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opennotspecifiedJun 2024View details →

FIGURE 4 in Aphelandra almanegra (Acanthaceae), a new species from the dry forests of the Cauca River canyon in Antioquia department, Colombia

FIGURE 4. Dry forests in the upper part of the Cauca River Canyon, Department of Antioquia, Municipality of Liborina, Vereda Chachafruto. Location where Aphelandra almanegra thrives, mainly in small riparian forest remnants.

FIGURE 2 in Hysterium madraspatanum (Hysteriaceae), a new species from Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest of Tamil Nadu, India

FIGURE 2: Hysterium madraspatanum. a–d Ascomata on host surface. e–g Hamathecium. e–g Hamathecium of H. madraspatanum. h young developing ascus. i–j Ascus with biseriate ascospores. k Pseudoparaphyses. l young spore showing single septum. m–p Various stages of ascospores. Scale bars: a–b = 2 mm, c–d = 1 mm, e = 0.2 mm, f–g = 0.1 mm, h = 5 µm, i–j =10 µm, k =5µm, l–p = 10µm.

FIGURE 1 in Hysterium madraspatanum (Hysteriaceae), a new species from Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest of Tamil Nadu, India

FIGURE 1: Hysterium madraspatanum. a Habit. b Ascospores. c Various stages of ascus with ascospores. d Pseudoparaphyses showing the branching pattern. Scale bars: a = 0.5 mm, b = 20 µm, c = 20 µm, d = 10 µm.

FIGURE 3 in Hysterium madraspatanum (Hysteriaceae), a new species from Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest of Tamil Nadu, India

FIGURE 3. Phylogram generated from Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) analyses, based on ITS sequence dataset including 15 taxa representing Hysteriaceae. The new species is highlighted in red colour. Bayesian posterior probabilities above 1.0 are are represented at nodes.

opennotspecifiedDec 2023View details →

Fig. 4. Representative beetle species from Bosque Protector Jerusalem. A in Diversity of Beetles (Coleoptera) in an Inter-Andean Dry Tropical Forest in Ecuador

Fig. 4. Representative beetle species from Bosque Protector Jerusalem. A) Psomus sp. (Curculionidae), new genus country record, B) Bostrichidae, C) Urgleptes sp. (Cerambycidae), D) Sericoderus sp. (Corylophidae), E–F) Kateretidae; G) Ablechrus sp. 1 (Melyridae), H) Ptinidae. Scale bars: 1 mm. Photo credits: GNDM.

opennotspecifiedDec 2023View details →

Fig. 1 in Diversity of Beetles (Coleoptera) in an Inter-Andean Dry Tropical Forest in Ecuador

Fig. 1. Maps showing Bosque Protector Jerusalém (yellow dot) situated within a remnant of Inter-Andean Dry Tropical Forest (blue) in the Guayllabamba Valley in Ecuador (left). The black lines represent province boundaries. The distribution of Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests in northern South America is displayed in pink (right). Details of the sampling sites are provided in Table 1. The shapefile of the SDTF was downloaded from the DRYFLOR website (www. dryflor.info/data).

opennotspecifiedDec 2023View details →

Fig. 3 in Diversity of Beetles (Coleoptera) in an Inter-Andean Dry Tropical Forest in Ecuador

Fig. 3. Sample-based rarefaction species accumulation curve at Bosque Protector Jerusalém. The shaded area represents 95% confidence intervals.

opennotspecifiedJun 2017View details →

FIGURE 2 in Warneckea albiflora, a new species of W. subgenus Carnosae (MelastomataceaeOlisbeoideae) from coastal dry forest in northern Mozambique

FIGURE 2. Living material of Warneckea albiflora (same individual as the type collection). A. Flowering branchlet; B. Trunk showing mottled character of the bark. Photographs by John E. Burrows.

opennotspecifiedJun 2017View details →

FIGURE 1 in Warneckea albiflora, a new species of W. subgenus Carnosae (MelastomataceaeOlisbeoideae) from coastal dry forest in northern Mozambique

FIGURE 1. Image of the holotype of Warneckea albiflora (J.E. Burrows & S.M. Burrows 10833, BNRH). Source: Buffelskloof Nature Reserve Herbarium.

