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opennotspecifiedJan 2015View details →

FIGURE 5 in Molecular phylogenetic and morphological analyses of the traditional tribe Coriandreae (Umbelliferae-Apioideae)

FIGURE 5. Schematic transverse sections of mericarps.A. Schrenkia golickeana (Pimenov et al.135, MW); B. Kosopoljanskya turkestanica (Pimenov et al. 891, MW). A-B: redrawn from Politova (Politova, unpublished). 1 = exocarp; 2 = mesocarp: sclerenchymatous layer; 3 = secterory ducts; 4 = endosperm; scale bar = 1mm.

FIGURE 5 in The rediscovery of Billburttia vaginoides, with notes on the morphology, anatomy, traditional uses and conservation status of the genus Billburttia (Apieae, Apiaceae)

FIGURE 5. Elemental analysis of the aggregated acicular crystals in the mesocarp performed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The EDS spectra show only carbon (C) and oxygen (O) peaks, indicating organic crystals. A. Billburttia capensoides. B. B. vaginoides.

FIGURE 6 in The rediscovery of Billburttia vaginoides, with notes on the morphology, anatomy, traditional uses and conservation status of the genus Billburttia (Apieae, Apiaceae)

FIGURE 6. The known geographical distribution of Billburttia capensoides (dots) and B. vaginoides (triangles).

FIGURE 4 in The rediscovery of Billburttia vaginoides, with notes on the morphology, anatomy, traditional uses and conservation status of the genus Billburttia (Apieae, Apiaceae)

FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs showing the morphology of aggregated acicular crystals in mesocarp cells. A1 and A2. Billburttia capensoides (Rakotonandrasana & Ratrimosaona 1494, TAN, CNARP). B1 and B2. B. vaginoides (Rakotonandrasana & Ratrimosaona 1495, TAN, CNARP). Scale bars: A1, B1 = 5 μm; A2, B2 = 10 μm.

FIGURE 3. Petiole and fruit anatomy. A in The rediscovery of Billburttia vaginoides, with notes on the morphology, anatomy, traditional uses and conservation status of the genus Billburttia (Apieae, Apiaceae)

FIGURE 3. Petiole and fruit anatomy. A. Billburttia capensoides (Rakotonandrasana & Ratrimosaona 1494, TAN, CNARP). B. B. vaginoides (Rakotonandrasana & Ratrimosaona 1495, TAN, CNARP). A1 and B1. Transverse sections of petiolules. A2 and B2. Transverse sections of petiolar bases; sc—small secretory canals in ground tissue, scp—small secretory canal in phloem. A3 and B3. Transverse sections of fruits. Black arrowheads mark the aggregates of acicular crystals. Scale bars: A1, A3, B1, B3 = 500 μm; A2, B2 = 200 μm.

FIGURE 2. Stem and leaf lamina anatomy. A in The rediscovery of Billburttia vaginoides, with notes on the morphology, anatomy, traditional uses and conservation status of the genus Billburttia (Apieae, Apiaceae)

FIGURE 2. Stem and leaf lamina anatomy. A. Billburttia capensoides (Rakotonandrasana & Ratrimosaona 1494, TAN, CNARP). B. B. vaginoides (Rakotonandrasana & Ratrimosaona 1495, TAN, CNARP). A1 and B1. Transverse sections of stems; pf—protophloem fibers. A2 and B2. Transverse sections of leaf lamina; sc—small secretory canals associated with adaxial extensions of sheaths around vascular bundles. A3 and B3. Surface view of abaxial epidermis of leaf lamina. Black arrowheads mark the aggregates of acicular crystals. Scale bars: A1 = 500 μm; A2, B1, B2 = 200 μm; A3, B3 = 100 μm.

