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Fig. 11 in A Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) bivalve-dominated molluscan fauna from the Stairway Sandstone, Amadeus Basin, central Australia

Fig. 11. Nucularcid and pteriomorphian bivalves from the Stairway Sandstone, Middle Ordovician, Australia. Internal moulds (B–K) and latex casts of external moulds (A, L, M). A. Sthenodonta sp. B (CPC 41468) from Petermann Creek, left-lateral view showing well marked growth lines. B. Johnmartinia cordata Pojeta and Gilbert-Tomlinson, 1977 (CPC 41469) from Areyonga Gorge; left-lateral view with dorsal border (B1), anterior view showing the pointy beak (B2). C–F. Nuculites wattii Tate, 1896 from Areyonga Gorge. C–E. Specimens in left (C, E) and right-lateral (D) dorsal views, showing well-defined anterior myophoric buttress, D additionally shows dorsal teeth (C, CPC 41470; D, CPC 41472; E, CPC 41472). F. Right-lateral view of fragmentary specimen with chevron shaped posterior teeth pointing anteriorly (CPC 41473). G. Cyrtodonta carberryi Pojeta and Gilbert-Tomlinson, 1977 (CPC 41474) from Areyonga Gorge; in right-lateral view with growth lines and at least one dorsal lateral tooth (G1), dorsal view illustrating the height of shell profile (G2). H–K. Cyrtodonta staffordae Pojeta and Gilbert-Tomlinson, 1977 from Petermann Creek (H–I, K) and Areyonga Gorge (J). H. Specimen in right-lateral view showing distinct growth lines (CPC 41475). I. Specimen in left-lateral view with three posterior lateral teeth (CPC 41476). J. Fragmentary posterior margin with duplivincular ligament and indications of three posterior lateral teeth (CPC 41478). K. Specimen in right-lateral view with a posterior lateral tooth (CPC 41477). L, M. Cyrtodonta sp. B. L. Anterior (L1) and left-lateral (L2) views of sub-ovate shell-profile (CPC 41479) from Petermann Creek. M. Sub-ovate shell-profile with growth lines (CPC 41480) from Areyonga Gorge. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 10 in A Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) bivalve-dominated molluscan fauna from the Stairway Sandstone, Amadeus Basin, central Australia

Fig. 10. Nucularcid bivalves from the Stairway Sandstone, Middle Ordovician, Australia. Internal (A–H, I1, J1, K–N) and external (I2, J2) moulds. A–J. Sthenodonta eastii Pojeta and Gilbert-Tomlinson, 1977 from the Petermann Creek. A–D. Specimens in left-lateral views with chevron-shaped palaeotaxodont teeth (A, CPC 41455; B, CPC 41456; C, CPC 41456; D, CPC 41457). E. Specimen in dorsal view with teeth (CPC 41458). F, G. Specimens in right-lateral view with teeth and ventral border (F, CPC 41459; G, CPC 41460). H. Specimen in left-lateral view with anterior myophoric buttress preserved (CPC 41461). I. Specimen in right-lateral view showing indistinct growth lines (CPC 41462). J. Specimen in left-lateral view (CPC 41463). K, L. Sthenodonta paenesymmetrica sp. nov. from the Areyonga Gorge (K) and Petermann Creek (L), right-valves in dorsomedial views. K. Holotype (CPC 41464). L. Juvenile specimen (CPC 41465). M, N. Sthenodonta sp. A. M. Specimen (CPC 41467) from the Petermann Creek in right-lateral view with anterior muscle scars indicated and part of original shell material preserved. N. Specimen (CPC 41466) from Areyonga Gorge in right-lateral view with curved anterodorsal margin. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 8 in A Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) bivalve-dominated molluscan fauna from the Stairway Sandstone, Amadeus Basin, central Australia

Fig. 8. Number of individual bivalves (A) and bivalve species (B) distributed within orders/infraclasses in the Areyonga Gorge and Petermann Creek sections.

Fig. 4 in A Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) bivalve-dominated molluscan fauna from the Stairway Sandstone, Amadeus Basin, central Australia

Fig. 4. Composite log of the Stairway Sandstone and abundance-charts showing distribution of bivalves and rostroconchs in the Areyonga Gorge section.

