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Fig. 13 in Devonian pearls and ammonoid-endoparasite co-evolution

Fig. 13. Relation between phragmocone size and spiral pit diameter (A) and between whorl height and spiral pit diameter (B).

Fig. 7. Longitudinal section through the well preserved specimen PIMUZ 28583 in Devonian pearls and ammonoid-endoparasite co-evolution

Fig. 7. Longitudinal section through the well preserved specimen PIMUZ 28583 of Sellanarcestes spp., Sellanarcestes wenkenbachi Zone, Emsian, Oufrane (S of Tata), Morocco. A. +/− median section displaying many "Housean pits", most with internal tube; overview. "Housean pits" are marked by white arrows. B. Three closely spaced pits, two displaying the internal tubes, the remaining void inside the pit is filled with a fine−grained sparitic matrix, note the continuous ammonoid shell layer covering the pits and the septum, which grew on the pit wall, note the distinguishable shell layers, which are recrystallised to varying degrees. C. A corroded pit with tube, note the continuation of the innermost ammonoid shell layer. D. Two adjacent fused pits, only the right pit shows the delicate internal tube, mural part of septum on the left.

Fig. 5 in Devonian pearls and ammonoid-endoparasite co-evolution

Fig. 5. "Housean pits" type 3. Sobolewia nuciformis (Whidborne, 1889), three specimens kept under the same number (MNHN−R.08459), Givetian, Redjel Iamrad, Algeria, Jacques Follot collection. A. A heavily weathered specimen in which the erosion was most intense around the pits; lateral (A1) and (A2) dorsal views, weathered specimen, where the shell broke at the pits and weathering intensified in those radii. B. Lateral view of a specimen showing only two pits, additional pits probably covered by shell. C. The best preserved specimen, previously published in Korn and Klug (2002: fig. 52B), in ventral (C1) and lateral (C2) views, well preserved specimen, where the shell broke off only at the four lateral pits, showing the tube cross section in the pits (the globular structures in the centre of the pit at the bottom and on the left are artefactsfrom the production of the cast). Images taken from epoxy casts. All specimens coated with NH4Cl.

Fig. 6. A–C in Devonian pearls and ammonoid-endoparasite co-evolution

Fig. 6. A–C. "Housean pits" type 4, Ivoites sp. nov. B, early Emsian, middle Kaub Formation (Hunsrück Slate), W−Germany; the images were stretched in PhotoShop in order to reconstruct the original form. A. HS 371 (Bartels collection), Bundenbach (Eschenbach–Bocksberg quarry); note the flattened phragmocone. B. H 55a (Lehmann collection), Bundenbach (Eschenbach–Bocksberg quarry); note the spiral trace between the aperture and the first pit pair. C. SMF−HF 940 (Senckenberg collection), Herrenberg (Schielebach quarry). D, E. "Housean pits" type 5, early Emsian, Ouidane Chebbi, Tafilalt, Morocco, from Klug et al. (2008). D. Chebbites reisdorfi Klug, 2001, PIMUZ 7484; in lateral (D1) and ventral (showing pits) (D2) views. E. Gracilites maghribensis Klug, 2001, PIMUZ 7490; in ventral (showing pits) (E1) and lateral (E2) views. All specimens coated with NH4Cl except in A and C.

Fig. 9 in Devonian pearls and ammonoid-endoparasite co-evolution

Fig. 9. Trematode (?) pits in the internal mould of an Early Devonian palaeotaxodont bivalve (modified after Klug et al. 2008b: pl. 3). Nuculoidea grandaeva (Goldfuss 1837), PIMUZ 7338, Faunule 2, Polygnathus gronbergi (Polygnathus excavatus) Zone, early Emsian, Ouidane Chebbi (Tafilalt, Morocco) in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) views.

Fig. 2 in Devonian pearls and ammonoid-endoparasite co-evolution

Fig. 2. Palaeogeographic map for the Emsian showing occurrences of the genera Sellanarcestes and Anarcestes with and without "Housean pits" of type 1. Modified from Scotese (2001).

Fig. 3 in Devonian pearls and ammonoid-endoparasite co-evolution

Fig. 3. "Housean pits" type 1. A. Sellanarcestes ebbighauseni Klug, 2002, GPIT 1871−171, Sellanarcestes wenkenbachi Zone, Emsian, northern Jebel Amessoui, Tafilalt, Morocco, from Klug (2002); in ventral (A1) and lateral (A2) views. B. Sellanarcestes cf. ebbighauseni Klug, 2002, PIMUZ 28582, Sellanarcestes wenkenbachi Zone, Emsian, Jebel Ouaoufilal, Tafilalt, Morocco; in lateral (B1) and ventral (B2) views. C. Large pits in Anarcestes sp., PIMUZ 28581, late Emsian, Jebel Mech Agrou, Tafilalt, Morocco; in lateral (C1) and ventral (C2) views. All specimens coated with NH4Cl.