FIGURE 1 in The rediscovery of Billburttia vaginoides, with notes on the morphology, anatomy, traditional uses and conservation status of the genus Billburttia (Apieae, Apiaceae)

FIGURE 1. Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Billburttia species. A. B. vaginoides. A1. Spreading habit. A2. Leaves and inflorescence. B. B. capensoides. B1. Erect habit. B2. Leaves and inflorescence. Photographs by S.R. Rakotonandrasana.

opennotspecifiedJan 2018View details →

FIGURE 3 in Phylogeny and morphology reveal two new species of Diaporthe from Traditional Chinese Medicine in Northeast China

FIGURE 3. Morphology of Diaporthe schisandrae from Schisandra chinensis (BJFC-S1370). A: Habit of conidiomata on branches. B: Longitudinal section of conidioma. C: Transverse section of conidioma. D, E: Conidia. F: Conidiophores. G: Colonies on PDA at 30 days. Scale bars: B–C = 200 μm; D–F = 10 μm.

opennotspecifiedJan 2018View details →

FIGURE 2 in Phylogeny and morphology reveal two new species of Diaporthe from Traditional Chinese Medicine in Northeast China

FIGURE 2. Morphology of Diaporthe Sambucusii from Sambucus williamsii (BJFC-S1368). A, B: Habit of conidiomata on branches. C: Transverse section of conidioma. D, E, G: Conidia. F: Conidiophores. H: Colonies on PDA at 30 days. Scale bars: B–C = 500 μm; D, G = 5 μm; E–F = 10 μm.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

Discover the Ultimate Pizza Experience at The Spot: Where Tradition Meets Innovation

<p>If you’re craving the perfect slice of pizza, then The Spot is the place to go. We pride ourselves on being the leading spot for pizza enthusiasts seeking quality and flavor in a friendly atmosphere. According to us here at The Spot, pizza is not just food but an experience shared, bringing joy into people's lives with every moment of it. Our commitment is to serve nothing but the best, from hand-tossed dough to prized selections of toppings. From the classic taste of a Margherita to meat marvels for those in search of bold flavors, The Spot has something for everyone. Savor the taste of a lifetime with every visit, order online on<a href="https://thepizzeriaspot.com"> thepizzeriaspot.com</a>, and let us take you on a pizza experience that you would never want to forget.</p> <h3>Our Story: Passion for Pizza</h3> <p>At The Spot, our story began with one simple idea: creating a pizzeria to merge the time-honored traditions of pizza-making with innovative, mouthwatering recipes. Growing up in families where food was always the heart and soul of everything, our founders, [Names or Founders], used to idealize the food business from childhood. Their love for pizza urged them to open The Spot—a place where quality ingredients, real recipes, and love for great food come together. We have taken our years of experience in the culinary world and used them to perfect our pizza-making process. Since day one, we sought to be more than just a pizzeria. Not only would we serve up amazing pizza, but also become a place for friends and families to gather in a warm, inviting atmosphere. Every pizza that leaves the oven tells a story of passion, tradition, and relentless pursuit of perfection. Today, The Spot stands as a beloved haven for pizza lovers, known for its dedication to flavor, freshness, deft craftsmanship, and that dream of perfection.</p> <h3>What Makes Us Different</h3> <p>So, what makes The Spot different from any other pizza shop? It's our commitment to quality. Every pizza served at The Spot starts off with our handmade dough, prepared fresh in-house every day. We’re proud to use the freshest ingredients: hand-picked tomatoes, cheese from an elite dairy, and fresh, locally obtained toppings. But what really sets us apart is the traditional brick oven, giving our pizzas that crispy crust with a smoky, rich flavor. Each pizza is cooked to perfection, ensuring that every single bite is as satisfying as the last. Whether you're in the mood for a classic pizza or something a bit more adventurous, we have you covered. It’s not all about pizza; our various unique sides are the perfect complement, from garlic knots to our famous calzones, all treated with the same love and care as our pizzas.</p> <h3>The Menu: A World of Flavor</h3> <p>At The Spot, we pride ourselves on offering a diverse menu to fit every taste. From our signature pizzas to our unique appetizers, there’s something for everyone to enjoy. Our Margherita Pizza is a fan favorite: simple yet packed with flavor, thanks to our fresh in-house tomato sauce, fresh mozzarella, and fragrant basil. Those who prefer it hearty will love our Meat Lovers Pizza, loaded with pepperoni, sausage, ham, and bacon for a truly indulgent experience. Feeling creative? Select your favorite premium cheeses, vegetables, and meats to craft your pizza your way. From gluten-free crusts to vegan cheese lovers, The Spot has it all. But that’s not all—our menu also includes calzones, pasta, fresh salads, and even desserts to satisfy your sweet tooth. Be sure to check out our weekly specials for exciting new creations and limited-time offerings!</p> <h3>Experience The Spot</h3> <p>When you step into The Spot, you’re not just walking into another pizzeria—you’re entering a space designed for comfort and enjoyment. Our restaurant is cozy and family-friendly, with both indoor and outdoor seating options. Whether grabbing a slice on your lunch break or gathering for dinner with friends, we want you to feel right at home. If you're in a rush, we’ve got you covered with takeout and delivery options. Just visit<a href="https://thepizzeriaspot.com"> thepizzeriaspot.com</a> to place your order.</p> <h3>Customer Reviews and Community Engagement</h3> <p>We are proud to be part of the local community, and our customers mean the world to us. Here’s what some of our loyal patrons have to say:</p> <ul> <li> <p>“The Spot has the best pizza in town! The crust is always perfect, and the toppings are so fresh. My family and I love coming here!” – Sarah M.</p> </li> <li> <p>“Love that they have gluten-free and vegan options. It’s hard to find a place that can accommodate everyone in my family, but The Spot does it perfectly.” – Jason L.</p> </li> </ul> <p>At The Spot, we believe in giving back too. That’s why we partner with local organizations, participate in charity events, and support community causes. When you dine with us, you’re not just enjoying great food—you’re supporting a business that cares.</p> <h3>Join Us Today</h3> <p>Ready to find your new go-to spot for pizza? Whether you crave a classic slice, a fully loaded pie, or something all your own, The Spot has it all. Join us for dine-in, takeout, or delivery today and see for yourself why we’ve become a local favorite. Order online at<a href="https://thepizzeriaspot.com"> thepizzeriaspot.com</a> to view our menu and place an order. We look forward to serving you soon at The Spot, where great pizza meets great people!</p> <p> </p>

