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4,529 results for “drosophila”
Data for: Variability in thermal and phototactic preferences in Drosophila may reflect an adaptive bet-hedging strategy
<p>Data and code for "Variability in thermal and phototactic preferences in <em>Drosophila</em> may reflect an adaptive bet-hedging strategy." </p> <p>.zip file contains .mats with data, a LabView .vi for the acquisition instrument, and Matlab .m analysis and visualization scripts. </p> <p>The included index.html file acts as a readme and contains descriptions of all other files and links.</p>
VCF file for a population of Drosophila melanogaster
<p>This file is the set of single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertion/deletions in a population of Drosophila melanoagaster. The zipped file is in a simple text file. This VCF file is part of the following larger body of work: <strong>Patterns of genetic regulation of expression variation in a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster provide evidence for buffering and GRN robustness</strong></p>
Drosophila simulans VCF: The set of single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertion/deletions in a population of 170 Drosophila simulans lines.
<p>Heritable phenotypic variation in natural populations exceeds the levels predicted under mutation-selection balance where purifying selection removes variation. Balancing selection, inefficient or weak selection, polygenic adaptation, and non-equilibrium populations are all possible explanations for excess variation. Yet, available genomic data indicate an abundance of directional selection. One potential explanation is that fleeting directional selection drives beneficial mutations to high frequency in rapid waves resulting in many intermediate frequency haplotypes. This hypothesis is supported by the genomic data from a panel of 170 D. simulans genotypes established from a single stable population which show evidence for an abundance of incomplete soft sweeps. Demography, admixture, and balancing selection cannot entirely explain the patterns in these data, while transient selective sweeps can account for all the patterns of variation observed in this population. One interpretation is that constant environmental shifts rapidly change the optimal phenotype within Drosophila populations, leaving a signature of adaptive responses.</p>
Sample video of Drosophila interaction. Linked to "Beckwith, Geissmann and Gilestro"
<ol> <li>2016-08-02_08-56-55_057c6ba04e534be486069c3db7b10827__1920x1080@25-interaction</li> <li>2016-08-02_08-56-55_058c6ba04e534be486069c3db7b10827__1920x1080@25-interaction</li> <li>2016-08-02_08-56-56_059c6ba04e534be486069c3db7b10827__1920x1080@25-interaction</li> <li>2016-08-02_08-56-57_060d6ba04e534be486069c3db7b10827__1920x1080@25-interaction</li> </ol> <p> </p> <p>1 -> MF interaction (both <em>D. melanogaster</em>)</p> <p>2-> MM interaction (both <em>D. melanogaster</em>)</p> <p>3-> M <em>ppk23</em><sup>-/-</sup> + F wildtype</p> <p><em>4-> </em>M <em>D.melanogaster</em> + F <em>D.simulans </em></p>
Lifespan Data for: Genetic dissection of nutrition-induced plasticity in insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling and median lifespan in a Drosophila multiparent population
<p>Daily mortality records. Columns are:</p> <p>setDate: date vial was set up</p> <p>flipDate: date flies moved to new food and mortality recorded</p> <p>Age: age in days of flies (from set up date)</p> <p>RIL: DSPR recombinant inbred line ID</p> <p>rilid: alternate id</p> <p>replicate: replicate id</p> <p>riltreat: unique RIL, treatment identifier</p> <p>Dead: # dead</p> <p>Censored: # escaped or inadvertently killed individuals </p> <p>Carried: # dead flies inadvertently moved to fresh food</p>
Germline proliferation trades off with lipid metabolism in Drosophila
<p>Little is known about the metabolic basis of life-history trade-offs but lipid stores seem to play a pivotal role. During reproduction, an energetically highly costly process, animals mobilize fat reserves. Conversely, reduced or curtailed reproduction promotes lipid storage in many animals. Systemic signals from the gonad seem to be involved: <em>C. elegans</em> lacking germline stem cells display endocrine changes, have increased fat stores and are long-lived. Similarly, germline-ablated <em>D. melanogaster </em>exhibit major somatic physiological changes, but whether and how germline loss affects lipid metabolism remains largely unclear. Here we show that germline-ablated flies have profoundly altered energy metabolism at the transcriptional level and store excess fat as compared to fertile flies. Germline activity thus constrains or represses fat accumulation, and this effect is conserved between flies and worms. More broadly, our findings confirm that lipids represent a major energetic currency in which costs of reproduction are paid.</p>
Data from: Homeostatic control of deep sleep and molecular correlates of sleep pressure in Drosophila
