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2,667 results for “Prevalence”
Questionnaire on COVID pandemic influence at attitude and prevalence of plant-based food products consumption in Serbia
<p>An anonymous online questionnaire that contained 16 open-ended and closed-ended questions was used to assess the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on 1) eating behavior and dietary habits changes concerning various plant-based foods; 2) frequency of consumption of herbal teas and dietary supplements; 3) quantity of traditionally pickled plant-based food prepared for the winter period, and 4) the general attitude toward diet, plant-based food, natural products, and dietary supplements.</p> <p> </p>
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci prevalence among patients attending at Felege Hiwot Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
<p>Background<br> Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) and vancomycin resistance coagulase negative<br> staphylococci (VRCoNS) are common pathogens causing difficult to treat health care associated infections (HAI). Hence, the World Health Organization listed VRE as one of the high<br> priority pathogens for new antibiotic discovery and antimicrobial resistance surveillance.<br> Despite this, data on the prevalence of VRE and VRCoNS in Ethiopia is scarce. Thus, the<br> present study determined prevalence of VRE and VRCoNS among patients attending<br> Felege-Hiwot comprehensive specialized hospital, Ethiopia.<br> </p>
Causation without correlation: Parasite-mediated frequency-dependent selection and infection prevalence
<p>Parasite-mediated selection is thought to maintain host genetic diversity for resistance. We might thus expect to find a strong positive correlation between host genetic diversity and infection prevalence across natural populations. Here, we used computer simulations to examine host–parasite coevolution in 20 simi-isolated clonal populations across a broad range of values for both parasite virulence and parasite fecundity. We found that the correlation between host genetic diversity and infection prevalence can be significantly positive for intermediate values of parasite virulence and fecundity. But the correlation can also be weak and statistically non-significant, even when parasite-mediated frequency-dependent selection is the sole force maintaining host diversity. Hence correlational analyses of field populations, while useful, might underestimate the role of parasites in maintaining host diversity.</p>
Temperature perturbation of cellular host-microbe interactions explains continent-wide endosymbiont prevalence
<p>Endosymbioses influence host physiology, reproduction, and fitness, but these relationships require efficient microbe transmission between host generations to persist. Maternally transmitted <i>Wolbachia</i> are the most common known endosymbionts, but their frequencies vary widely within and among host populations for unknown reasons. Here we integrate genomic, cellular, and phenotypic analyses with mathematical models to provide an unexpectedly simple explanation for global <i>w</i>Mel <i>Wolbachia</i> prevalence in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. Cooling temperatures decrease <i>w</i>Mel cellular abundance at a key stage of host oogenesis, producing temperature-dependent variation in maternal transmission that plausibly explains latitudinal clines of <i>w</i>Mel frequencies on multiple continents. <i>w</i>Mel sampled from a temperate climate targets the germline more efficiently in the cold than a recently differentiated tropical variant (~2,200 years ago), indicative of rapid <i>w</i>Mel adaptation to climate. Genomic analyses identify a very narrow list of <i>w</i>Mel alleles—most notably, a derived stop codon in the major <i>Wolbachia</i> surface protein WspB—that underlie thermal sensitivity of cellular<i>Wolbachia</i> abundance and covary with temperature globally. Decoupling temperate <i>w</i>Mel and host genomes further reduces transmission in the cold, a pattern that is characteristic of host-microbe co-adaptation to a temperate climate. Complex interactions among <i>Wolbachia</i>, hosts, and the environment (GxGxE) mediate <i>w</i>Mel cellular abundance and maternal transmission, implicating temperature as a key determinant of <i>Wolbachia</i> spread and equilibrium frequencies, in conjunction with <i>Wolbachia</i> effects on host fitness and reproduction. Our results motivate strategic use of locally selected <i>w</i>Mel variants for <i>Wolbachia</i>-based biocontrol efforts, which currently protect millions of individuals from arboviruses that cause human disease.</p>