Fig. 4 in Devonian pearls and ammonoid-endoparasite co-evolution

Fig. 4. "Housean pits" type 2. A. Crispoceras tureki Klug, 2002, PIMUZ 28591, Pinacites jugleri Zone, Eifelian, Jebel Ouaoufilal, Tafilalt, Morocco; in dorsal (A1) and lateral (A2) views; A3, detail of A2, whose position is pointed out by the black arrow in A2, note the three pits (white arrows), the middle pit shows the pit filling and the base of the tube cross section. B. Crispoceras tureki Klug, 2002, PIMUZ 28590, Pinacites jugleri Zone, Eifelian, Jebel Ouaoufilal, Tafilalt, Morocco; in lateral (B1) and (B2) dorsal views, pits continue into the body chamber. C–E. Afromaenioceras sulcatostriatum Bensaïd, 1974, Givetian, Jebel Ouaoufilal, Tafilalt, Morocco; in ventral (C1, D1, E1) and lateral (C2, D2, E2) views. C. PIMUZ 28592. D. PIMUZ 28593. E. PIMUZ 28594. All specimens coated with NH4Cl except in A3.

Fig. 14 in Devonian pearls and ammonoid-endoparasite co-evolution

Fig. 14. Relation between the estimated amount of pits per half whorl and the ratio between pit size and phragmocone diameter.

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Fig. 2 in Relationships between Dimensionless Models of Ammonoid Shell Morphology

Fig. 2. Plot of a sample of 1222 observations from 201 species of Mesozoic planispiral ammonites in the morphospace (H2/H1, H1/D), modified from Parent et al. (2010). The closed curves are the contours shown in Raup (1967: figs. 4, 8) as explained in text.

Fig. 52 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 52. Accumulations of goniatite conchs and other fossils in the latest Frasnian strata of the Holy Cross Mountais. A. Conchs of Archoceras varicosum (Drevermann, 1901) in a piece of the Upper Kellwasserkalk from Płucki (Pł−391). B. Conchs of Aulatornoceras belgicum (Matern, 1931) in association with Linguatornoceras sp. from the same bed. C. Acid etched sample Ko−142 from Kowala with similar but more homogenized association.

Fig. 43 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 43. Variability of P1 (sp) elements of the latest Frasnian palmatolepidids. Scattergrams show ontogenetic changes of the angle between the dorsal process and the posterior lobe of the platform in sample Pł−391 from the Upper Kellwasserkalk at Płucki (Fig. 42) overdominated by Lagovilepis bogartensis (with rare Manticolepis winchelli documented with its M elements), associated Klapperilepis triangularis and sample Wtr−18 from Wietrznia where only M elements of Manticolepis (probably a relic population of M. gigas) have been found (Fig. 38A–H). The Pł−391 population variability is separately shown for adult elements (longer than 1 mm) with contours of extreme and modal morphologies added. Note that there is no apparent difference in the course of ontogeny and morphologic variability of platform shape between L. bogartensis and M. winchelli or M. gigas (despite fundamental differences in the apparatus organisation) whereas K. triangularis is different in all these respects (plus the dorsal process bending).

Fig. 41 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 41. Palmatolepidid Lagovilepis bogartensis (Stauffer, 1938). A–J. Early population from the lower cephalopod limestone at Płucki, sample Pł−22; P1 (sp) elements ZPAL CXVI/656, 665, 1209, 657, 655, 1208 (A–F), P2 (oz) element ZPAL CXVI/658 (G), S0 (tr) element ZPAL CXVI/667 (H), S1 (lo) element ZPAL CXVI/668 (I), and M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/663 (J). K–O. Late population from Kowala, samples Ko−149 (K, L, O) and Ko−151 (M, N); P1 (sp) elements ZPAL CXVI/491 and 492 (K, L), S3–4 (ke−hi) element ZPAL CXVI/1204 (M), and M (ne) elements ZPAL CXVI/1205 and 501 (N, O).

Fig. 37 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 37. Palmatolepidid Manticolepis gigas (Miller and Youngquist, 1947) from the midFrasnian of Wietrznia II quarry, sample Wtr−5; P1 (sp) elements ZPAL CXVI/752, 753, 754, 751, and 750 (A–E), S1 (lo) element ZPAL CXVI/758 (F), S0 (tr) elements ZPAL CXVI/761 and 760 (G, H), P2 (oz) element ZPAL CXVI/755 and 762 (I, L), S3–4 (ke−hi) element ZPAL CXVI/759 (J), S2 (pl) element ZPAL CXVI/757 (K), and M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/756 (M).

