Find research datasets worth reusing

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2017View details →

Fig. 2. Toxodontian notoungulates from South America. A–D in New postcranial remains of large toxodontian notoungulates from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, Argentina and their systematic implications

Fig. 2. Toxodontian notoungulates from South America. A–D. Proadinotherium sp. from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene). A. MCNAM-PV 4238, right M2, occlusal view. B. MCNAM-PV 4960, left m2, labial (B1) and occlusal (B2) views. C. MCNAM-PV 3843, left m3, lingual (C1), labial (C2), and occlusal (C3) views. D. MCNAM-PV 4085, right calcaneum, posterior (D1), medial (D2), and anterior (D3) views. E. Proadinotherium muensteri Ameghino, 1902 from Colhue Huapi lake, Chubut, Argentina; Colhuehuapian SALMA (early Miocene), MACN Pv-17576 (cast), left calcaneum, medial view. F. Rynchippus equinus Ameghino, 1897 (Notohippidae) from Salla, Bolivia; Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene), YPM VP-52313, left calcaneum, anterior (F1) and posterior (F2) views. G. Proadinotherium sp. from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene), MCNAM-PV 4215, right astragalus, anterior (G1), posterior (G2), distal (G3), and lateral (G4) views. H. Proadinotherium leptognathum Ameghino, 1894 from Santa Cruz, Argentina; Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene), MACN A 12319, left astragalus, anterior view. I. "Morphippus imbricatus" Ameghino, 1897 (Notohippidae) from Sarmiento Formation, Chubut, Argentina; Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene), MACN A 12100, left astragalus, anterior view.

Fig. 3 in Distinguishing Quaternary glyptodontine cingulates in South America: How informative are juvenile specimens?

Fig. 3. Dispersion graph including values of thickness and diameter of osteoderms from dorsal carapace of Glyptodon and Glyptotherium in different ontogenetic stages.

Fig. 2 in Distinguishing Quaternary glyptodontine cingulates in South America: How informative are juvenile specimens?

Fig. 2. Juvenile. Osteoderms of the dorsal caparace (A–I) and caudal armor (J–K) of juvenile glyptodont Glyptotherium sp. (UNIRIO-PM 6231) from the Late Pleistocene of Aurora do Tocantins, Brazil; in external (A1–K1), internal (A2, C2), and lateral (A3, B2, C3, D2–K2) views.

Fig. 1 in Distinguishing Quaternary glyptodontine cingulates in South America: How informative are juvenile specimens?

Fig. 1. Map showing the geographic distribution of Glyptodontinae recorded in Brazil (A) and location of studied area within State of Tocantins (B).

Fig. 6 in Distinguishing Quaternary glyptodontine cingulates in South America: How informative are juvenile specimens?

Fig. 6. Osteoderm histology of juvenile glyptodont Glyptotherium sp. (UNIRIO-PM 6231) from the Late Pleistocene of Aurora do Tocantins, Brazil. A. Osteoderm from lateral regions of the dorsal carapace (II), showing highly vascularized superficial cortex composed of woven fibered bone; several vascular canals are opened to the surface. Natural light photograph (A1), under polarized light (A2). Note the monorefrigent nature of the cortical tissue. B. Close up of the woven fibered bone matrix; bone cell lacunae are abundant and they are haphazardly arranged. C. Detail of the cortical bone at the marginal region of the osteoderm; the vascular spaces are larger than in the superficial cortex of the same specimen. Patches of slightly birefringent tissue are present, indicating preferential fiber orientation in some areas (C2). Natural light photograph (C1), under polarized light (C2). D. Osteoderm from lateral regions of the dorsal carapace (III); showing woven fibered bone in the marginal region of the osteoderm viewed under polarized light with lambda compensator. E. Resorpion cavities in the inner core. The bone trabeculae are composed of woven fibered bone. F. Cortical bone at deep cortex. Natural light photograph (F1), under polarized light with lambda compensator (F2). Abbreviations: its, inter-trabecular spaces; nvc, neurovascular canals.

Fig. 5 in Distinguishing Quaternary glyptodontine cingulates in South America: How informative are juvenile specimens?