Fig. 5 in A Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) bivalve-dominated molluscan fauna from the Stairway Sandstone, Amadeus Basin, central Australia

Fig. 5. Composite log of the Stairway Sandstone and abundance-charts showing distribution of bivalves and rostroconchs in the Petermann Creek section.

Fig. 2 in A Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) bivalve-dominated molluscan fauna from the Stairway Sandstone, Amadeus Basin, central Australia

Fig. 2. Distribution of the Larapintine Sea in the Middle Ordovician. The extent of the Canning, Amadeus, and Georgina basins, all containing Middle Ordovician deposits, have been inferred together with the extent of continental landmass (marked with horizontal lines). Base map modified from Webby 1978. A. Webby's interpretation (1978). B. New interpretation based on faunal correlation. Note the broken connection between the Amadeus–Georgina basins and the Canning Basin.

Fig. 12 in A Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) bivalve-dominated molluscan fauna from the Stairway Sandstone, Amadeus Basin, central Australia

Fig. 12. Pteriomorphian and heteroconchian bivalves, rostroconchs and gastropods from the Stairway Sandstone, Middle Ordovician, Australia. Internal moulds (A, B, E–M, N1) and latex casts of internal (N2, O) and external (C, D) moulds. A, B. Modiolopsis pojetai sp. nov. from Petermann Creek. A. Holotype (CPC 41481) in left-lateral view showing discrete longitudinal dorsal slit-like mark. B. Paratype (CPC 41482) in right-lateral view with umbo steeply descending anteriorly. C, D. Colpantyx? sp. A from Areyonga Gorge; in right (C, CPC 41483) and left-lateral (D, CPC 41484) views with two umbonal radial ribs anteriorly and one posteriorly. E, F. Sphenosolen draperi Pojeta and Gilbert-Tomlinson, 1977 from Petermann Creek (E, CPC 41485; F, CPC 41486), specimens with flat shell and narrow elongated sub-rectangular shape. G–M. Rostroconchia. G–I. Ribeiria csiro Pojeta, GilbertTomlinson, and Shergold, 1977 from Areyonga Gorge (G) and Petermann Creek (H–I); note the prominent triangular beak and curved ventral margin (G, CPC 41487; H, CPC 41488; I, CPC 41489). J. Ribeiria jonesi? from Petermann Creek, sub-rectangular profile and strong dorsally projecting umbo (CPC 41490). K, L. Pinnocaris sp. A from Petermann Creek with inflated pear-shaped profile (K, CPC 41491; L, CPC 41492). M. Technophorus walteri Pojeta, Gilbert-Tomlinson, and Shergold, 1977 from Areyonga Gorge (CPC 41493) with a single lateral radial rib and prominent nearly erect pegma indicated. N, O. Gastropoda, Scalites? sp. from Petermann Creek. N. CPC 41494 (N1), latex cast with clear growth lines (N2). O. CPC 41495, specimen with 3.5 to 4 whorls. Scale bars 10 mm, except C, D, M, 5 mm.

Fig. 7 in A Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) bivalve-dominated molluscan fauna from the Stairway Sandstone, Amadeus Basin, central Australia

Fig. 7. Distribution of the cosmopolitan genera Modiolopsis, Cyrtodonta, and Nuculites found in the Stairway Sandstone and coeval strata elsewhere during the Middle Ordovician. Map modified from Torsvik et al. (2014).

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Fig. 3 in The eoorthid brachiopod Apheoorthina in the Lower Ordovician of NW Argentina and the dispersal pathways along western Gondwana

Fig. 3. Eoorthid brachiopod Apheoorthina aff. ferrigena (Havlíček, 1949), CEGH-UNC 26918, upper Tremadocian, road from Santa Victoria to Acoyte, Salta Province, NW Argentina. Dorsal valve (illustrated on Fig. L) showing detail of embrionary (ep) and larval protegulum (lp). Highresolution confocal laser scanning microscopy positive image (A) and negative image (B). Scale bar 400 μm.

