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FIG. 8 in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 8. — Sinochonetes wangi Racheboeuf, 1987; A-C, interior view of pedicle valves (N 18/12991, 19/12991, 20/12991), loc. 21581, Severnaya Zemlya or Pod''emnaya formations; D, ventral view of a complete valve (N 21/12991); E, external view of a shelly limestone with pedicle and brachial valves; F, L, complete valve (N 22/12991); F, dorsal view; L, posterior views with a pseudodeltidium and chilidium; G, dorsal valve, showing enlarged external surface with a fine striae (N 23/12991); H, posterior view of a pedicle valve, showing a delthyrium, covered by pseudodeltidium posteriorly (N 24/12991); I, K, dorsal valves with well preserved spines near cardinal margin (NN 25/12991, 26/12991); J, internal mould of a dorsal valve, showing a median septum and anderidia (N 27/12991). Scale bars: A-D, 2.5 mm; E, 5 mm; F-K, 2 mm; L, 1 mm.

FIG. 4 in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 4. — Pentlandina? sp., complete shell (N 8/12991), loc. 29a,?Vodopad Formation; A, posterior view; B, ventral view. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 5. — Brachyprion ruminatus n in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 5. — Brachyprion ruminatus n. sp.; A, B, pedicle valve (holotype N 9/12991), loc. 11, bed 14A, Samojlovich Formation; A, ventral view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view of an internal mould of a pedicle valve (N 10/12991), loc. 11, bed 14, Samojlovich Formation; D, ventral view of an internal mould of a pedicle valve with well developed impressions of concentric rugae (N 11/12991); E, note the radially arranged pseudopunctae at anterior margin (N 12/12991), loc. 11, bed 20, Samojlovich Formation. Scale bars: A, B, D, 6 mm; C, 5 mm; E, 2 mm.

FIG. 7 in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 7. — Morinorhynchus proprius (Lopushinskaya, 1965); A, B, complete shell (N 16/12991), loc. 11, bed 6B, Samojlovich Formation; A, ventral view; B, dorsal view; C, dorsal interior with bilobate cardinal process (N 17/12991), loc. 2, bed 66, Samojlovich Formation. Scale bars: A, B, 5 mm; C, 2 mm.

FIG. 3 in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 3. — Rafinesquina? stropheodontoides (Savage, 1913); A, C, partly damaged dorsal valve, showing thickened costellae at different distances from the beak and short undulate rugae (N 6/12991); A, dorsal view; C, enlarged surface sculpturing; B, ventral view of a pedicle valve (N 7/12991), loc. 13A, bed 124, Vodopad Formation. Scale bars: A, B, 6 mm; C, 2 mm.

FIG. 1 in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 1. — Trimerella sp., pedicle valve (N 1/12991), loc. 13e, Srednij Formation; A, posterior view; B, ventral view. Scale bar: 6 mm.

FIG. 2 in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 2. — Strophomena pectenoides (Andreeva, 1961); A, dorsal view of a brachial valve (N 4/12991), loc. 13, bed 112, Vodopad Formation; B, C, brachial valve (N 3/12991); B, dorsal view; C, posterior view; D, surface sculptering of the specimen (N 5/12991), loc. 32, bed 21, Vodopad Formation. Scale bars: A, B, 10 mm; C, D, 2 mm.

FIG. 15. — Thelodus calvus n in Ordovician and Lower Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 15. — Thelodus calvus n. sp., microstructure of the scales; A, Pi 7631; B, Pi 7632; C, D, Pi 7633; E, Pi 7634; F, Pi 7635; G, Pi 7636; sample MF 46-23, Ushakov River, October Revolution Island, Samojlovich Formation, Wenlock, Lower Silurian. Abbreviations: asp, aspidine "pegs" in the base; b, base; cr, crown; dc, dentine canal; dt, dentine tubules; n, neck, pc, pulp canal; pcv, pulp cavity. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIG. 11. — Paralogania consimilis n in Ordovician and Lower Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 11. — Paralogania consimilis n. sp.; A-C, head scales; D, G, transitional scales; E, F, H-T, trunk scales; A-D, F-M, O, Q, R, scales in crown view; E, N, P, scales in lateral view; A, Pi 7510; B, Pi 6808; C, Pi 7508; D, Pi 7509; E, Pi 7507; F, Pi 6806; G, Pi 7514; H, Pi 7506; I, Pi 6816; J, Pi 6809; K, Pi 7511; L, Pi 6810; M, N, Pi 7512; O, P, holotype Pi 7515; Q, Pi 6813; R, Pi 6817; S, Pi 7513; T, Pi 6811; sample MF 46-23, Ushakov River, October Revolution Island, upper part of Samojlovich Formation, Wenlock, Lower Silurian. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIG. 14 in Ordovician and Lower Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 14. — Set of scales of Thelodus calvus n. sp.; A, B, LIG 35-180; C, D, LIG 35-181; E, LIG 35-182; F, LIG 35-183; G, LIG 35-184; H, LIG 35-185; I, LIG 35-186; J, LIG 35-187; K, L, LIG 35-188; M, LIG 35-191; N, LIG 35-192; O, P, LIG 35-189; Q, LIG 35-190; R, LIG 35-193; sample 32a-208, Ushakov River, October Revolution Island, upper part of Samojlovich Formation, Wenlock, Lower Silurian. Scale bar: 0.3 mm.

