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Fig. 3. A in Pelvic-Fin Brooding In A New Species Of Riverine Ricefish (Atherinomorpha: Beloniformes: Adrianichthyidae) From Tana Toraja, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

Fig. 3. A, Oryzias eversi, male, not preserved; B, Oryzias eversi, female carrying eggs, not preserved; C, urogenital pore of female Oryzias eversi with attaching filaments, after hatching of the embryos. (Photographs by: Hans-Georg Evers).

Fig. 4 in Pelvic-Fin Brooding In A New Species Of Riverine Ricefish (Atherinomorpha: Beloniformes: Adrianichthyidae) From Tana Toraja, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

Fig. 4. Map of Sulawesi, with a black star highlighting the type locality of Oryzias eversi in the Toraja highlands (Map by: Thomas von Rintelen, modified).

Fig. 1. A in Pelvic-Fin Brooding In A New Species Of Riverine Ricefish (Atherinomorpha: Beloniformes: Adrianichthyidae) From Tana Toraja, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

Fig. 1. A, Oryzias eversi, new species, MZB 20780, holotype, male, 35.8 mm SL; B, ZFMK 44939, paratype, female, 34.9 mm SL.

Fig. 4. A in Nomorhamphus Rex, A New Species Of Viviparous Halfbeak (Atherinomorpha: Beloniformes: Zenarchopteridae) Endemic To Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia

Fig. 4. A: Nomorhamphus rex, MZB 20724, holotype, 44.4 mm SL, male; B: ZFMK 44949, paratype, 63.9 mm SL, female.

Fig. 2 in Nomorhamphus Rex, A New Species Of Viviparous Halfbeak (Atherinomorpha: Beloniformes: Zenarchopteridae) Endemic To Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia

Fig. 2. Diagrammatic representation of the modified anal-fin rays (andropodium) of Nomorhamphus rex, MZB 20724, holotype, 44.4 mm SL, male. Fourth segment of the second ray with a dorsal and a ventral row of "subsegments" forming squares and rectangles of different sizes. The fourth ray is divided into three rows from approximately the third of its length, forming a kind of a covering for the third anal-fin ray with one dorsal and two lateral rows beneath. SN, Spinae; SP, Spiculus. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 5 in Nomorhamphus Rex, A New Species Of Viviparous Halfbeak (Atherinomorpha: Beloniformes: Zenarchopteridae) Endemic To Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia

Fig. 5. Radiograph of Nomorhamphus rex. A, Nomorhamphus rex, MZB 20724, holotype, 44.4 mm SL, male; B, ZFMK 44949, paratype, 63.9 mm SL, female.

Fig. 107 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species

Fig. 107. Terrestrial habitat: forest at Kuala Navusu (30 m) where in 1975 on the ground we trapped Bunomys andrewsi, Maxomys hellwaldii, Rattus hoffmanni, Paruromys dominator, and Echiothrix centrosa. The Planchonia valida shown here is among the several species of grand old-growth trees forming the upper canopy and attest to the primeval integrity of the forest. Alcoves between buttresses were productive places to trap Maxomys hellwaldii. The palm Licuala celebica with its broad frons provides contrasting shape and texture to the understory.

Fig. 106 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species

Fig. 106. Montane ridge forest at 1830 m, Gunung Nokilalaki (in 1975). Margaretamys parvus were taken in the Sherman traps set by Aminudi on a woody vine (1/2 in. diameter). The vine was rooted in the ground on top of the ridge, wound up a sapling and over limbs in the understory to about 10 ft, then dropped down and looped out over a steep slope in understory for 15 ft, then extended up to about 30 ft where it wound through crowns of understory trees and into the canopy. Floristic composition of the forest was similar to that noted in legend to figure 105. Margaretamys elegans, Paruromys dominator, and Bunomys penitus were the most frequently trapped murines at this elevation (see fig. 103).