Fig. 27 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 27. Late Ancyrodella from the late Frasnian of Płucki. A–F, K. Ancyrodella lobata Branson and Mehl, 1934 from the lower cephalopod limestone, sample Pł−22, P1 (sp) elements ZPAL CXVI/627, 625, 626, 624, 630, and 629 (A–F), and P2 (oz) element ZPAL CXVI/632 (K). G–J, L, M. Ancyrodella curvata Branson and Mehl, 1934 from the Upper Kellwasserkalk, sample Pł−391, P1 elements ZPAL CXVI/483, 1184, 484, 490, 632, 489, and 487 (G–I), M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/490 (J), S3–4 (ke−hi) element ZPAL CXVI/489 (L), and S2 (pl) element ZPAL CXVI/487 (M). Magnifications shown by the bar scale in the upper left corner, except for G, J, L, M, and H with their own scales.

Fig. 33 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 33. Palmatolepidids from the mid−Frasnian of Wietrznia. A–H. Kielcelepis ljashenkoae (Ovnatanova, 1976) from Wietrznia, sample Wtr−15; P1 (sp) elements ZPAL CXVI/1108 and 1120 (A, B), P2 (oz) element ZPAL CXVI/1109 (C), S0 (tr) element ZPAL CXVI/1122 (D), S1 (lo) element ZPAL CXVI /1110 (F), S2 (pl) elements ZPAL CXVI/1123 and 1102 (E–G), and S3–4 (ke−hi) element ZPAL CXVI/1124 (N). I–S. Kielcelepis hassi (Müller and Müller, 1957) from sample Wtr−16 (M, O, S) and Wtr−30 (I–L, N, P–R); S0 element ZPAL CXVI/ 1125 (M), P1 (sp) elements ZPAL CXVI/ 1130, 1128, 1127, and 1129 (I–L), M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/1133 (N), S3–4 elements ZPAL CXVI/1126 and 1132 (O, Q), and P2 elements ZPAL CXVI/1135, 1131, and 1103 (P, R, S).

Fig. 26 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 26. Variability and species distinctions of P1 (sp) elements in early Ancyrodella. Scattergrams of density of tuberculation quantified as a ratio of approximated platform area (platform length PL multiplied by its width W) to the number of denticles (except those of carina) and approximated area of the smooth surface on the ventral end of the platform (length of this area S multiplied by its lateral extend E) against element length which serves as an approximation of ontogenetic stage. Three successive samples from Wietrznia are represented by pairs of these scattergrams. That of sample Wtr−7 is A. rotundiloba (Bryant, 1921), sample Wtr−9 represents A. alata (Glenister and Klapper, 1966), and sample Wtr−13 A. rugosa Branson and Mehl, 1934.

Fig. 49 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 49. Succession of palmatolepidid species in sections of the Frasnian and earliest Famennian representing probably relatively deeper (Płucki, Włochy) and shallower (Wietrznia) areas in the Holy Cross Mountains. Approximate percent contribution to samples shown by horizontal bars; provisional Ancyrodella−based zonation used to correlate sections (each lower zonal boundary defined on the evolutionary origin of its nominal species – they remain to be documented biometrically). Note that Klapperilepis triangularis and Conditolepis? linguiformis first appear in offshore areas and then expand to shallower environments. Also Lagovilepis bogartensis may be an open−sea species. Only K. praetriangularis survives the Frasnian–Famennian boundary event, probably being a relatively cold−water species. The record is too incomplete and punctuated to allow precise evolutionary studies but a general pattern of the evolution is shown with diagrammatic presentation of apparatuses.

Fig. 15 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 15. Playfordia primitiva (Bischoff and Ziegler, 1957) from the early Frasnian of Wietrznia Iquarry, sample Wtr−9; elements ZPAL CXVI/1061 (A), 1062 (B), and 1060 (C).

Fig. 11 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 11. The prioniodinid Pluckidina slupiensis sp. nov. from the early Frasnian of Włochy (sample Wł−R/A1) in the Holy Cross Mountains, P1 (sp) elements ZPAL CXVI/871 and 874 (A, B), P2 (oz) elements ZPAL CXVI/875 and 872 (C, D), S1 (lo) elements ZPAL CXVI/879 and 876 (E, F), S4 (hi) element ZPAL CXVI/880 (G), S2 (pl) elements ZPAL CXVI/877 and 878 (H, I; H holotype), S0 (tr) element ZPAL CXVI/873 (J), and M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/881 (K).