<p class="MsoNormal">Homeostatic control of sleep is typically addressed through mechanical stimulation-induced forced wakefulness and the measurement of subsequent increases in sleep. A major confound attends this approach: biological responses to deprivation may reflect a direct response to the mechanical insult rather than to the loss of sleep. Similar confounds accompany all forms of sleep deprivation and represent a major challenge to the field. Here we describe a new paradigm for sleep deprivation in <em>Drosophila</em> that fully accounts for sleep-independent effects. Our results reveal that deep sleep states are the primary target of homeostatic control and establish the presence of multi-cycle sleep rebound following deprivation. Furthermore, we establish that specific deprivation of deep sleep state results in state-specific homeostatic rebound. Finally, by accounting for the molecular effects of mechanical stimulation during deprivation experiments, we show that serotonin levels track sleep pressure in the fly's central brain. Our results illustrate the critical need to control for sleep-independent effects of deprivation when examining the molecular correlates of sleep pressure and call for a critical reassessment of work that has not accounted for such non-specific effects.</p>
Transcriptome analysis of Drosophila suzukii reveals molecular mechanisms conferring pyrethroid and spinosad resistance
<p class="MsoNormal"><em>Drosophila suzukii</em> possess a serrated ovipositor that enables them to lay eggs in soft-skinned, ripening fruits, making this insect<em> </em>a serious threat to berry production. Since its 2008 introduction into North America, growers have used insecticides as the primary approach for <em>D. suzukii</em> management, resulting in detections of insecticide resistance in this pest. This study sought to identify the molecular mechanisms conferring insecticide resistance in these resistant populations. We sequenced the transcriptomes of two pyrethroid- and two spinosad-resistant isogenic lines. In both pyrethroid-resistant lines and one spinosad-resistant line, we identified overexpression of metabolic genes that are implicated in resistance in other insect pests. In the other spinosad-resistant line, we observed an overexpression of cuticular genes that have been linked to resistance. Our findings enabled the development of molecular diagnostics that we used to confirm persistence of insecticide resistance in California. To validate these findings, we leveraged <em>D. melanogaster </em>mutants deficient in either metabolic or cuticular genes that were upregulated in resistant <em>D. suzukii </em>to demonstrate that these genes are involved in promoting resistance. This study is the first to characterize the molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance in <em>D. suzukii</em> and provides insights into how current management practices can be optimized.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
Data from: Fitness surfaces and local thermal adaptation in Drosophila along a latitudinal gradient
<p><span>Local adaptation is commonly cited to explain species distribution, but how fitness varies along continuous geographical gradients is not well understood. Here we combine thermal biology and life-history theory to demonstrate that <em>Drosophila </em>populations along a 2,500 km latitudinal cline are adapted to local conditions. We measured how heat tolerance and viability rate across 8 populations vary with temperature in the laboratory, and then simulated their expected cumulative Darwinian fitness employing high-resolution temperature data from their 8 collection sites. Simulations indicate a trade-off between annual survival and cumulative viability, as both mortality and the recruitment of new flies are predicted to increase in warmer regions. Importantly, populations are locally adapted and exhibit the optimal combination of both traits to maximize fitness where they live. In conclusion, our method is able to reconstruct fitness surfaces employing empirical life-history estimates and reconstructs peaks representing locally adapted populations, allowing to study geographic adaptation <em>in silico</em>.</span></p>
Data from: The effect of operational sex ratio and density on the strength of sexual selection against mutant males in Drosophila melanogaster
<p>Higher male:female operational sex ratio (OSR) is often assumed to lead to stronger sexual selection on males. Yet, this premise has been directly tested by very few studies, with mixed outcomes. We investigated how OSR affects the strength of sexual selection against two deleterious alleles, a natural <em>ebony</em> mutant and a transgenic <em>GFP</em> insertion, in <em>Drosophila melanogaster. </em>To this end, we estimated the relative paternity share of homozygous mutant males competing against wildtype males under different OSRs (1:2, 1:1, 2:1). We also manipulated the mating pool density (18, 36 or 54 individuals), and assessed paternity over three consecutive days, during which the nature of sexual interaction changed. The strength of sexual selection against the <em>ebony</em> mutant increased with OSR, became weaker after the first day and was little affected by density. In contrast, sexual selection against the <em>GFP</em> transgene was markedly affected by density: at the highest density it increased with OSR, but at lower densities it was strongest at 1:1 OSR, remaining strong throughout the experiment. Thus, while OSR can strongly affect the strength of sexual selection against "bad genes", it does not necessarily increase monotonically with male:female OSR. Furthermore, the pattern of relationship between OSR and the strength of sexual selection can be locus-specific, likely reflecting the specific phenotypic effects of the mutation.</p>