Fig. 5. Osteoderm microanatomy of juvenile glyptodont Glyptotherium sp. (UNIRIO-PM 6231) from the Late Pleistocene of Aurora do Tocantins, Brazil. General view of the complete sections. A. Osteoderm from the medial zone of the dorsal carapace (I). B, C. Osteoderms from lateral regions of the dorsal carapace (II and III).

Fig. 7. Geometric morphometric analyses. A. Principal Component Analysis. B in Early steps in the radiation of notoungulate mammals in southern South America: A new henricosborniid from the Eocene of Patagonia

Fig. 7. Geometric morphometric analyses. A. Principal Component Analysis. B. Canonical Variate Analysis.

Fig. 1. Landmark configurations maped onto a hypothetical generalized henricosborniid. A in Early steps in the radiation of notoungulate mammals in southern South America: A new henricosborniid from the Eocene of Patagonia

Fig. 1. Landmark configurations maped onto a hypothetical generalized henricosborniid. A. Upper molar: 1, metastyle; 2, metacone; 3, paracone; 4, parastyle; 5, protocone; 6, hypocone; 7, distolingual end of crochet; 8, mesiolabial end of crochet. B. Lower molar: 1, labial end of paralophid; 2, labial end of metalophid; 3, lingual end of metalophid; 4, mesial end of cristid obliqua; 5, hypoconulid; 6, entoconid/lingual end of entolophid.

Fig. 2 in Early steps in the radiation of notoungulate mammals in southern South America: A new henricosborniid from the Eocene of Patagonia

Fig. 2. Geochronology of SALMAs and litostratigraphic units mentioned in the text modified from Gelfo et al. (2009) and Krause et al. (2017). The formations outcrop in different localities: 1, Northwest Patagonia, Argentina; 2, Tiupampa, Bolivia; 3, San Jorge Basin, Patagonia, Argentina. Abbreviations: C., Cocatherium; Fm., Formation.

Fig. 4 in Early steps in the radiation of notoungulate mammals in southern South America: A new henricosborniid from the Eocene of Patagonia

Fig. 4. Notoungulate mammal Orome deepi gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene of Las Violetas Farm (A–C) and Las Flores (D–H), Argentina, all tooth in occlusal view. A. MLP-90-II-5-1633, fragment of right maxilla with M1–M2. B. MLP-90-II-5-1632, fragment of left maxilla with M1–M2. C. MLP- 90-II-5-1634, fragment of right maxilla with M1–M2. D. MLP-90-II-5-1637, fragment of left maxilla with broken P4, M1, and M2. E. MLP-90-II-5-1636, isolated left M1. F. MLP-90-II-5-1638, fragment of left maxilla with broken M1 and M2. G. MLP-90-II-5-1635, isolated left M1. H. MLP-79-I-5-47, isolated right M3. A, B, C, and H were horizontaly mirrored.

Fig. 3 in Early steps in the radiation of notoungulate mammals in southern South America: A new henricosborniid from the Eocene of Patagonia

Fig. 3. Holotype of notoungulate mammal Orome deepi gen. et sp. nov. (MLP-90-II-5-1631) from the early Eocene of Las Violetas Farm, Argentina. Left dP4 and M1 in occlusal view.

Fig. 11 in Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

Fig. 11. Predation marks produced by Cosmasterias lurida (Philippi, 1858) in mussels under aquarium conditions. A. Brachidontes purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819), CEGH−UNC 25376, right and left valves in external view. B–E. Mytilus chilensis Hupé, 1854. B. CEGH−UNC 25377, right and left valve in external view. C. CEGH−UNC 25378, right and left valve in external view. D. CEGH−UNC 25379, right and left valve in external view. E. CEGH−UNC 25380, right valve in external view. F–H. Aulacomya atra (Molina, 1782). F. CEGH−UNC 25380, articulated specimen in ventral view. G. CEGH−UNC 25381, articulated specimen in ventral view. H. CEGH−UNC 25382, right and left valve in external view. I. Syn−vivo specimen of the sea star Cosmasterias lurida (Philippi, 1858). Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 8 in Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