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Data from: Comparison of fish detections, community diversity, and relative abundance using environmental DNA metabarcoding and traditional gears

Background <p>Detecting species at low abundance, including aquatic invasive species (AIS), is critical for making informed management decisions. Environmental DNA (eDNA) methods have become a powerful tool for rare or cryptic species detection; however, many eDNA assays offer limited utility for community‐level analyses due to their use of species‐specific (presence/absence) 'barcodes'. Metabarcoding methods provide information on entire communities based on sequencing of all taxon‐specific barcodes within an eDNA sample.</p> Aims <p>Evaluate measures of fish species detections, community diversity, and estimates of relative abundance based on eDNA metabarcoding and traditional fisheries sampling approaches in the context of fish community characterization and AIS survellience.</p> Materials and Methods <p>In 2016, eight limnologically diverse lakes (surface area range: 13 – 1,728 ha) in Michigan, USA were sampled using a variety of traditional fisheries gears to characterize fish community composition. Environmental DNAs from surface (33 ± 6, mean ± 1 SD) and benthic (14 ± 2) water samples from each lake were isolated and amplified for two metabarcoding markers (mitochondrial 12S and 16S rDNA loci) using fish‐specific primers. Fish species detected within each lake were determined by comparing the sequencing data to a database of sequences from native Michigan fish species and 19 AIS on the Michigan's Watch List.</p> Results <p>Analysis of species accumulation curves indicated multi‐locus eDNA metabarcoding assays can enhance species detection capacities and characterize 95% of a fish community in fewer sampling efforts than traditional gear (range: 2 – 62, median: 14). In addition, all AIS detected in traditional gear samples were also detected by eDNA, while some AIS detected by eDNA assays were absent from traditional gear samples.</p> Discussion <p>Results reported here are, in part, driven by the lack of species‐selectivity during eDNA sampling events. Given the efficacy of eDNA assays, we suggest multi‐locus eDNA metabarcoding assays be implemented in early detection efforts.</p>

opencc-zeroDec 2019View details →

dryad32/100

Data from: Seed size evolution and biogeography of Plukenetia (Euphorbiaceae), a pantropical genus with traditionally cultivated oilseed species