FIGURE 3 in Biogeographical identity of the Mesoamerican dominion with emphasis on seasonally dry tropical forests

FIGURE 3. Biogeographical regionalization and area relationships for the Mesoamerican dominion based Cluster analysis (Sorensen dissimilarity coefficient) of species of the seasonally dry tropical forests, on a grid of 0.5° × 0.5° grid-cells. Colours in the dendrogram correspond to those on the map and node labels correspond to the distance (dissimilarity) between clusters. (a) Caribbean sub-region, (b) Mesoamerican tropical rain forests, (c) Mesoamerican tropical dry forests.

FIGURE 4 in Biogeographical identity of the Mesoamerican dominion with emphasis on seasonally dry tropical forests

FIGURE 4. Geographical patterns of species richness of species of the seasonally dry tropical forests for the Mesoamerican dominion, on a grid of 0.5° × 0.5° grid-cells.

FIGURE 5 in Biogeographical identity of the Mesoamerican dominion with emphasis on seasonally dry tropical forests

FIGURE 5. Geographical patterns of species endemism richness of species of the seasonally dry tropical forests for the Mesoamerican dominion, on a grid of 0.5° × 0.5° grid-cells.

FIGURE 2 in Biogeographical identity of the Mesoamerican dominion with emphasis on seasonally dry tropical forests

FIGURE 2. Biogeographical regionalization and area relationships for the Neotropical region based Cluster analysis (Sorensen dissimilarity coefficient) of species of the seasonally dry tropical forests, on a grid of 0.5° × 0.5° grid-cells. Colours in the dendrogram correspond to those on the map and node labels correspond to the distance (dissimilarity) between clusters.

TABLE 2 in Hysterium madraspatanum (Hysteriaceae), a new species from Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest of Tamil Nadu, India