Data from: Two male-killing Wolbachia from Drosophila birauraia that are closely related but distinct in genome structure
<p><a>Insects </a>harbour diverse maternally inherited bacteria and viruses, some of which have evolved to kill the male progeny of their hosts (male killing: MK). The fly species <em>Drosophila biauraria</em> carries a maternally transmitted MK-inducing partiti-like virus, but it was unknown if it carries other MK-inducing endosymbionts. Here, we identified two male-killing <em>Wolbachia</em> strains (<em>w</em>Biau1 and <em>w</em>Biau2) from <em>D. biauraria</em> and compared their genomes to elucidate their evolutionary processes. The two strains were genetically closely related but had exceptionally different genome structures with considerable rearrangements compared with combinations of other <em>Wolbachia</em> strains. Despite substantial changes in the genome structure, the two <em>Wolbachia</em> strains did not experience gene losses that would disrupt the male-killing expression or persistence in the host population. The two <em>Wolbachia</em>-infected matrilines carried distinct mitochondrial haplotypes, suggesting that <em>w</em>Biau1 and <em>w</em>Biau2 have invaded <em>D. biauraria</em> independently and undergone considerable genome changes owing to unknown selective pressures in evolutionary history. This study demonstrated the presence of three male-killers from two distinct origins in one fly species and highlighted the diverse and rapid genome evolution of MK <em>Wolbachia </em>in the host.</p>
Data from: Geographic and seasonal variation of the for gene reveal signatures of local adaptation in Drosophila melanogaster
<p>In the early 1980s, the observation that <em>Drosophila melanogaster </em>larvae differed in their foraging behavior laid the foundation for the work that would later lead to the discovery of the foraging gene (<em>for</em>) and its associated foraging phenotypes, rover and sitter. Since then, the molecular characterization of the <em>for</em> gene and our understanding of the mechanisms that maintain its phenotypic variants in the laboratory have progressed enormously. However, the significance and dynamics of such variation are yet to be investigated in nature. With the advent of next-generation sequencing, it is now possible to identify loci underlying adaptation of populations in response to environmental variation. Here, I present results of a genotype-environment association analysis that quantifies variation at the <em>for</em> gene among samples of <em>D. melanogaster</em> structured across space and time. These samples consist of published genomes of adult flies collected worldwide, and at least twice per site of collection (during spring and fall). Both an analysis of genetic differentiation based on Fst values, and an analysis of population structure revealed an east-west gradient in allele frequency. This gradient may be the result of spatially varying selection driven by the seasonality of precipitation. These results support the hypothesis that different patterns of gene flow as expected under models of isolation by distance and potentially isolation by environment are driving genetic differentiation among populations. Overall, this study is essential for understanding the mechanisms underlying the evolution of foraging behavior in <em>D. melanogaster</em>.</p>
An experimental test of the evolutionary consequences of sympatry in Drosophila subquinaria
<p>Prezygotic isolation is often stronger between sympatric as opposed to allopatric taxa, but the underlying cause can be difficult to infer from comparative studies alone. Experimental evolution, where evolutionary responses to treatments manipulating the presence/absence of heterospecific individuals are tracked, can provide a powerful complementary approach. We used experimental evolution to investigate a naturally occurring pattern of reproductive character displacement in the mushroom-feeding fly, <em>Drosophila subquinaria</em>. In nature, female <em>D. subquinaria</em> from populations sympatric with the closely related <em>D. recens</em> discriminate more strongly against heterospecific males than do females from allopatric populations. Starting with 16 replicate allopatric populations of <em>D. subquinaria,</em> we manipulated the presence/absence of <em>D. recens</em> during mating (experimental sympatry vs. control) and, when present, we allowed hybrids to live or killed them each generation. Across 12 generations, heterospecific offspring production from no-choice mating trials between <em>D. subquinaria</em> females and <em>D. recens</em> males declined in both experimental sympatry treatments relative to the control, suggesting increased sexual isolation. Male cuticular hydrocarbon profiles also evolved, but only in the hybrids killed treatment. Our results strongly imply that the existing reproductive character displacement in wild <em>D. subquinaria</em> populations was an evolutionary response to selection arising from secondary contact with <em>D. recens.</em></p>
Drosophila melanogaster wounding in the wild
