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Species diagnosis tables for: Crinoids from the Wooster Shale Member of the Cuyahoga Formation, Carboniferous (Mississippian, Tournaisian) of Northeastern Ohio
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Data from: The Lilliput effect in crinoids at the end of the Oceanic Anoxic Event 2: a case study from Poland
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FIG. 2 in Juvenile eucladid crinoid from the Middle Devonian of Turkey
FIG. 2. — Generalized columnar section of Devonian-Lower Carboniferous units in the study area (modified after Higgins et al. 2002; Hoşgör et al. 2014). For lithological details see text.
FIG. 3 in Juvenile eucladid crinoid from the Middle Devonian of Turkey
FIG. 3. — Photograph of Dendrocrinidae? gen., sp. indeterminate. Specimen coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bar: 1.0 mm.
Data from: Temporal trends of predation resistance in Paleozoic crinoid arm branching morphologies
The rise of durophagous predators during the Paleozoic represents an ecological constraint imposed on sessile marine fauna. In crinoids, it has been suggested that increasing predation pressure drove the spread of adaptations against predation. Damage to a crinoid's arms from nonlethal predation varies as a function of arm branching pattern. Here, using a metric for resilience to predation ("expected arm loss," EAL), we test the hypothesis that the increase in predation led to more predation-resistant arm branching patterns (lower EAL) among Paleozoic crinoids. EAL was computed for 230 genera of Paleozoic crinoids and analyzed with respect to taxonomy and time. The results show significant variability among taxa. Camerates, especially monobathrids, display a pattern of increasingly convergent and predation-resistant arm morphologies from the Ordovician through the Devonian, with no significant change during the Mississippian. In contrast, the mean EAL among cladids follows no overall trend through the Paleozoic. Regenerating arms are known to be significantly more common in camerates than in other Paleozoic taxa; if regeneration is taken as a proxy for nonlethal interactions with durophagous predators, this indicates that nonlethal predation occurred more often among camerates throughout the Early and Middle Paleozoic. In addition, frequency of injury among camerates is inversely correlated with EAL and positively correlated with infestation by parasitic snails. From this we conclude that decreasing EAL signals a selective pressure in favor of resistance to grazing predation in camerates but not in other subclasses before the Mississippian, with an apparent relaxation in this constraint after the late Devonian extinctions.
Paleocommunity composition, relative abundance, and new camerate crinoids from the Brechin Lagerstätte (Upper Ordovician)
<p>The Brechin Lagerstätte of southern Ontario contains an exceptionally diverse and well-preserved Late Ordovician (Katian) crinoid fauna. Here, we describe four genera and eight species of camerate crinoids from the Brechin Lagerstätte, including six new species. Consequently, the total diversity of the fauna now stands at 27 genera and 39 nominal species, thereby making it the most taxonomically diverse Ordovician crinoid fauna known. Taxa described herein include the diplobathrid <i>Pararchaeocrinus kiddi</i> n. sp. and the monobathrids <i>Glyptocrinus ramulosus</i>, <i>Periglyptocrinus priscus</i>, <i>Periglyptocrinus astricus</i> n. sp., <i>Periglyptocrinus kevinbretti</i> n. sp., <i>Periglyptocrinus mcdonaldi</i> n. sp., <i>Periglyptocrinus silvosus</i> n. sp., and <i>Abludoglyptocrinus steinheimerae</i> n. sp.</p> <p>We summarize the taxonomic composition, diversity, and abundance distribution of all known crinoids from the Brechin Lagerstätte to better characterize the paleoecological structure and complexity of the community. We establish that the fauna is dominated by the subclass Pentacrinoidea, both in terms of abundance and species richness. In addition, we analyze species-level abundance data using relative abundance distribution (RAD) models to evaluate the ecological complexity of the paleocommunity. We find that community structure of the Brechin Lagerstätte is best explained by an ecologically "complex" RAD model, which suggests species partitioned niches along multiple resource axes and/or the presence of multiple ecological ways of life. These results indicate that the Brechin Lagerstätte is significant not only for being the most taxonomically diverse Katian crinoid assemblage, but also for being an early ecologically complex fauna that developed in the wake of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event.</p>
FIGURE 8 in Crinoid-associated shrimps of the genus Laomenes A. H. Clark, 1919 (Caridea: Palaemonidae: Pontoniinae): new species and probable diversity
FIGURE 8. Laomenes clarki sp. nov. A, ovigerous female. B, male. Scale 1 mm.
