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opennotspecifiedMay 2015View details →

cranial feathers; 6, proximal part of neck feathers; 7, distal part of humeral feathers; 8, distal part of humeral feathers; 9 and 10, membranous soft tissue near digit II; 11, membranous soft tissue near digit IV; 12, middle part of tibial feathers. in A bizarre Jurassic maniraptoran theropod with preserved evidence of membranous wings

cranial feathers; 6, proximal part of neck feathers; 7, distal part of humeral feathers; 8, distal part of humeral feathers; 9 and 10, membranous soft tissue near digit II; 11, membranous soft tissue near digit IV; 12, middle part of tibial feathers.

opennotspecifiedJul 2019View details →

- Distal part of 2r-rs&Rs vein much longer than proximal part (a, b)................................ Conganteon Olmi in Dryinidae of the Afrotropical region (Hymenoptera, Chrysidoidea)

- Distal part of 2r-rs&Rs vein much longer than proximal part (a, b)................................ Conganteon Olmi

text-fig. 43. Right theropod tibiae in proximal yiew, illustrating states for characters 204 and 205. a, Dilophosaurus wetherilli; based on UCMP V 4214. B, Allosaurus fragilis; based on AMNH 680. Abbreviations: ant, anterior; cc, cnemial crest; fc, fibular condyle; lat, lateral. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 43. Right theropod tibiae in proximal yiew, illustrating states for characters 204 and 205. a, Dilophosaurus wetherilli; based on UCMP V 4214. B, Allosaurus fragilis; based on AMNH 680. Abbreviations: ant, anterior; cc, cnemial crest; fc, fibular condyle; lat, lateral. Scale bars represent 10 mm.

text-fig. 50. Theropod metatarsals, illustrating several tarsal characters, a, Allosaurus sp.; DNM 116; left metatarsals II-IV, anterior view. B, Troödon formosus; MOR 748; right metatarsals II-IV, anterior view, c, Albertosaurus sarcophagus; ROM 807; left metatarsal V; lateral view, proximal is to the right. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 10 mm (b-c). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 50. Theropod metatarsals, illustrating several tarsal characters, a, Allosaurus sp.; DNM 116; left metatarsals II-IV, anterior view. B, Troödon formosus; MOR 748; right metatarsals II-IV, anterior view, c, Albertosaurus sarcophagus; ROM 807; left metatarsal V; lateral view, proximal is to the right. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 10 mm (b-c).

text-fig. 44. Theropod tibiae, showing states for several hindlimb characters, a, Majungatholus atopus; proximal half of left tibia, lateral view; based on FMNH/UA 95263. B-c, Allosaurusfragilis; left tibia. B, lateral view, c, distal half in anterior view; redrawn from Madsen (1976). Abbreviations: ar, anterior ridge on the distal end of the tibia; as, facet for the ascending process of the astragalus; cc, cnemial crest; fa, articulation for femur; fc, fibular condyle; fr, lateral ridge for the attachment of fìbula. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 100 mm (b-c). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 44. Theropod tibiae, showing states for several hindlimb characters, a, Majungatholus atopus; proximal half of left tibia, lateral view; based on FMNH/UA 95263. B-c, Allosaurusfragilis; left tibia. B, lateral view, c, distal half in anterior view; redrawn from Madsen (1976). Abbreviations: ar, anterior ridge on the distal end of the tibia; as, facet for the ascending process of the astragalus; cc, cnemial crest; fa, articulation for femur; fc, fibular condyle; fr, lateral ridge for the attachment of fìbula. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 100 mm (b-c).

text-fig. 49. Theropod astragali and calcanei, illustrating several tarsal characters, a-b, Lilienstemus lilienstemi\ MB R. 2175; left astragalo-calcaneum; anterior view and proximal view (reversed). c-D, Allosaurus fragilis: MOR 693; stereophotographs of left astragalo-calcaneum in anterior and proximal view. E, Deinonychus antirrhopus; YPM 5226; left astragalo-calcaneum; anterior view (stereophotographs). Abbreviations: asc proc, ascending process of the astragalus; ast, astragalus; calc, calcanéum; fib, facet for fibula; tib, facet for tibia. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 49. Theropod astragali and calcanei, illustrating several tarsal characters, a-b, Lilienstemus lilienstemi\ MB R. 2175; left astragalo-calcaneum; anterior view and proximal view (reversed). c-D, Allosaurus fragilis: MOR 693; stereophotographs of left astragalo-calcaneum in anterior and proximal view. E, Deinonychus antirrhopus; YPM 5226; left astragalo-calcaneum; anterior view (stereophotographs). Abbreviations: asc proc, ascending process of the astragalus; ast, astragalus; calc, calcanéum; fib, facet for fibula; tib, facet for tibia. Scale bars represent 10 mm.