Fig. 108 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species

Fig. 108. Arboreal habitat: woody vine on which we trapped the arboreal Margaretamys beccarii at Kuala Navusu (108 m) in 1975. Vine is about 15 ft above ground and part of a cluster that loops across a rocky streambed concealed by dense understory growth along each side of the stream with a few scattered canopy and emergent trees. The palms Licuala, young Livistona, Pinanga, and rattan are common. Slopes are steep and rocky. The forest is a mixture of primary growth along with dense secondary growth and scrub covering old landslips and streamside washouts. Rattus facetus and Haeromys minahassae were also trapped on woody vines in the understory of nearby intact forest.

Fig. 105 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species

Fig. 105. Montane forest at 1951 m, Gunung Nokilalaki (in 1975). Usma perches below a woody vine (2–3 inches in diameter) on which two Margaretamys elegans were trapped about 20 ft above ground. The vine connected crowns of Eugenia sp. and Lithocarpus havilandii, which are the dominant canopy trees here with contributions from Dacrycarpus imbricatus. Walnut (Engelhardtia serrata) is abundant in the understory as seedlings and young trees. Rattans are plentiful, and Pandanus sp., Podocarpus neriifolius, and the palm Areca vestiaria are scattered in the understory. Maxomys musschenbroekii, Rattus hoffmanni, Rattus facetus, Paruromys dominator, Tateomys rhinogradoides, Melasmothrix naso, and Bunomys penitus were trapped on the ground in the forest here (see fig. 103).

Fig. 104 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species

Fig. 104. Extremes in body size and departure from the typical Rattus-like conformation (such as the species of Bunomys illustrated in fig. 6) among the murines encountered on the transect. Upper left: Paruromys dominator, the largest in body size (LHB 5 229–278 mm for adults, mass 5 215–440 g). Upper right: Haeromys minahassae, the smallest in physical size (LHB 5 74–79 mm for adults, mass 5 11–16 g). Lower left: Tateomys rhinogradoides, embodying the shrewlike physique. Lower right: Maxomys hellwaldii, terrestrial with long face, large eyes and ears, bright fur, and elongate hind feet, a build also similar to Echiothrix centrosa.

Fig. 103 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species

Fig. 103. The species of murine rodents (all endemic to Sulawesi) collected along my transect in the west-central region (see fig. 1). Number of specimens trapped per elevation are indicated for 27 species collected along the transect beginning in the lowlands at Sungai Oha Kecil in the valley of the Sungai Miu and ending at the summit of Gunung Nokilalaki. About 1300 m marks the transition between tropical lowland evergreen and lower montane rain forests along the transect line; 2000 m is the approximate transition between lower and upper montane forests.

Fig. 102 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species

Fig. 102. Summary of morphometric discrimination among members of Bunomys collected along my transect in the northern part of the west-central mountain block. Individual specimen scores are projected onto first and second canonical variates extracted from discriminant-function analysis of 16 cranial and two dental log-transformed variables. Upper graph: contrasts among samples of the large-bodied species B. karokophilus (empty triangles; N 5 17), B. andrewsi from Puro-Sungai Miu (empty circles; N 5 8), and B. penitus from Gunung Kanino (filled inverted triangles; N 5 74) and Gunung Nokilalaki (empty inverted triangles; N 5 82). Lower graph: discrimination among samples of the three large-bodied species of Bunomys and the smaller-bodied B. chrysocomus from Sungai Oha Kecil + Sungai Sadaunta (empty rightpointing triangles; N 5 147) and Danau Lindu + Gunung Kanino (filled right-pointing triangles; N 5 42). See table 75 for correlations (loadings) of variables with extracted canonical variates and for percent variance explained that apply to both ordinations.

Fig. 100 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species

Fig. 100. Ventral views of the same skulls shown in figure 99. Upper pair, from left to right: B. andrewsi and B. chrysocomus. Lower pair, from left to right: B. karokophilus and B. penitus. ×2.

Fig. 101 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species

Fig. 101. Lateral views of the the same specimens presented in figures 99 and 100. Upper pair, from left to right: B. andrewsi and B. chrysocomus. Lower pair, from left to right: B. karokophilus and B. penitus. ×2.