Fig. 8. Predation marks produced by Trophon geversianus (Pallas, 1774) in mussels under aquarium conditions. A–D. Mytilus chilensis Hupé, 1854. A. CEGH−UNC 25339, left valve in external view. B. CEGH−UNC 25340, right valve in external view. C. CEGH−UNC 25341, left valve in external view. D. CEGH−UNC 25342, left valve in external view (D1), detailed (D2). E. Trophon geversianus (Pallas, 1774), CEGH−UNC 25343, shell in dorsal view. F–J. Brachidontes purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819). F. CEGH−UNC 25344, left valve in external view. G. CEGH−UNC 25345, left valve in external view. H. CEGH−UNC 25346, right valve in external view. I. CEGH−UNC 25347, right valve in external view. J. CEGH−UNC 25348, left valve in external view. K–M. Aulacomya atra (Molina, 1782). K. CEGH−UNC 25349, left valve in external view. L. CEGH−UNC 25350, left valve in external view. M. detailed sector of marginal area of both valves of specimen CEGH−UNC 25349 in internal view. Arrows indicate marginal drillings. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 10 in Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

Fig. 10. Predation marks produced by Acanthina monodon (Pallas, 1774) in mussels under aquarium conditions. A–C. Brachidontes purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819). A. CEGH−UNC 25357, articulated specimen, external view of right valve. B. CEGH−UNC 25358, articulated specimen, external view of left valve. C. CEGH−UNC 25359, articulated specimen, external view of left valve. D–F, I–O. Mytilus chilensis Hupé, 1854. D. CEGH−UNC 25360, left valve in external view. E. CEGH−UNC 25361, right valve in external view. F. CEGH−UNC 25362, left valve in external view. I. CEGH−UNC 25365, right valve in external view. J. CEGH−UNC 25366, left valve in external view. K. CEGH−UNC 25367, right valve in external view. L. CEGH−UNC 25368, right valve in external view. M. CEGH−UNC 25369, left valve in external view. N. CEGH−UNC 25370, right valve in external view. O. CEGH−UNC 25371, right valve in external view. G, H. Acanthina monodon (Pallas, 1774). G. CEGH−UNC 25363, valve in dorsal view. H. CEGH−UNC 25364, valve in lateral view. P–S. Aulacomya atra (Molina, 1782). P. CEGH−UNC 25372, right valve in external view. Q. CEGH−UNC 25372, right valve in internal view. R. CEGH−UNC 25375, left valve in external view. S. CEGH−UNC 25375, left valve in internal view (S1), close−up of the notches (S2). Black arrows indicate chipping margins, white arrows indicate notches. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 7 in Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

Fig. 7. Counts of eating and resting specimens of Trophon geversianus (Pallas, 1774) in three different localities: Bahía Golondrina (A, B), Bahía Ushuaia (C, D), and San Pablo (E). A and C correspond to a first period of observation (the first year). B, D, and E correspond to a second year.

Fig. 6 in Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

Fig. 6. Position of drill holes on Mytilus chilensis Hupé, 1854. Y axis: valve sector; X axis: frequency. A. Bahía Brown shell accumulations (n = 81). B. Bahía Golondrina shell accumulations (n = 295). C. Poduced by Trophon geversianus (Pallas, 1774) under aquarium conditions (n = 85). D. Produced by Xymenopsis muriciformis (King, 1832) under aquarium conditions (n =19).

Fig. 3 in Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

Fig. 3. Means with confidence limits of shell lengths of Mytilus chilensis Hupé, 1854 consumed by the three different predators included in aquarium experiments. Dashed lines separate size categories.

Fig. 2 in Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

Fig. 2. Scheme of the surface of a mussel shell indicating 5 (I, II, III, IV and V) sectors used for the drill site preference analyses.

Fig. 9 in Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

Fig. 9. Predation marks produced by Xymenopsis muriciformis (King, 1832) in mussels under aquarium conditions on Mytilus chilensis Hupé, 1854. A–C, E, F. Mytilus chilensis Hupé, 1854. A. CEGH−UNC 25351, left valve in external view. B. CEGH−UNC 25352, left valve in external view. C. CEGH−UNC 25353, left valve in external view. E. CEGH−UNC 25355, right valve in external view. F. CEGH−UNC 25356, right valve in external view (F1), close−up of the drill hole (F2). D. Xymenopsis muriciformis (King, 1832), CEGH−UNC 25354, shell in dorsal view.

Fig. 5 in Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

Fig. 5. Bar chart of size classes for drilled and undrilled shells collected in the field. Y axis is the frequency of each size class. A. Bahía Golondrina. B. Bahía Brown.