text-fig. 55. Left distal tibia, fibula, and proximal tarsals of a, Syntarsus rhodesiensis (QG 1) and B, Lilienstemus lilienstemi (MB R. 2175) in anterior view, showing differences in the development of the distal end of the fibula and its connection with the ascending process of the astragalus. Abbreviations: asc proc, ascending process of the astragalus; astr, astragalus; calc, calcanéum; fib, fibula; tib, tibia. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 55. Left distal tibia, fibula, and proximal tarsals of a, Syntarsus rhodesiensis (QG 1) and B, Lilienstemus lilienstemi (MB R. 2175) in anterior view, showing differences in the development of the distal end of the fibula and its connection with the ascending process of the astragalus. Abbreviations: asc proc, ascending process of the astragalus; astr, astragalus; calc, calcanéum; fib, fibula; tib, tibia. Scale bars represent 10 mm.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2019View details →

Data for "Probing proximity induced superconductivity in InAs nanowire using built-in barriers"

Data for "Probing proximity induced superconductivity in InAs nanowire using built-in barriers"

opennotspecifiedMar 2017View details →

FIGURE 25. Daviesia crenulata. A. Flowering branchlet. B. Infructescence with proximal involucral bract removed. C. Pod. A from Nelson 17388 in A monograph of Daviesia (Mirbelieae, Faboideae, Fabaceae)

FIGURE 25. Daviesia crenulata. A. Flowering branchlet. B. Infructescence with proximal involucral bract removed. C. Pod. A from Nelson 17388; B from Crisp 5261; C from George 3110. Drawn by B-J. Osborne.

opennotspecifiedMar 2017View details →

FIGURE 22. Daviesia alternifolia. A. Flowering branchlet with proximal involucral bract removed. B. Infructescence with enlarged involucral bracts, proximal one removed. C. Pod. A from Phillips s.n in A monograph of Daviesia (Mirbelieae, Faboideae, Fabaceae)

FIGURE 22. Daviesia alternifolia. A. Flowering branchlet with proximal involucral bract removed. B. Infructescence with enlarged involucral bracts, proximal one removed. C. Pod. A from Phillips s.n. (CBG 22136); B, C from George 402. Drawn by A.L. Prowse.

opencc-zeroSep 2019View details →

Data from: Genetic structure of Omani goats reveals admixture among populations from geographically proximal sites

The genetic diversity of most global goat populations has been assessed in recent decades using nuclear markers but remains unstudied in the south Arabian Peninsula, particularly in Sultanate of Oman, despite the importance of these animals for the local economy and food supply. Therefore, the present study provides a comparative analysis of the genetic diversity of five native Omani goat populations and evaluates possible admixture rates with the four most frequently imported goat populations from geographically proximal countries. Quality control of 15 loci was conducted and molecular characterization of nine populations was performed with 11 microsatellite markers. Accordingly, a data set based on 11 high informative microsatellites loci genotypes from nine populations was used to estimate the population genetic parameters. The summary statistics for the parameters depicted relatively highly diverse populations (Ho = 0.667, He = 0.663) with relatively low and mostly non-significant levels of inbreeding (FIS). Furthermore, the population substructure estimators (AMOVA) and population differentiation coefficient (FST) were indicated weak genetic differentiation among populations (P < 0.001).A finer analysis of the population substructure and differentiation using STRUCTURE, discriminant analyses of principal components (DAPCs) and a neighbor-joining (NJ) tree were supported a scenario that a high level of gene flow between populations from close geographical locations are the main evolutionary driving force. Thus, any future conservation strategy and breeding programs should include to preserve unique alleles that might be contributing to with stand the limited feed and requirement in desert ecosystems as well as economic traits.