Prevalence of psychopathological symptoms and their determinants in 4 healthcare workers categories during the second year of COVID-19 pandemic
<p>Dataset including data presented in the paper: <strong>Prevalence of psychopathological symptoms and their determinants in 4 healthcare workers categories during the second year of COVID-19 pandemic</strong></p>
Increased prevalence of canine echinococcosis a decade after the discontinuation of a governmental deworming program in Tierra del Fuego, southern Chile
<p>Questionnaire and parasite sampling data for study of canine echinococcosis in Tierra del Fuego, Chile. Dataset includes data from dogs and wild carnivores sampled and farmer responses to questionnaires.</p>
STATA do file for "Economic shocks predict increases in child wasting prevalence" in Nature Communications
<p>This is a STATA v16 do file for the study "Economic shocks predict increases in child wasting prevalence" published in Nature Communications in 2022. To access the study data - which is not open access - please email Dr. Derek Headey at d.headey@cgiar.org</p>
Data for manuscript "The Prevalence of Terms Denoting Far-right and Far-left Political Extremism in U.S. and U.K. News Media"
<p>This data set belongs to an academic manuscript examining longitudinally (2000-2019) the prevalence of terms denoting far-right and far-left political extremism in a large corpus of more than 32 million written news and opinion articles from 54 news media outlets popular in the United States and the United Kingdom.</p> <p>The textual content of news and opinion articles from the 54 outlets listed in the main manuscript is available in the outlet's online domains and/or public cache repositories such as Google cache (https://webcache.googleusercontent.com), The Internet Wayback Machine (https://archive.org/web/web.php), and Common Crawl (https://commoncrawl.org). We used derived word frequency counts from these sources. Textual content included in our analysis is circumscribed to articles headlines and main body of text of the articles and does not include other article elements such as figure captions.</p> <p>Targeted textual content was located in HTML raw data using outlet specific xpath expressions. Tokens were lowercased prior to estimating frequency counts. To prevent outlets with sparse text content for a year from distorting aggregate frequency counts, we only include outlet frequency counts from years for which there is at least 1 million words of article content from an outlet. This threshold was chosen to maximize inclusion in our analysis of outlets with sparse amounts of articles text per year. </p> <p>Yearly frequency usage of a target word in an outlet in any given year was estimated by dividing the total number of occurrences of the target word in all articles of a given year by the number of all words in all articles of that year. This method of estimating frequency accounts for variable volume of total article output over time.</p> <p>The list of compressed files in this data set is listed next:</p> <p>-analysisScripts.rar contains the analysis scripts used in the main manuscript </p> <p>-articlesContainingTargetWords.rar contains counts of target words in outlets articles as well as total counts of words in articles</p> <p> </p> <p>Usage Notes</p> <p>In a small percentage of articles, outlet specific XPath expressions failed to properly capture the content of the article due to the heterogeneity of HTML elements and CSS styling combinations with which articles text content is arranged in outlets online domains. As a result, the total and target word counts metrics for a small subset of articles are not precise. In a random sample of articles and outlets, manual estimation of target words counts overlapped with the automatically derived counts for over 90% of the articles.</p> <p>Most of the incorrect frequency counts were minor deviations from the actual counts such as for instance counting the word "Facebook" in an article footnote encouraging article readers to follow the journalist’s Facebook profile and that the XPath expression mistakenly included as the content of the article main text. Some additional outlet-specific inaccuracies that we could identify occurred in "The Hill" and "Newsmax" news outlets where XPath expressions had some shortfalls at precisely capturing articles’ content. For "The Hill", in years 2007-2009, XPath expressions failed to capture the complete text of the article in about 40% of the articles. This does not necessarily result in incorrect frequency counts for that outlet but in a sample of articles’ words that is about 40% smaller than the total population of articles words for those three years. In the case of "NewsMax", the issue was that for some articles, XPath expressions captured the entire text of the article twice. Notice that this does not result in incorrect frequency counts. If a word appears x times in an article with a total of y words, the same frequency count will still be derived when our scripts count the word 2x times in the version of the article with a total of 2y words.