FIGURE 30 in Crinoid-associated shrimps of the genus Laomenes A. H. Clark, 1919 (Caridea: Palaemonidae: Pontoniinae): new species and probable diversity
FIGURE 30. Laomenes nudirostris (Bruce, 1978), ovigerous female. Scale 1 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Crinoid-associated shrimps of the genus Laomenes A. H. Clark, 1919 (Caridea: Palaemonidae: Pontoniinae): new species and probable diversity
FIGURE 1. Laomenes amboinensis (De Man, 1888). A, ovigerous female. B, male. Scale 1 mm.
FIGURE 15 in Crinoid-associated shrimps of the genus Laomenes A. H. Clark, 1919 (Caridea: Palaemonidae: Pontoniinae): new species and probable diversity
FIGURE 15. Laomenes pardus sp. nov., ovigerous female. Scale 1 mm.
FIGURE 25 in Crinoid-associated shrimps of the genus Laomenes A. H. Clark, 1919 (Caridea: Palaemonidae: Pontoniinae): new species and probable diversity
FIGURE 25. Laomenes ceratophthalmus (Borradaile, 1915). A, ovigerous female, B, male. Scale 1 mm.
FIGURE 7 in A new species of Western Atlantic sea lily in the family Bathycrinidae (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), with a discussion of relationships between crinoids with xenomorphic stalks
FIGURE 7. Distribution of the genus Discolocrinus. Circles: D. iselini n. sp. Square: D. thieli.
Figure 6 in The genus Teliocrinus (Crinoidea, Echinodermata): a key taxon among pentacrinid stalked crinoids
Figure 6. Radials and proximal brachials: specimen USNM 35996 (A, B) and specimen USNM 36068 (C, D). A, proximal view of radial. B–D, muscular synarthries. B, distal facet of radial. C, proximal facet of primibrachial 1 (IBr1). D, distal facet of secundibrachial 2 (IIBr2).
Data from: Biodiversity, systematics, and new taxa of cladid crinoids from the Ordovician Brechin Lagerstätte
Upper Ordovician (Katian) strata of the Lake Simcoe region of Ontario record a spectacularly diverse and abundant echinoderm fauna known as the Brechin Lagerstätte. Despite recognition as the most taxonomically diverse Katian crinoid paleocommunity, the Brechin Lagerstätte has received relatively little taxonomic study since Frank Springer published his classic monograph on the "Kirkfield fauna" in 1911. Using a new collection of exceptionally preserved material, we evaluate all dicyclic inadunate crinoids occurring in the Brechin Lagerstätte, which is predominately comprised of cladids (Eucladida and Flexibilia). We document 15 species across 11 genera, including descriptions of two new genera and four new species. New taxa include Konieckicrinus brechinensis n. gen. n. sp., K. josephi n. gen. n. sp., Simcoecrinus mahalaki n. gen. n. sp., and Dendrocrinus simcoensis n. sp. Although cladids are not commonly considered major components of the Early Paleozoic Crinoid Macroevolutionary Fauna, which is traditionally conceived as dominated by disparids and diplobathrid camerates, they are the most diverse major lineage of crinoids occurring in the Brechin Lagerstätte. This unexpected result highlights the important roles of specimen-based taxonomy and systematic revisions in the study of large-scale diversity patterns.