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Fig. 1 in The eoorthid brachiopod Apheoorthina in the Lower Ordovician of NW Argentina and the dispersal pathways along western Gondwana

Fig. 1. Location of the studied area (star) within South America (B), geological map of the studied area (A), and stratigraphic column of the study area (C), showing fossiliferous levels.

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Fig. 4 in The eoorthid brachiopod Apheoorthina in the Lower Ordovician of NW Argentina and the dispersal pathways along western Gondwana

Fig. 4. Early Ordovician palaeogeographic reconstruction showing inferred marine current pattern and possible dispersal routes between the Central Andean Basin, northern Africa, and European-Asian peri-Gondwanan terranes. Considering their position in the Ordovician maps, the names "East" and "West" Iapetus are proposed to replace the commonly used "North" and "South" Iapetus. ATA, Armorican Terrane Assemblage; CAB, Central Andean Basin. Palaeogeography based on Benedetto and Sánchez (1996), Astini (1998), Benedetto (2003), Fortey and Cocks (2003), Ramos (2009), Cocks and Torsvik (2013), and Torsvik and Cocks (2013a, b). Oceanic current pattern based on Pohl et al. (2015).

Fig. 4 in Ordovician rafinesquinine brachiopods from peri-Gondwana

Fig. 4. Valves of rafinesquinine brachiopod Kjaerina (Kjaerina) sp. A.; upper Katian (Ka3–4), Upper Ordovician; Fombuena Formation at Alpartir (A, B, D) and Luesma (C, E), Iberian Chains, Spain. A. MPZ 2015/1346, latex cast of exterior of a complete and flattened ventral valve, showing the cardinal process lobes of the dorsal valve protruding in the vicinity of the hinge line. B. DPZ 368, internal mould of ventral valve. C. MPZ 2015/1347, internal mould of ventral valve, showing the convergent anteriorly muscle bounding ridges. D. DPZ 369, internal mould of ventral valve. E. DPZ 372, latex cast of interior (E1) and exterior (E2) of an incomplete dorsal valve. Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 18 in Ordovician rafinesquinine brachiopods from peri-Gondwana

Fig. 18. Dorsal valves of rafinesquinine brachiopod Rafinesquina (Mesogeina) pseudoloricata (Barrande, 1848); lower–middle Katian (Ka1–2), Upper Ordovician; Zahorany Formation, Bohemia, Czech Republic (A–C); Peña del Tormo Member of the Fombuena Formation, Iberian Chains, Spain (D); Porto de Santa Anna Formation, Portuguese Central Iberian Zone, Portugal (E, F). A. MPZ 2015/1394, dorsal internal mould (A1) and latex cast of dorsal interior (A2), detail of cardinalia in anteroventral (A3) and posteroventral (A4) views. B. MPZ 2015/1395, internal mould (B1) and latex cast of interior B2). C. MPZ 2015/1396, latex cast of dorsal exterior. D. MPZ 2015/1397, latex cast of interior of a small valve. E. IGM-2934, latex cast of interior. F. IGM-2936, latex cast of dorsal exterior. Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 11 in Ordovician rafinesquinine brachiopods from peri-Gondwana

Fig. 11. Rafinesquinine brachiopod Kjaerina (Villasina) sp. A; upper Katian (Ka3–4), Upper Ordovician; the Portilla de Luna Limestone, Cantabrian Zone, Spain. A. MPZ 2015/1379, internal mould (A1), latex cast of exterior (A2) and interior (A3) of a complete ventral valve. B. MPZ 2015/1380, latex cast of interior of an incomplete dorsal valve. C. MPZ 2015/1381, latex cast of interior of dorsal valve (C1), detail of cardinalia (C2). Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 19 in Ordovician rafinesquinine brachiopods from peri-Gondwana