opennotspecifiedSep 2013View details →

FIGURE 2. Calamus flavinervis. A. Leaf sheath, with proximal pinnae oriented towards the sheath. B. Leaf, showing clustered pinnae. C in Four new species of Calamus (Arecaceae) from Vietnam

FIGURE 2. Calamus flavinervis. A. Leaf sheath, with proximal pinnae oriented towards the sheath. B. Leaf, showing clustered pinnae. C. Distalmost pinnae, showing cluster of pinnae with the distalmost pair oriented away from the sheath and the adjacent pair oriented at a 45º angle to the rachis. D. Partial pistillate inflorescence. (A–D from Henderson & Nguyen Quoc Dung 3869).

opennotspecifiedSep 2013View details →

FIGURE 1. Calamus batoensis. A. Leaf sheath, with proximal pinnae oriented towards the sheath. B in Four new species of Calamus (Arecaceae) from Vietnam

FIGURE 1. Calamus batoensis. A. Leaf sheath, with proximal pinnae oriented towards the sheath. B. Distalmost pinnae, showing cluster of pinnae with the distalmost pair oriented away from the sheath and the adjacent pair oriented at a 45º angle to the rachis. C. Pistillate inflorescence showing swollen rachis bracts and recurved rachillae. D. Fruits. (A –C from Henderson et al. 3809, D from Henderson et al. 3808).

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Proximity to natural habitat and flower plantings increases insect populations and pollination services in South African apple orchards

Introducing areas of wildflower vegetation within crop fields has been shown to enhance pollinator activity and pollination services to crops, and findings in Europe showed an interaction effect between floral treatments and landscape context. Natural fynbos patches in the South African Cape Floristic Region (CFR) are potential reservoirs for beneficial insects that could enhance pollinator populations and crop pollination in commercial apple orchards. However, the effect of proximity to natural habitat and floral enhancement treatments on crop pollinators and yield are yet to be fully tested in southern temperate regions. To elucidate the impact of enhanced floral resources to apple flower visitors and crop yield, we established small experimental patches of flowers in non-productive areas of commercial apple (Malus domestica) orchards in the CFR. Experimental orchards were embedded in landscapes with varying proportions of natural habitat within 1 km. We used pollinator exclusion experiments to determine the benefits of insect pollination on apple yield, quality and economic value. We found that the primary pollinators of apple flowers in the region is the endemic Cape honey bee, Apis mellifera capensis. Floral plantings enhanced overall pollinator abundance and honey bee flower visitation within the orchards, and positively affected apple size and economic value. Increased landscape complexity had a significantly positive effect on wild bees but not on honey bees. Synthesis and applications. We demonstrate that presence of floral plantings within orchards enhances pollinator activity within apple orchards and apple quality. This sustainable management practice may represent a profitable choice for growers, which could increase pollination services while reducing reliance on renting hives. These practices can indirectly contribute to increased landscape-scale resilience and connectivity, while also benefiting pollinators within the remaining natural habitat.

FIGURE 2 in Redescription of Argizala brasiliensis Walker, 1869 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Trigonidiidae: Nemobiinae: Pteronemobiini) and consideration of its morphological proximity to other Pteronemobiini Nearctic genera

FIGURE 2. Male genitalia of non-epitype of Argizala brasiliensis. A—ventral view, B—dorsal view and C—lateral view. "*"—line not evidently sclerotized. Abbreviations: ps.m.l—pseudepiphallic median lobe; ps.p—pseudepiphallic parameres; ps.sc—pseudepiphallic sclerite; ec.f—ectophallic fold; ec.ap—ectophallic apodeme; end.sc—endophallic sclerite; end.apendophallic apodeme.

FIGURE 3. Argizala brasiliensis, female. A,B in Redescription of Argizala brasiliensis Walker, 1869 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Trigonidiidae: Nemobiinae: Pteronemobiini) and consideration of its morphological proximity to other Pteronemobiini Nearctic genera

FIGURE 3. Argizala brasiliensis, female. A,B—habitus, dorsal and lateral views, respectively; C,D—head and pronotum, lateral and dorsal views, respectively; E—supranal plate; F—subgenital plate; G—ovipositor, lateral view; H—ovipositor tip, lateral view; I—copulatory papilla, ventral view; J—copulatory papilla, lateral view; K—spermatheca (sp, lateral view), spermathecal duct (sd, lateral view) and copulatory papilla (cp, frontal view).