</p> <p>To conclude, in a data analysis of 32 million articles, we cannot manually check the correctness of frequency counts for every single article and hundred percent accuracy at capturing articles’ content is elusive due to the small number of difficult to detect boundary cases such as incorrect HTML markup syntax in online domains. Overall however, we are confident that our frequency metrics are representative of word prevalence in print news media content (see Figure 1 in the main manuscript for illustration of the accuracy of the frequency counts).</p>
Dose relationships can exacerbate, mute, or reverse the impact of heterospecific host density on infection prevalence
The likelihood an individual becomes infected depends on the community in which it is embedded. For environmentally transmitted parasites, host community composition can alter host density, the density of parasites that hosts encounter in the environment, and the dose to which hosts are subsequently exposed. While some multi-host theory incorporates some of these factors (e.g., competition among hosts), it does not currently consider the nonlinear relationships between parasite exposure dose and per-propagule infectivity (dose-infectivity relationships), between exposure dose and infected host mortality (dose-mortality relationships), and between exposure dose and parasite propagule excretion (dose-excretion relationships). This makes it difficult to predict the impact of host species on one another's likelihood of infection. To understand the implications of these non-linear dose relationships for multi-host communities, we first performed a meta-analysis on published dose-infectivity experiments to quantify the proportion of accelerating, linear, or decelerating dose-infectivity relationships; we found that most experiments demonstrated decelerating dose-infectivity relationships. We then explored how dose-infectivity, dose-mortality, and dose-excretion relationships might alter the impact of heterospecific host density on infectious propagule density, infection prevalence, and density of a focal host using two host, one parasite models. We found that dose relationships either decreased the magnitude of the impact of heterospecific host density on propagule density and infection prevalence via negative feedback loops (decelerating dose-infectivity relationships, positive dose-mortality relationships, and negative dose-excretion relationships), or increased the magnitude of the impact of heterospecific host density on infection prevalence via positive feedback loops (accelerating dose-infectivity relationships and positive dose-excretion relationships). Further, positive dose-mortality relationships resulted in hosts that traditionally decrease disease (e.g. low-competence, strong competitors) increasing infection prevalence, and vice versa. Finally, we found that dose-relationships can create positive feedback loops that facilitate friendly competition (i.e., increased heterospecific density has a positive effect on focal host density because the reduction in disease outweighs the negative effects of interspecific competition). This suggests that without taking dose relationships into account, we may incorrectly predict the effect of heterospecific host interactions, and thus host community composition, on environmentally transmitted parasites.
Malaria Prevalence in Commune 5 in Tumaco (Nariño, Colombia)
<p>This project contains the following underlying data:</p> <p>Malaria Prevalence in Commune 5 in Tumaco - persons, dataset</p> <p>Malaria Prevalence in Commune 5 in Tumaco - persons - readme, codebook</p> <p>Malaria Prevalence in Commune 5 in Tumaco - house, dataset</p> <p>Malaria Prevalence in Commune 5 in Tumaco - house - readme, codebook</p> <p>Breeding sites</p> <p>Determination Anopheles</p> <p>Housing survey</p> <p>People survey</p>
Effects of an alternative host on the prevalence and infection intensity of a bumble bee parasite