FIG. 9. — A-D, Paralogania klubovi n in Ordovician and Lower Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 9. — A-D, Paralogania klubovi n. sp.; A, B, head scales in base view (see Fig. 8A, B); C, trunk scale of type A in base view (see Fig. 8D); D, trunk scale of type B in base view (see Fig. 8F); A, LIG 35-085; B, LIG 35-086; C, LIG 35-087; D, LIG 35-088; E, Loganelliidae gen. et sp. indet.; scale in base view (see Fig. 8J, K), LIG 35-089; sample 2zh, Pioneer Island, middle(?) Llandovery, Lower Silurian. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

FIG. 3 in Ordovician and Lower Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 3. — Set of scales of Stroinolepis maenniki n. gen., n. sp., the same scales are presented in Fig. 2; A-M, Stroinolepis maenniki n. gen., n. sp.; A, head scale; B-E, transitional scales; F-M, undivided trunk and fin scales; A-G, I, L, M, scales in crown view; H, lateral oblique view; J, K, lateral view; A, Pi 7476; B, Pi 7479; C, Pi 7477; D, Pi 7484; E, Pi 7480; F, Pi 7472; G, Pi 7478; H, I, Pi 7481; J, Pi 7474, scale is lost; K, Pi 7470; L, Pi 7469; M, Pi 7473; A, C, F, G, J-M, sample MF 49-7, Strojnaya River, Ozernaya Formation, Middle-Upper Ordovician; B, E, H, I, sample MF 49-9; D, sample MF 49-11, Strojnaya River, October Revolution Island, Strojnaya Formation, Upper Ordovician. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

FIG. 2. — A-M, Stroinolepis maenniki n. gen., n in Ordovician and Lower Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 2. — A-M, Stroinolepis maenniki n. gen., n. sp.; A, head scale; B-E, transitional scales; F-M, undivided trunk and fin scales; A-G, I, L, M, scales in crown view; H, lateral oblique view; J, K, lateral view; A, Pi 7476; B, Pi 7479; C, Pi 7477; D, Pi 7484; E, Pi 7480; F, Pi 7472; G, Pi 7478; H, I, Pi 7481; J, Pi 7474, scale is lost; K, Pi 7470; L, Pi 7469; M, Pi 7473; A, C, F, G, J-M, sample MF 49-7, Strojnaya River, Ozernaya Formation, Middle-Upper Ordovician; B, E, H, I, sample MF 49-9; D, sample MF 49-11, Strojnaya River, October Revolution Island, Strojnaya Formation, Upper Ordovician; N-S, Loganellia grossi Fredholm, 1990; N, head scale; O, transitional scale; P-S, trunk scales; N, O, Q-S, scales in crown view; P, a scale in base view; N, Pi 7530; O, Pi 6839; P, Pi 7533; Q, Pi 7532; R, Pi 6837; S, Pi 7535; sample 2-68, Matusevich River, October Revolution Island, upper part of Samojlovich Formation, Wenlock, Lower Silurian. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIG. 6 in Ordovician and Lower Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 6. — Microstructure of the scales; A, B, Loganellia matura n. sp.; C-F, Shielia multispinata n. sp.; G, Paralogania consimilis n. sp.; A, Pi 7624; B, Pi 7625; C, Pi 7626; D, Pi 7627; E, Pi 7628; F, Pi 7629; G, Pi 7630; A, B, sample MF 3-8, Srednii Island, Golomyannyj Formation, middle part of Llandovery, Lower Silurian; C-F, sample MF 157-7, Spokojnaya River, upper part of Samojlovich Formation, Wenlock, Lower Silurian; G, sample MF 46-23, Ushakov River, October Revolution Island, upper part of Samojlovich Formation, Wenlock, Lower Silurian. Abbreviations: asp, aspidine "pegs" in the base; b, base; bc, canal in the base; cr, crown; dc, dentine canal; dt, dentine tubules; fpc, fan-shaped pulp canals; lac, lacunae of dentine canals; mpc, main pulp canal; n, neck; pc, pulp canal; pco, pulp canal opening; sp, spine. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIG. 10. — Paralogania klubovi n in Ordovician and Lower Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 10. — Paralogania klubovi n. sp., microstructure of the scales; A, head scale, LIG 35-086; B, trunk scale, LIG 35-087; the scales were drawn in anise oil; sample 2zh, Pioneer Island, middle(?) Llandovery, Lower Silurian. Abbreviations: b, base; cr, crown; dt, dentine tubules; odt, openings of dentine tubules; mpc, main pulp canal. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