FIGURE 1. Argizala brasiliensis, male. A–G and J–P in Redescription of Argizala brasiliensis Walker, 1869 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Trigonidiidae: Nemobiinae: Pteronemobiini) and consideration of its morphological proximity to other Pteronemobiini Nearctic genera

FIGURE 1. Argizala brasiliensis, male. A–G and J–P—epitype; H–I—non-epitype; A,B—habitus in dorsal and lateral views, respectively; C,D—head and pronotum, lateral and dorsal views, respectively; E—tympanum of tibia I; F—apical spurs of tibia I (arrows); G—apical spurs of tibia II (arrows); H—right tegmen; I—Scanning electron micrograph of specialized proximodorsal inner spur of tibia III (the tip is broken); J—specialized proximo-dorsal inner spur of tibia III (arrow); K—inner apical spurs of tibia III (arrows), id: inner dorsal, im: inner median, iv: inner ventral; L—outer apical spurs of tibia III (arrows), od: outer dorsal, om: outer median, ov: outer ventral; M—inner and outer ventro-apical spurs of tibiae III (arrows); N—apical spurs of the basitarsus of tibiae III (arrows); O—supranal plate; P—subgenital plate.

FIGURE 4. Argizala brasiliensis Walker, 1869 in Redescription of Argizala brasiliensis Walker, 1869 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Trigonidiidae: Nemobiinae: Pteronemobiini) and consideration of its morphological proximity to other Pteronemobiini Nearctic genera

FIGURE 4. Argizala brasiliensis Walker, 1869, syntype deposited in the Natural History Museum of London (BMNH). Adorsal view; B—ventral view; C—frontal view; D—lateral view and E—label data. Copyright of the Natural History Museum, London (BMNH).

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

Repeated elevational clines of early life-history traits and their proximate mechanisms in brown trout

1. Climate warming imposes a severe threat to freshwater ecosystems, which are dominated by ectotherms such as fish and aquatic insects. To better predict the effects of climate warming on thermally sensitive ecosystems, information on how temperature affects individual traits within populations is fundamental. 2. Patterns of intraspecific variation in thermal reaction norms along geographic thermal gradients provide valuable information. Immediate temperature effects on individual traits can be inferred from the shape of the thermal reaction norm. The way that temperature and associated environmental conditions (to which populations have been exposed over generations) affect individual traits through transgenerational plasticity in, and/or natural selection on, these traits can also be inferred from patterns of trait variation along a geographic thermal gradient. 3. Many studies have documented patterns of intraspecific variation in thermal reaction norms along geographic thermal gradients. However, most previous studies cannot exclude the possibility that the observed geographic patterns are solely explained by random processes, such as isolation by distance, due to the lack of replication of geographic gradients. Here, we show consistent patterns in intraspecific trait variation along geographic thermal gradients using Salmo trutta (brown trout), which is an ecologically and economically important fish in alpine streams. 4. We kept trout embryos collected from 52 families from 14 populations along wide and replicated elevational gradients from three Alpine drainages (Danube, Po, and Rhine) in two temperature treatments (3.2 and 6.2 °C). Timing and body size at emergence from the nest, which are key early life-history traits of trout affecting their early growth and survival, were measured. 5. Besides faster embryonic development at warmer temperatures, we found that offspring from low-elevation parents took very slightly more days to reach emergence from fertilisation and were larger than offspring from high-elevation parents. Importantly, this was evident for all three drainages. Further analyses found that the higher number of days until- and larger body length at- emergence of low-elevation trout were mainly due to the larger eggs laid by low-elevation females, which had larger body size than high-elevation females. 6. Trout female body size, which is positively correlated with egg size, is susceptible to temperatures and associated environmental conditions. Consequently, climate warming may not only immediately accelerate development rate but also shift timing and size at emergence through egg-size-mediated maternal effects within a relatively short time scale.