<p>Several bee parasites are transmitted through flowers, and some of them can infect multiple host species. Given the shared use of flowers by bee species, parasites can potentially encounter multiple host species, which could affect the evolution of parasite virulence. We used the trypanosomatid parasite <em>Crithidia bombi</em> and its host, the common eastern bumble bee (<em>Bombus impatiens</em>), to explore the effect of infecting an alternative host, the alfalfa leaf-cutter bee (<em>Megachile rotundata</em>), on parasite infectivity and ability to replicate. We conducted a serial passage experiment on primary and alternative hosts, assessing infectivity and intensity of infection during five passes. Parasite cells from each pass through the alternative host were also used to infect a group of primary hosts. We found that serial passes through the alternative host increased infectivity, but there was no effect on intensity of infection. Interestingly, both the probability and intensity of infection on the primary host increased after serial passage through the alternative host. This increase in intensity of infection could be due to maladaptation after selection of new <em>C. bombi</em> strains has occurred in the alternative host. This study suggests that host switching has the potential to affect the adaptation of bee parasites to their hosts.</p>
TARA Pacific Bleaching Prevalence of Sampling Sites (Islands)
<p><strong>Summary</strong></p> <p>To obtain a proxy for the stress level of collected corals, we checked for previous occurrences of bleaching events at sampled reef sites by matching island GPS coordinates to the Reef Check dataset (reefcheck.org) obtained from Sully et al (2019). For each Tara Pacific island coordinate, we determined the Reef Check site that was closest (in terms of distance in km); we only considered Reef Check data that was within a 10 km circumference. We further determined short- and long-term climate variables that are known to affect coral stress resilience for all <em>Tara</em> Pacific collection sites that are available from Lombard et al (2022). These data allow to assess if corals from a given site were exposed higher/lower prevalence of thermal stress events and bleaching prior to sampling (over previous years).</p> <p><strong>References</strong></p> <p>Sully, S., Burkepile, D. E., Donovan, M. K., Hodgson, G. & van Woesik, R. A global analysis of coral bleaching over the past two decades. <em>Nature Communications</em> <strong>10</strong>, 1264 (2019).</p> <p>Fabien Lombard, Guillaume Bourdin, Stephane Pesant, Sylvain Agostini, Alberto Baudena, Emilie Boissin, Nicolas Cassar, Megan Clampitt, Pascal Conan, Ophélie Da Silva, Celine Dimier, Eric Douville, Amanda Elineau, Jonathan Fin, J. Michel Flores, Jean François Ghiglione, Benjamin C.C. Hume, Laetitia Jalabert, Seth G. John, Rachel L. Kelly, Ilan Koren, Yajuan Lin, Dominique Marie, Ryan McMinds, Zoé Mériguet, Nicolas Metzl, David A. Paz-García, Maria Luiza Pedrotti, Julie Poulain, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Josephine Ras, Gilles Reverdin, Sarah Romac, Eric Röttinger, Assaf Vardi, Christian R. Voolstra, Clémentine Moulin, Guillaume Iwankow, Bernard Banaigs, Chris Bowler, Colomban de Vargas, Didier Forcioli, Paola Furla, Pierre E. Galand, Eric Gilson, Stéphanie Reynaud, Shinichi Sunagawa, Olivier Thomas, Romain Troublé, Rebecca Vega Thurber, Patrick Wincker, Didier Zoccola, Denis Allemand, Serge Planes, Emmanuel Boss, Gaby Gorsky. Open science resources from the Tara Pacific expedition across the surface ocean and coral reef ecosystems. <em>Submitted</em> (2022)</p>
Molecular tracking and prevalence of the red colour morph restricted to a harvested leopard population in South Africa
<p>The red leopard (<em>Panthera pardus</em>) colour morph is a colour variant that occurs only in South Africa, where it is confined to the Central Bushveld bioregion. Red leopards have been spreading over the past 40 years, which raises the speculation that the prevalence of this phenotype is related to low dispersal of young individuals owing to high off-take in the region. Intensive selective hunting tends to remove large resident males from the breeding population, which gives young males the chance to mate with resident females that are more likely to be their relatives, eventually increasing the frequency of rare genetic variants. To investigate the genetic mechanisms underlying the red coat colour morph in leopards, and whether its prevalence in South Africa relates to an increase in genetic relatedness in the population, we sequenced exons of six colour coat associated genes and 20 microsatellite loci in twenty wild-type and four red leopards. The results were combined with demographic data available from our study sites. We found that red leopards own a haplotype in homozygosity identified by one non-synonymous SNP and a 1 bp deletion that causes a frameshift in the Tyrosinase Related Protein 1 (TYRP1), a gene known to be involved in the biosynthesis of melanin. Microsatellite analyses indicate clear signs of a population bottleneck and a relatedness of 0.11 among all pairwise relationships, eventually supporting our hypothesis that a rare colour morph in the wild has increased its local frequency due to low natal dispersal. This was backed by a high human-induced mortality rate (40%).</p>