Background: Plukenetia is a small pantropical genus of lianas and vines with variably sized edible oil-rich seeds that presents an ideal system to investigate neotropical and pantropical diversification patterns and seed size evolution. We assessed the biogeography and seed evolution of Plukenetia through phylogenetic analyses of a 5,069 character molecular dataset comprising five nuclear and two plastid markers for 86 terminals in subtribe Plukenetiinae (representing 20 of ~23 Plukenetia species). Two nuclear genes, KEA1 and TEB, were used for phylogenetic reconstruction for the first time. Our goals were: (1) produce a robust, time-dependent evolutionary framework for Plukenetia using BEAST; (2) reconstruct its biogeographical history with ancestral range estimation in BioGeoBEARS; (3) define seed size categories; (4) identify patterns of seed size evolution using ancestral state estimation; and (5) conduct regression analyses with putative drivers of seed size using the threshold model. Results: Plukenetia was resolved into two major groups, which we refer to as the pinnately- and palmately-veined clades. Our analyses suggest Plukenetia originated in the Amazon or Atlantic Forest of Brazil during the Oligocene (28.7 Mya) and migrated/dispersed between those regions and Central America/Mexico throughout the Miocene. Trans-oceanic dispersals explain the pantropical distribution of Plukenetia, including from the Amazon to Africa in the Early Miocene (17.4 Mya), followed by Africa to Madagascar and Africa to Southeast Asia in the Late Miocene (9.4 Mya) and Pliocene (4.5 Mya), respectively. We infer a single origin of large seeds in the ancestor of Plukenetia. Seed size fits a Brownian motion model of trait evolution and is moderately to strongly associated with plant size, fruit type/dispersal syndrome, and seedling ecology. Biome shifts were not drivers of seed size, although there was a weak association with a transition to fire prone semi-arid savannas. Conclusions: The major relationships among the species of Plukenetia are now well-resolved. Our biogeographical analyses support growing evidence that many pantropical distributions developed by periodic trans-oceanic dispersals throughout the Miocene and Pliocene. Selection on a combination of traits contributed to seed size variation, while movement between forest edge/light gap and canopy niches likely contributed to the seed size extremes in Plukenetia.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

dryad32/100

Phylogenomics of piranhas and pacus (Serrasalmidae) uncovers how dietary convergence and parallelism obfuscate traditional morphological taxonomy

<p>The Amazon and neighboring South American river basins harbor the world's most diverse assemblages of freshwater fishes. One of the most prominent South American fish families is the Serrasalmidae (pacus and piranhas), found in nearly every continental basin. Serrasalmids are keystone ecological taxa, being some of the top riverine predators as well as the primary seed dispersers in the flooded forest. Despite their widespread occurrence and notable ecologies, serrasalmid evolutionary history and systematics are controversial. For example, the sister taxon to serrasalmids is contentious, the relationships of major clades within the family are inconsistent across different methodologies, and half of the extant serrasalmid genera are suggested to be non-monophyletic. We analyzed exon capture to reexamine the evolutionary relationships among 63 (of 99) species across all 16 serrasalmid genera and their nearest outgroups, including multiple individuals per species to account for cryptic lineages. To reconstruct the timeline of serrasalmid diversification, we time-calibrated this phylogeny using two different fossil-calibration schemes to account for uncertainty in taxonomy with respect to fossil teeth. Finally, we analyzed diet evolution across the family and comment on associated changes in dentition, highlighting the ecomorphological diversity within serrasalmids. We document widespread non-monophyly of genera within Myleinae, as well as between <em>Serrasalmus</em> and <em>Pristobrycon</em>, and propose that reliance on traits like teeth to distinguish among genera is confounded by ecological homoplasy, especially among herbivorous and omnivorous taxa. We clarify the relationships among all serrasalmid genera, propose new subfamily affiliations, and support hemiodontids as the sister taxon to Serrasalmidae.</p>

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Figure 13 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 13. Multivariate variation in the eight interlandmark distances measured between ventroglandularia V1, V2 and V3 in posterior view (distance set 3). A, scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2), distances with highest standardized factors are illustrated for both axes. B, overall pattern of similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) groups the nine character states discovered in the set of distances from the ventroglandularia. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as listed in Figure 11.