Fig. 19. Rafinesquinine brachiopod Rafinesquina (Mesogeina)? sp. A; middle–upper Katian (Ka2–4), Upper Ordovician; Gabian Formation, Montagne Noire, France. A. MPZ 2015/1398, internal mould (A1) and latex cast of interior (A2) and exterior (A3) of an almost complete ventral valve. B. MPZ 2015/1399, internal mould of ventral valve. C. MPZ 2015/1400, internal mould of ventral valve. D. MPZ 2015/1401, latex cast of interior of an incomplete dorsal valve. E. MPZ 2015/1402, latex cast of interior of an incomplete dorsal valve. Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 14 in Ordovician rafinesquinine brachiopods from peri-Gondwana

Fig. 14. Rafinesquinine brachiopod Rafinesquina (Mesogeina) loredensis sp. nov.; middle Katian (Ka2), Upper Ordovician; Porto de Santa Anna Formation, Portuguese Central Iberian Zone, Portugal. A. IGM-2919, holotype, internal mould (A1), latex cast of interior (A2), detail of pseudopunctae (A3) of a ventral valve. B. IGM-2926, paratype, internal mould of dorsal valve (B1), details of cardinalia in posteroventral (B2) and anteroventral (B3) views. C. IGM-2925, paratype, latex cast of exterior of dorsal valve. D. IGM-2927, paratype, internal mould of ventral valve. E. IGM-2923, paratype, internal mould of small ventral valve. Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 1 in Ordovician rafinesquinine brachiopods from peri-Gondwana

Fig. 1. Schematic stratigraphical columns and distributions of the taxa of subfamily Rafinesquininae in the most relevant SW Europe sections. Chronostratigraphical data of each section can be found in the referred papers.

Fig. 20 in Ordovician rafinesquinine brachiopods from peri-Gondwana

Fig. 20. First Appearance Datum (FAD) of all rafinesquinine genera in each palaeocontinent plotted over a palaeogeographical map for the late Katian time slice based on BugPlates and using a Mollweide projection. Present-day outlines of lands and seas are shown on each continent to aid recognition. AM, Armorican Massif; PCIZ, Portuguese Central Iberian Zone; SCIZ, Spanish Central Iberian Zone; IC, Iberian Chains; Py, Pyrenees; MN, Montagne Noire; Sar, Sardinia.

Fig. 8 in Ordovician rafinesquinine brachiopods from peri-Gondwana

Fig. 8. Ventral valves of rafinesquinine brachiopod Kjaerina (Villasina) pedronaensis sp. nov.; Katian, Upper Ordovician; Portixeddu Formation at Punta Pedrona (A), Gonnesa (B–E), and VCR/14 (F), Sardinia, Italy; Gabian Formation at Tranchée Noire, Montagne Noire, France (G, H). A. MPZ 2015/1355, paratype, ventral internal mould (A1) and latex cast of ventral interior (A2) of an incomplete valve. B. MPZ 2015/1356, paratype, latex cast of ventral exterior. C. MPZ 2015/1357, paratype, internal mould. D. MPZ 2015/1358, paratype, internal mould. E. MPZ 2015/1359, ventral internal mould (E1) and latex cast of ventral exterior (E2). F. MPZ 2015/1360, internal mould of an incomplete valve. G. MPZ 2015/1361, internal mould of an incomplete valve. H. MPZ 2015/1362, latex cast of exterior. Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 17 in Ordovician rafinesquinine brachiopods from peri-Gondwana

Fig. 17. Ventral valves of rafinesquinine brachiopod Rafinesquina (Mesogeina) pseudoloricata (Barrande, 1848); lower–middle Katian (Ka1–2), Upper Ordovician; Zahorany Formation, Bohemia, Czech Republic (A, B); Upper Tiouririne Formation, Morocco (C); Porto de Santa Anna Formation, Portuguese Central Iberian Zone, Portugal (D); Peña del Tormo Member of the Fombuena Formation, Iberian Chains, Spain (E, F). A. MPZ 2015/1391, internal mould (A1), latex cast of interior (A2) and exterior (A3). B. MPZ 2015/1392, internal mould of an incomplete valve. C. MPZ 2015/1393, ventral internal mould. D. IGM-2952A, latex cast of ventral exterior. E. DPZ-359, internal mould of an incomplete valve. F. DPZ-362, internal mould (F1) and latex cast of exterior (F2). Scale bars 2 mm.