Wheat stem rust back in Europe: Diversity, prevalence and impact on host resistance
<p>SSR genotypes of European <em>Puccinia graminis</em> isolates based on 17 SSR markers, updated version</p>
Malaria prevalence before and 2 years after implementation of seasonal malaria chemoprevention in Saraya, Senegal
<p><span>Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) is adopted and implemented in Senegal since 2013 in the southern regions in children aged between 3 and 120 months. Scaling up of this strategy requires its evaluation to assess its impact. This study was carried out to determine the dynamics of <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> carriage before and after two years of SMC implementation.</span></p> <p><span>Four household surveys were conducted in villages in the health district of Saraya, which is a SMC implementation area in Senegal. These villages were selected using probability proportional to size sampling. Each of the selected villages was divided into segments containing at least 50 children. In each selected segment, a household questionnaire was administered to the parents or legal representatives of children aged 3 to 120 months. Blood smears were collected to determine </span><em><span>Plasmodium falciparum</span></em><span> prevalence by microscopy one month before the first round of SMC and one month after the last round of the first SMC campaign and that of two years after the start of the implementation. </span></p> <p><span>A total of 2008 children were included in our study with a mean average age of 4.81 (+/-2.73) years. 50.33% of the study population were more than 5 years old and 50.3% were male. In 2013, net ownership was 99.4 % before SMC campaign and 97.4% after. In 2015, it was 36.6% before and 45.8% after the campaign. In 2013, the prevalence of plasmodium carriage was 11.8% before and 6.1% after SMC campaign. In 2015, the prevalence was 4.9% before the administration of SMC and increased up to 15.3% after. Malaria prevalence was high among children over 5 years old and boys. </span></p> <p><span>The decrease in <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> parasite prevalence, which subsequently increased after two years of SMC implementation in this study, suggests adding an extra cycle of the SMC or adjusting the administration period.</span></p>
Slow practice and tempo management strategies in instrumental music learning: Investigating prevalence and cognitive functions
<p>This dataset corresponds to the publication of the same title and the following DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F03057356211073481">https://doi.org/10.1177/03057356211073481</a></p> <p>The dataset contains 3 excel files. The file named QuantiativeSurveyDataClean_withKey contains all collected, unprocessed, cleaned data variables from the quantitative questionnaire. This includes all variables used for the principle components analysis. The file named ANOVA_data contains the variables used for the ANOVA analyses, and the file named regression_data contains the variables used for the regressions analyses. In all three files, descriptions of the variables can be found in the sheet titled "key", and the data can be found in the sheet titled "data".</p>
MHC class II genotype-by-pathogen genotype interaction for infection prevalence in a natural rodent-Borrelia system
<p><span>MHC genes are extraordinarily polymorphic in most taxa. Host-pathogen coevolution driven by negative frequency-dependent selection (NFDS) is one of the main hypotheses for the maintenance of such immunogenetic variation. Here we test a critical but rarely tested assumption of this hypothesis—that MHC alleles affect resistance/susceptibility to a pathogen in a strain-specific way, i.e. that there is a host genotype-by-pathogen genotype interaction. </span><span>In a field study of bank voles naturally infected with the tick-transmitted bacterium </span><em><span>Borrelia afzelii</span></em><span>, we tested for MHC class II (</span><em><span>DQB</span></em><span>) genotype-by-</span><span><em>B. afzelii</em> </span><span>strain interactions for infection prevalence between ten </span><em><span>DQB</span></em><span><em> </em>alleles and seven strains. One allele (<em>DQB</em>*37) showed an interaction</span><span>, </span><span>such that voles carrying <em>DQB</em>*37 had higher prevalence of two strains and lower prevalence of one strain than individuals without the allele. These findings were corroborated by analyses of strain composition of infections, which revealed an effect of <em>DQB</em>*37 in the form of lower </span><span>b</span><span> diversity among infections in voles carrying the allele. Taken together, these results provide rare support at the molecular genetic level for a key assumption of models of antagonistic coevolution through NFDS. </span></p>