Figure 12 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 12. Multivariate variation in the 15 interlandmark distances measured between postocularia R2 and dorsoglandularia D2, D3 and D4 (distance set 2). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2); distances with the highest standardized factors are illustrated for both axes. (B) overall pattern of similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) groups the 13 character states discovered in the collection of distances from the postocularia and dorsoglandularia. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as listed in Fig. 11.

Figure 11 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 11. Multivariate variation in the 13 interlandmark distances sampled from the dorsal view of the idiosoma (distance set 1). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2); distances with highest standardized factors are illustrated for both axes. (B) overall pattern of similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) groups the 12 character states discovered in the distances from the idiosoma. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as follows: open blue circles, Arrenurus (Dadayella) adrianae; open green rhombuses, Dadayella aztecus; open red squares, Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) anae; solid green triangles, Megaluracarus anitahoffmannae; open pink triangles, Megaluracarus catoi; solid black circles, Megaluracarus colitus; solid grey squares, Megaluracarus costeroae; blue asterisks, Megaluracarus maya; solid red rhombuses, Megaluracarus neoexpansus; purple plus signs, Megaluracarus olmeca; lilac endashes, Megaluracarus tabascoensis; horizontal blue lines, Megaluracarus urbanus; green hyphens, Megaluracarus zitavus.

Figure 14 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 14. Single most-parsimonious tree selected in our phylogenetic analysis of the combined morphometric data with TNT (score 95.8119). The character matrix included continuous values of three distance sets and five landmark configurations. Only one shape character, the cauda outline (data set 2), is optimized in this tree. Landmark configurations of cauda shape at terminal nodes are as observed in each species. The numbers on each configuration indicate shapes that are significantly different, as evaluated by the canonical variate analysis and MANOVA for landmark data set 2, as illustrated and labelled in Fig. 7B. In all hypothetical landmark configurations of the cauda shape at internal nodes, deformation vectors at each point indicate displacements relative to the ancestral shape as optimized with TNT.

Figure 8 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 8. Shape variation of the postocularia and dorsoglandularia D2 and D3 in dorsal view (data set 3). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2); shape changes relative to the mean shape are shown for both roots. (B) overall pattern of shape similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) groups the nine character states discovered in the postocularia and dorsoglandularia. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as follows: open blue circles, Arrenurus (Dadayella) adrianae; open red squares, Dadayella aztecus; open green rhombuses Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) anae; blue asterisks, Megaluracarus anitahoffmannae; solid grey squares, Megaluracarus catoi; open pink triangles, Megaluracarus colitus; solid green triangles, Megaluracarus costeroae; solid red rhombuses, Megaluracarus maya; solid black circles, Megaluracarus neoexpansus; purple plus signs, Megaluracarus olmeca; lilac en-dashes, Megaluracarus tabascoensis; horizontal blue lines, Megaluracarus urbanus; green hyphens, Megaluracarus zitavus.

Figure 4 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 4. Sets of landmark (LM) and semi-landmark (SLM) configurations designed to register the shape of the dorsal (A–D) and posterior (E) views. (A) collection of 23 points for the anterior idiosoma outline, with three LMs and 20 SLMs (data set 1). (B) chain of 17 points for the cauda outline, with three LMs and 14 SLMs (data set 2). (C) string of ten points for the postocularia R2 and dorsoglandularia D2 and D3 (data set 3). (D) configuration of four points for the dorsoglandularia D4 (data set 4). (E) Arrangement of ten points for the ventroglandularia V1, V2, and V3 (data set 5).

Figure 7 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 7. Shape variation of the cauda outline in dorsal view (data set 2). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2), deformation grids of shape changes relative to the mean shape are shown for both axes. (B) overall pattern of shape similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. All species were significantly different from each other, and therefore 13 character states were discovered in the cauda outline. Branches in the UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as described in Fig. 6.