<p>Wounding occurs across multicellular organisms, and it can result from intra- and interspecific interactions. Depending upon the severity, wounds could affect host mobility and reproduction, with ecological consequences, e.g., on competitive interactions and predator-prey dynamics. Wounds are also entry points for pathogens, and infections may in turn reduce host fitness. An immune response is activated upon wounding, which results in the deposition of the brown-black pigment melanin in insects. Despite the abundance of immunity studies in the lab and the potential ecological and evolutionary implications of wounding, the prevalence of wounding in wild-collected insects is rarely systematically explored. Our aim was to investigate the prevalence and potential causes of wounds in a wild-collected insect. For this we chose flies from the Drosophilidae family, a group of abundant insects in the wild that includes the frequently used lab model <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>. From systematic collections of female and male flies over three seasons and locations, we found that 31% of <em>D. melanogaster</em> were wounded or damaged in some way. The abdomen was more frequently wounded than other body parts, and females were more likely to have melanised patches particularly on the ventral abdomen, compared to males. Encapsulated parasitoid egg frequency was just under ten percent. Moreover, just under one percent of Drosophilidae species had mites attached to their body, the majority of which also caused wounds. Wounding is prevalent in <em>D. melanogaster</em>, and as such it is likely to exert selection pressure on host immunity for two reasons: on a rapid and efficient wound repair, and on responding efficiently to opportunistic infections. Wounding is thus expected to be an important driver of immune system evolution and to affect individual fitness and population dynamics.</p>
Data from: The Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) on locomotor activity across different environmental conditions
<p>In nature, organisms are exposed to variable and occasionally stressful environmental conditions. Responses to diurnal and seasonal fluctuations, such as temperature and food accessibility, involve adaptive behavioral and physiological changes. While much work has been done on understanding the genetic architecture and evolutionary potential of stress tolerance traits under constant thermal conditions, there has been less focus on the quantitative genetic background in variable environments. In this study, we use the <em>Drosophila</em> Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) to investigate locomotor activity, a key behavioral trait, under variable natural thermal conditions during the summer in a temperate environment. Male flies from 100 DGRP lines were exposed to natural thermal and light conditions in <em>Drosophila</em> activity monitors across three experimental days. We found that activity was highly temperature- and time-dependent and varied between lines both within and between days. Further, we observed variation in genetic and environmental variance components, with low to moderate estimates of the heritability for locomotor activity, consistently peaking in the afternoons. Moreover, we showed that the estimated genetic correlations of locomotor activity between two time points decreased as the absolute differences in ambient temperature was increased. In conclusion, we find that the genetic background for locomotor activity is environment specific and we conclude that more variable and unpredictable future temperatures will likely have a strong impact on the evolutionary trajectories of behavioral traits in ectotherms.</p>
Diet-induced plasticity of life-history traits and gene expression in outbred Drosophila melanogaster population
<p>Food is fundamental for the survival of organisms, governing growth, maintenance, and reproduction through the provision of essential macronutrients. However, access to food with optimum macronutrient composition, which will maximize the evolutionary fitness of an organism, is not always guaranteed. This leads to dietary mismatches with potential impacts on organismal performance. To understand the consequences of such dietary mismatches, we examined the effects of isocaloric diets varying in macronutrient composition on eight key organismal traits spanning across the lifespan of a large outbred <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> population (n ~ 2500). Our findings reveal that carbohydrate-reduced isocaloric diets correlates to accelerated pre-adult development and boosts reproductive output without impacting pre-adult viability and body size. Conversely, an elevated dietary carbohydrate content correlated to reduced lifespan in flies, evidenced by accelerated functional senescence including compromised locomotor activity and deteriorating gut integrity. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis indicated a substantial difference in gene regulatory landscapes between flies subject to high carbohydrate vs high protein diet, with elevated protein levels indicating transcriptomes primed for reduced synthesis of fatty acids. Taken together, our study helps advance our understanding of the effect of macronutrient composition on life history traits and their interrelations, offering critical insights into potential adaptive strategies that organisms might adopt against the continual dietary imbalances prevalent in the rapidly evolving environment.</p>
Data from: Neuronal function and dopamine signaling evolve at high temperature in Drosophila