A global analysis of viviparity in squamates highlights its prevalence in cold climates
<p>Aim: Viviparity has evolved more times in squamates than in any other vertebrate group. Therefore, squamates offer an excellent model system to study the patterns, drivers, and implications of reproductive mode evolution. Based on current species distributions we examined three selective forces hypothesized to drive squamate viviparity evolution: (1) cold climate, (2) variable climate, and (3) hypoxic conditions, and tested whether viviparity is associated with larger body size.</p> <p>Location: Global.</p> <p>Time period: present day.</p> <p>Taxon: Squamata.</p> <p>Methods: We compiled a dataset of 9,061 squamate species including their distributions, elevation, climate, body mass, and reproductive modes. We applied species-level and assemblage-level approaches for predicting reproductive mode, globally and within biogeographical realms. We tested the relationships of temperature, interannual and intra-annual climatic variation, elevation (as a proxy for hypoxic conditions), and body mass with reproductive mode, employing path analyses to account for correlations among the environmental predictors.</p> <p>Results: Viviparity was strongly associated with cold climates at both species and assemblage levels, despite the prevalence of viviparity in some warm climates. Viviparity was not clearly correlated with climatic variability or elevation. The probability of being viviparous was weakly positively correlated with body size.</p> <p>Conclusions: Although phylogenetic history is important, potentially explaining the occurrence of viviparous species in presently warm regions, current global squamate distribution is characterized by a higher relative abundance of viviparity in cold environments – supporting the prediction of the 'cold-climate' hypothesis. The roles of climatic variation and of hypoxia are less important and not straightforward. Elevation probably exerts various selective pressures and influences the prevalence of viviparity primarily through its effect on temperature rather than on oxygen concentration.</p>
Fig. 2 in PREVALENCE OF NOSEMA CERANAE (MICROSPORIDIA) IN THE APIS MELLIFERA MELLIFERA BEE COLONIES FROM LONG TIME ISOLATED APIARIES OF SIBERIA
Fig. 2. Distribution of Nosema species in apiaries throughout the Krasnoyarsk Krai (dots
Borrelia burgdorferi strain and host sex influence pathogen prevalence and abundance in the tissues of a laboratory rodent host
<p class="MsoNormal">Experimental infections with different pathogen strains give insight into pathogen life history traits. The purpose of our study was to compare variation in tissue infection prevalence and spirochete abundance among strains of <em>B. burgdorferi</em> in a rodent host (<em>Mus musculus</em>, C3H/HeJ). Male and female mice were experimentally infected via tick bite with one of 12 strains. Ear tissue biopsies were taken at days 29, 59, and 89 post-infection (PI), and 7 tissues were collected at necropsy. The presence and abundance of spirochetes in the mouse tissues were measured by qPCR. To determine the frequencies of our strains in nature, their MLSTs were matched to published datasets.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">For the infected mice, 56.6% of the tissues were infected with <em>B. burgdorferi</em>. The mean spirochete load in the mouse necropsy tissues varied 4.8-fold between the strains with the lowest and highest values. The mean spirochete load in the ear tissue biopsies decreased rapidly over time for some strains. <span>The percentage of infected tissues in male mice (65.4%) was significantly higher compared to female mice (50.5%). The </span>mean spirochete load in the 7 tissues <span>was 1.5x higher in male mice compared to female mice; this male bias was 15.3x higher in the ventral skin. </span>Across the 11 strains, the mean spirochete loads in the infected mouse tissues were positively correlated with the strain-specific frequencies in their tick vector populations. Our study suggests that laboratory-based estimates of pathogen abundance in host tissues can predict the strain composition of this important tick-borne pathogen in nature.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.