Text-fig. 1. Floripila formosa sp. n. (col.). A – nodal in facetal view. B – nodal with internodal in lateral view. C – cross section of nodal and internodal. Drawing by Radana Slámová. in New Species Of Crinoids Based On Their Columnals And Stem Fragments (Col.), From The Lower Devonian Zlíchov Limestone (Barrandian Area, The Czech Republic)
Text-fig. 1. Floripila formosa sp. n. (col.). A – nodal in facetal view. B – nodal with internodal in lateral view. C – cross section of nodal and internodal. Drawing by Radana Slámová.
Text-fig. 2. Gemmacrinus perplexus PROKOP et PETR, 1989. A – Specimen NM-L31684; cavity of the conch of gastropod Epiptychia? PERNER, 1911 with preserved calyxes of crinoid Gemmacrius perplexus PROKOP et PETR, 1989. Scale bar represents 5 mm. B – The same specimen; best preserved calyx in detail. Lower Devonian, Pragian, Koněprusy Limestone, Suchomasty, "Na Plešivci" quarry. Scale bar represents 1 mm. in Unique Discovery Of The Crinoid Gemmacrinus Perplexus Prokop Et Petr, 1989 In The Lower Devonian, Koněprusy Limestone (Barrandian Area, The Czech Republic)
Text-fig. 2. Gemmacrinus perplexus PROKOP et PETR, 1989. A – Specimen NM-L31684; cavity of the conch of gastropod Epiptychia? PERNER, 1911 with preserved calyxes of crinoid Gemmacrius perplexus PROKOP et PETR, 1989. Scale bar represents 5 mm. B – The same specimen; best preserved calyx in detail. Lower Devonian, Pragian, Koněprusy Limestone, Suchomasty, "Na Plešivci" quarry. Scale bar represents 1 mm.
Figure 11 in Environmental control versus phylogenic fingerprint in ontogeny: The example of the development of the stalk in the genus Guillecrinus (stalked crinoids, Echinodermata)
Figure 11. Axial cross-sections of the columnals, and distal end of basals of Guillecrinus neocaledonicus. (a–c) Axial cross-sections of specimen N6: (a) columnal 4; (b) columnal 13; (c) distal columnal, showing the growth in diameter of the axial canal by resorption of the perilumen stereom (arrows). (d) Distal facet of a basal of adult specimen N6. (e) Distal facet of a basal of juvenile specimen N5. Dp, ligamentary depression; ca, axial canal; a, galleried stereom; b, labyrinthic stereom. Scale bars: 1 mm (a–c); 0.5 mm (d, e).
Figure 14 in Environmental control versus phylogenic fingerprint in ontogeny: The example of the development of the stalk in the genus Guillecrinus (stalked crinoids, Echinodermata)
Figure 14. Distal columnals of Guillecrinus reunionensis. (a–d, f) Specimen R4. (a, b) 15th columnal; (c, d) 11th columnal; (f) 5th columnal; numbering from the fixation disc proximally. (b–d) Growth in the axial canal through resorption of the peripheric stereom. (e) Specimen R5. Scale bars: 1 mm.
FIGURE 4. Laomenes gyrophthalmus n in Crinoid-associated pontoniine shrimps of the genus Laomenes Clark, 1919 (Decapoda, Caridea, Palaemonidae) from PANGLAO 2004 and KUMEJIMA 2009 Expeditions, with description of two new species
FIGURE 4. Laomenes gyrophthalmus n. sp., holotype, ovigerous female (NMCR).
Fig. 8 in Epibionts on upper Eifelian crinoid columnals from the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland
Fig. 8. Frequency distribution of epibionts on the smooth− and rough−facet crinoid hosts from the Skały Beds (upper part of complex XVII, Tortodus kockelianus Zone), Skały village, Holy Cross Mountains; frequency of potential rough−facet substrata (66.2%) marked by dashed line; e, number of epibionts; h, number of hosts.
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