FIG. 5. — A-O, Loganellia matura n in Ordovician and Lower Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 5. — A-O, Loganellia matura n. sp.; A, B, head scales; C-E, transitional scales; F-M, O, trunk scales; N, fin? scale; A, C, F-H, J-L, N, scales in crown view; B, D, E, M, scales in lateral view; I, a scale in base view; N, posterior half of a trunk? scale in lateral view; A, Pi 7486; B, Pi 7487; C, Pi 7499; D, Pi 7496; E, Pi 7489; F, Pi 7494; G, holotype Pi 7492; H, Pi 7490; I, Pi 7497; J, Pi 7493; K, Pi 7501; L, M, Pi 7495; N, Pi 7485; O, Pi 7500; sample MF 3-8, Srednii Island, Sedov Archipelago, Golomyannyj Formation, middle Llandovery, Lower Silurian; P-S, Thelodus calvus n. sp.; P, LIG 35-907; Q, holotype Pi 7503; R, Pi 7505; S, Pi 7504; P, a scale in crown view; Q, S, in lateral view; R, in base view; P, sample 32a-208; Q-S, sample MF 46-23; Ushakov River, October Revolution Island, Samojlovich Formation, Wenlock, Lower Silurian. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIG. 8. — A-I, Paralogania klubovi n in Ordovician and Lower Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 8. — A-I, Paralogania klubovi n. sp.; A, B, head scales; C, transitional scale; D-I, trunk scales; A, B, D-F, H, I, scales in crown view; C, a scale in base view; G, a scale (holotype) in lateral view; A, LIG 35-085; B, LIG 35-086; C, LIG 35-832; D, LIG 35-087; E, LIG 35-833; F, LIG 35-088; G, LIG 35-834; H, LIG 35-835; I, LIG 35-836; J-L, Loganelliidae gen. et sp. indet.; J, scale in crown view; K, posterior part of the same scale; L, enlarged part of left posterior section, LIG 35-089; sample 2zh, Pioneer Island, middle(?) Llandovery, Lower Silurian. Scale bars: 0.1 mm

FIG. 1 in Ordovician and Lower Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 1. — Distribution of thelodonts in the Ordovician to Devonian sections of October Revolution and coeval strata of Srednii (marked with triangles) and Pioneer (marked with stars) islands.

FIG. 13. — Paralogania consimilis n in Ordovician and Lower Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 13. — Paralogania consimilis n. sp., microstructure of the scales; A, B, vertical longitudinal section; A, Pi 7621; B, Pi 7620; C, horizontal section, Pi 7622; sample 46-23, Ushakov River, October Revolution Island, upper part of Samojlovich Formation, Wenlock, Lower Silurian. Abbreviations: lac, lacunae; mpc, main pulp canal; pc, pulp canal; pd, pulp depression; sh, canals of Sharpey's fibres; sp, spine. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

FIG. 7. — A-S, Shielia multispinata n in Ordovician and Lower Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 7. — A-S, Shielia multispinata n. sp.; A, head scale; B-D, F, transitional scales; E, G-P, trunk scales; Q-S, fin scales; A, B, scales in lateral view; C-N, P, Q, S, scales in crown view; O, a scale in oblique view; R, a scale in base view; A, Pi 7517; B, Pi 7519; C, Pi 7518; D, Pi 7520; E, Pi 7521; F, Pi 6804; G, Pi 7523; H, Pi 7522; I, Pi 7524; J, Pi 7525; K, holotype Pi 6803; L, Pi 6805; M, Pi 6801; N, O, Pi 7526; P, Pi 6802; Q, Pi 7527; R, Pi 7529; S, Pi 7528; sample MF 157-7, Spokojnaya River, October Revolution Island, upper part of Samojlovich Formation, Wenlock, Lower Silurian; T-V, Thelodus? sp., scales in crown view; T, Pi 7516; U, LIG 35 908; V, Pi 6814; T, V, sample MF 46-23; U, sample 32a-208, Ushakov River, October Revolution Island, Samojlovich Formation, Wenlock, Lower Silurian. Scale bars: A-I, K-M, P-V, 0.1 mm; J, N, O, 0.2 mm.