<p>Neuronal activity is temperature sensitive and affects behavioral traits important for individual fitness, such as locomotion and courtship. Yet, we do not know enough about the evolutionary response of neuronal phenotypes in new temperature environments. Here, we use long-term experimental evolution of <em>Drosophila simulans</em> populations exposed to novel temperature regimes. Here, we demonstrate a direct relationship between thermal selective pressure and the evolution of neuronally expressed molecular and behavioral phenotypes. Several essential neuronal genes evolve lower expression at high temperatures and higher expression at low temperatures, with dopaminergic neurons standing out by displaying the most consistent expression change across independent replicates. We functionally validate the link between evolved gene expression and behavioral changes by pharmacological intervention in the experimentally evolved <em>D. simulans</em> populations as well as by genetically triggered expression changes of key genes in <em>D. melanogaster</em>. As natural temperature clines confirm our results for <em>Drosophila</em> and <em>Anopheles</em>populations, we conclude that neuronal dopamine evolution is a key factor for temperature adaptation.</p>
Morphology and ultrastructure of external sense organs of Drosophila larvae
<p>Sensory perception is the ability through which an organism is able to process sensory stimuli from the environment. This stimulus is transmitted from the peripheral sensory organs to the central nervous system, where it is interpreted. Drosophila melanogaster larvae possess peripheral sense organs on their head, thoracic, and abdominal segments. These are specialized to receive diverse environmental information, such as olfactory, gustatory, temperature, or mechanosensory signals. In this work, we complete the description of the morphology of external larval sensilla and provide a comprehensive map of the ultrastructure of the different types of sensilla that comprise them. This was achieved by 3D electron microscopic analysis of partial and whole body volumes, which contain high-resolution and complete three-dimensional data of the anatomy of the sensilla and adjacent ganglia. Our analysis revealed three main types of sensilla on thoracic and abdominal segments: the papilla sensillum, the hair sensillum, and the knob sensillum. They occur solitary or organized in compound sensilla such as the thoracic keilin's organ or the terminal sensory cones. We present a spatial map defining these sensilla by their position on thoracic and abdominal segments. Further, we identify and name the sensilla at the larval head and the last fused abdominal segments. We show that mechanosensation dominates in the larval peripheral nervous system, as most sensilla have corresponding structural properties. The result of this work, the construction of a complete structural and neuronal map of the external larval sensilla, provides the basis for following molecular and functional studies to understand which sensory strategies the Drosophila larva employs to orient itself in its natural environment.</p>
Data: Chromosomal inversions and the demography of speciation in Drosophila montana and Drosophila flavomontana
<p>Chromosome-level genome assemblies of Drosophila montana and Drosophila flavomontana that are associated with the publication "Chromosomal inversions and the demography of speciation in Drosophila montana and Drosophila flavomontana" by Poikela et al. (2024).</p> <p>Dmontana_chromosomes = only D. montana scaffolds assigned to chromosomes</p> <p>Dmontana_all_regions = all genomic D. montana regions</p> <p>Dflavomontana_chromosomes = only D. flavomontana scaffolds assigned to chromosomes</p> <p>Dflavomontana_all_regions = all genomic D. flavomontana regions</p>
Data from: ESCRT-III-dependent adhesive and mechanical changes are triggered by a mechanism detecting alteration of Septate Junction integrity in Drosophila epithelial cells
<p><span>Barrier functions of proliferative epithelia are constantly challenged by mechanical and chemical constraints. How epithelia respond to and cope with disturbances of barrier functions to allow tissue integrity maintenance is poorly characterized. Cellular junctions play an important role in this process and intracellular traffic contribute to their homeostasis. Here, we reveal that, in <em>Drosophila</em> pupal <em>notum</em>, alteration of the bi- or tricellular septate junctions (SJs) triggers a mechanism with two prominent outcomes. On one hand, there is an increase in the levels of E-cadherin, F-Actin and non-muscle Myosin II in the plane of adherens junctions. On </span><span>the other hand, β-integrin/Vinculin-positive cell contacts are reinforced along the lateral and basal membranes. We found that the weakening of SJ integrity, caused by the depletion of bi- or tricellular SJ components, alters ESCRT-III/Vps32/Shrub distribution, reduces degradation, and instead favours recycling of SJ components, an effect that extends to other recycled transmembrane protein cargoes including Crumbs, its effector β-Heavy Spectrin</span><span> Karst, and </span><span>β-integrin</span><span>. We propose a mechanism by which epithelial cells, upon sensing alterations of the septate junction</span><span>,</span><span> reroute the function of Shrub to adjust the balance of degradation/recycling of junctional cargoes and thereby compensate for barrier junction defects to maintain epithelial integrity.</span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.