology of the Neotropical electric fish Brachyhypopomus draco (Teleostei: Hypopomidae) from southern Brazil

Fig. 4. Monthly variation of light photoperiod (min) (above); water temperature (ºC), depth (cm) and oxygen saturation (%) (middle); conductivity (µS/cm) and rainfall (mm) (below). Values in lagoa Verde from September 2003 to August 2004.

Fig. 4 in Aquatic insects as the main food resource of fish the community in a Neotropical reservoir

Fig. 4. Relative catch per unit effort (CPUE) in number (CPUEn) and biomass (CPUEb) of trophic guilds of the fish community of the Nova Avanhandava Reservoir.

Fig. 1 in Aquatic insects as the main food resource of fish the community in a Neotropical reservoir

Fig. 1. Position of the NovaAvanhandava Reservoir in the Tietê River, and the location of the sampling stretches: Santa Bárbara stretch (1) and Bonito Stretch (2) (modified from CESP, 1998). Squares = municipalities of São Paulo State.

Fig. 6 in Reproductive biology of the Neotropical electric fish Brachyhypopomus draco (Teleostei: Hypopomidae) from southern Brazil

Fig. 6. Relative frequency distribution of Brachyhypopomus draco males (n = 175) and females (n = 175) for total length classes sampled from September 2003 to August 2004.

Fig. 5 in Reproductive biology of the Neotropical electric fish Brachyhypopomus draco (Teleostei: Hypopomidae) from southern Brazil

Fig. 5. Distribution of relative frequency of 150 oocyte diameters of 10 Brachyhypopomus draco females with highest GSI values sampled from September 2003 to August 2004. Vertical bars represent the standard deviation.

Fig. 7 in Reproductive biology of the Neotropical electric fish Brachyhypopomus draco (Teleostei: Hypopomidae) from southern Brazil

Fig. 7. Relative frequency distribution of caudal filament depth levels for Brachyhypopomus draco males. Caudal filaments depth Level 1 = from 0 to 1.5%; Level 2 = from 1.51% to 2.5%; Level 3 = from 2.51% to 3.50%.

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Fig. 1 in Influence of environmental parameters on fish assemblage of a Neotropical river with a flood pulse regime, Central Brazil

Fig. 1. Study area located in the lower section of the Mortes River, Bananal floodplain, Central Brazil. The boldface numbers correspond to the stretches sampled.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2008View details →

Fig. 2 in Comparison of fish assemblages in two littoral habitats in a Neotropical morichal stream in Venezuela

Fig. 2. Non-multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) ordination depicting similarity/dissimilarity of fish assemblages from flooded vegetation (open triangles) and sand bank habitats (inverted closed triangles). Each symbol represents one sampling site. Relative distance among symbols represents the relative similarity/dissimilarity of assemblage composition from the site based on presence/absence data.