Fig. 99 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species

Fig. 99. Dorsal views of adult skulls representing the four species of Bunomys collected along my transect extending from the Sungai Oha Kecil to Gunung Nokilalaki. Upper pair, left to right: B. andrewsi (AMNH 224632, Sungai Oha Kecil, 458 m) and B. chrysocomus (AMNH 224698, Sungai Sadaunta, 763 m). Lower pair, left to right: B. karokophilus (AMNH 225038, holotype, Sungai Sadaunta, 1006 m), and B. penitus (AMNH 225275, Gunung Kanino, 1464 m). ×2.

Fig. 97 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species

Fig. 97. Tropical lowland evergreen rainforest at 1150 m along the Sungai Tokararu (in 1973), which flows into Danau Lindu. The dense streamside forest shown here is a good example of similar floristic landscapes along the Sungai Sadaunta and other streams in tropical lowland evergreen rain forest that are the haunts of Bunomys karokophilus as well as B. chrysocomus. The 1150 meter site was the highest at which we encountered B. karokophilus, but B. chrysocomus ranges up into nearby lower montane forest.

Fig. 78 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species

Fig. 78. Upper diagram: Pattern of phenetic relationships among population samples representing Bunomys penitus derived from UPGMA clustering of squared Mahalanobis distances among group centroids as based on discriminant-function analysis. Lower diagram: Specimen scores representing two samples of B. penitus projected onto first and second principal components extracted from principalcomponents analysis of 16 cranial and two dental log-transformed variables. Combined population samples from the west-central mountain block (Gunung Lehio, Gunung Kanino, Gunung Nokilalaki, Rano Rano, Mamasa Area, and Pegunungan Latimojong) form one sample (filled circle); the lot from Pegunungan Mekongga on the southeastern peninsula constitutes the other (empty circle). Ellipses outline 95% confidence limits for each group centroid. Equations for the regression lines are: West-central mountain block, Y 5 ‾0.004 × 0.000 (F 5 0.005, P 5 0.941); Pegunungan Mekongga, Y 5 ‾0.023 × ‾0.001 (F 5 0.051, P 5 0.826). Neither the slopes of the two regression lines or their Y-intercepts are statistically significant (see discussion in text). The ordination in figure 77 shows the same distribution of scores but with individual samples identified; correlations of variables and percent variance in table 63 apply to both principal-components diagrams.

Fig. 81 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species

Fig. 81. Primary upper montane rain forest at 2256 m (in 1975) near the summit of Gunung Nokilalaki. The forest is open, lacking the closed canopy so typical of forest formations at lower elevations. Oak (Lithocarpus havilandii) is common and joins magnolia (Magnolia sp.), bayberry (Myrica javanica), and conifers (species of Dacrydium and Podocarpus) as the largest trees; species of Eugenia, Praravinia, Vaccinium, Symplocos, Astronia, Ternstroemia, Elaeocarpus, Litsea, Cryptocarya, Melastoma, and the occasional Ficus are among the many species of smaller trees. The climbing pandan (Freycinetia) winds through the tree crowns; here and there slender rattan stems (Calamus and Daemonorops) drape below the crowns. Sedges form much of the ground cover in this spot. Bunomys penitus is common in this cool and wet mossy habitat where we trapped them on wet ground within the sedge cover, and along sides of the moss-covered roots, decaying trunks lying on the ground, and rocks.

Fig. 92 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species

Fig. 92. Specimen scores representing the sample of Bunomys karokophilus (empty triangles, N 5 17) and the samples of B. andrewsi (empty circles, N 5 40) from the west-central mountain block (Puro-Sungai Miu, Tamalanti, Tuare, the Mamasa area, and Gunung Balease) projected onto first and second principal components extracted from principal-components analysis of 16 cranial and two dental log-transformed variables. Ellipses outline 95% confidence limits for cluster centroids. Equations for the regression lines are: B. karokophilus, Y 5 0.573× 1.493 (F 5 4.66, P 5 0.048); B. andrewsi, Y 5 0.388× ‾0.580 (F 5 16.91, P 5 0.000). See table 70 for correlations (loadings) of variables with extracted components and for percent variance explained.