TABLE 2. Comparison of morphological characteristics, hosts information of closely related species to Hysterium madraspatanum.<table><tbody><tr><th>S. no Species</th><th>Ascomata</th><th>Exciple</th><th>Hamathecium</th><th>Asci</th><th>Ascospores</th><th>Hosts</th><th>Reference</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>1.</th><td>H. barrianum</td><td>Ascomata atypically hysterithecioid, somewhat laterally compressed in the upper region, slightly connivent, sulcus very shallow, existing as a narrow rim, sides laterally striate, striae few and deep, straight to flexuous, sessile on the substrate, rarely bifurcating, taller than wide at maturity: 1–2.5 mm long × 250–450 μm high, 200–300 μm wide.</td><td>-</td><td>Pseudoparaphyses hyaline, cellular, 1–2 μm wide, branched above the ascal layer to form an epithecium.</td><td>Asci bitunicate, cylindrical, short-stipitate, (110)125– 135 × 15–20 μm.</td><td>Phragmospores fusiform, narrow, hyaline and straight when young, becoming pale-yellow to lightly clear brown, and curved when mature, highly guttulate, with guttulae large, highly refractive, present in every cell, with (7–)9(–11) septa, measuring (35–)40–45(–55) × (7–)9–10(–12) μm when mature.</td><td>Quercus</td><td>Boehm et al. 2009.</td></tr><tr><th>2.</th><td>H. insidens</td><td>Fruiting bodies single or in groups, embedded or erumpent, elongated, linear, tapering towards the ends, straight, not branched, up to 2.4 × 0.26 mm.</td><td>-</td><td>Pseudoparaphyses hyaline, septate, branched, with thickened tips, forming an epitheciurn above the asci.</td><td>Asci broad to cylindrical, 8 spored, irregularly biseriate, 140–150 × 18–23 μm.</td><td>Ascospores golden to dark brown, fusiform to oblong, phragmosporous, most commonly with 7 or 8 transverse septa, often Salvia mellifera constricted at median septum, middle cell usually swollen, 28 –35 × 10–12 μm.</td><td>E.J. van der Linde 1992.</td></tr><tr><th>3.</th><td>H. velloziae</td><td>Fruiting bodies arranged in evenly distributed groups, embedded or erumpent, broad to ellipsoid with almost abrupt ends, slit broad, straight, not branched, up to 1.2 × 0.5 mm.</td><td>-</td><td>Pseudoparaphyses hyaline, septate, filiform, not thickened much at the tips, branched to form an epithecium.</td><td>Asci irregularly biseriate, broad cylindrical, 8 spored, 130–140 × 20–25 μm.</td><td>Ascospores light brown with dark brown septa, fusiform, phragmosporous, 13–21 septate, most commonly 14 or 15 septate, 45–50(60) × 10–12 (14) μm.</td><td>-</td><td>E.J. van der Linde 1992.</td></tr><tr><th>4.</th><td>H. angustatum</td><td>Hysterothecia superficial with base immersed, carbonaceous, black, subglobose to elongate, straight or flexuous, smooth laterally, with a longitudinal slit, sulcus shallow, gregarious, lying at irregular angles, without KOH Extractable pigment 0.2–1.4 × 0.1–0.3 mm, 0.1–0.3 mm high.</td><td>-</td><td>Pseudoparaphyses Asci bitunicate, cylindrical, septate, hyaline, branched short pedicillate, 8 spored, above the asci, 1–1.5 µm irregularly biseriate, wide. 57.5–88 × 9–11 µm.</td><td>Ascospores 16–30 x 4–8.5 µm, 3- septate (rarely 4-septate), narrowly ellipsoidal-ovoid to cylindrical with rounded ends, often with one side straight, reddish brown, slightly constricted at the septa, the end cells concolorous or slightly paler than median cells.</td><td>Platanus occidentalis, Corylus avellana, Betula pendula, Prunus spinosa, Fraxinus excelsior.</td><td>Jayasiri S. C. et al. 2018.</td></tr><tr><th>5.</th><td>H. citricola</td><td>Ascocarps superficial elongated stromatic, The wall lined by black hard and opening by narrow long slit thick walled cells. measuring from 1537–1762 × 450 –787 µm.</td><td>Paraphyses occasionally branching forming the epithecium at apex</td><td>Asci hyaline to slightly yellow in colour, arises from the basal hymenium layer which are parallel, bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, 8 spored measuring from 118–170 × 9–11 µm.</td><td>Ascospores uniseriately arranged, 4 celled, hyaline first later changing to yellow and then dark brown, Citri limon oblong to ellipsoid measuring from 20–26 × 7–8 µm.</td><td>Tilak et al. 1966</td></tr><tr><th>6.</th><td>H. lantanae</td><td>Ascocarp superficial elongated stromatic, black and hard and opening by narrow long slit measuring from 1300–1470 × 450 –525 µm from the basal hymenium layer.</td><td>The wall lined by thick walled cells.</td><td>Paraphysate, paraphyses occasionally branched forming the epithecium at apex.</td><td>From the basal hymenium layer asci originate which are parallel, bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, 8 spored measuring from 125–145 × 7–11 µm, hyaline to slightly yellow in colour.</td><td>Ascospores uniseriately arranged, initially two celled and finally four celled, hyaline first, later changing Lantana camara to yellow and then dark brown, oblong to ellipsoid, measuring from 24–30 × 8–9.6 µm.</td><td>Tilak et al. 1966.</td></tr><tr><th>7.</th><td>H. tamarindi</td><td>Ascocarp superficial elongated stromatic black hard and opening by narrow long slit measuring from 700–1560 × 285–435 µm.</td><td>The wall lined by thick walled cells.</td><td>Paraphyses occasionally branching, forming the epithecium at the apex.</td><td>From the basal hymenium layer asci originate which are parallel, bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate 8 spored measuring from 156–210 × 9–11 µm, hyaline to slightly yellow in colour,</td><td>Ascospores uniseriately arranged, initially two celled which ultimately become four celled, hyaline first, later changing to yellow and then dark brown, oblong to ellipsoid, measuring from 19–30 × 7–8 µm.</td><td>Tamarindus indica</td><td>Tilak et al. 1966.</td></tr><tr><th>8.</th><td>H. memecyli</td><td>Ascocarps superficial elongated stromatic, black hard and, opening by narrow long slit, measuring from 700–900 × 450–550 µm.</td><td>The wall lined by thick walled cells.</td><td>Paraphyses occasionally branching, forming the epithecium at apex.</td><td>From the basal hymenium layer asci originate which are parallel, bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, 8 spored measuring from 200–240 × 8–11 µm, hyaline to slightly yellow in colour.</td><td>Ascospores uniseriately arranged, initially two celled and finally become four celled, hyaline first, later changing to yellow and then dark brown, oblong to ellipsoid, measuring from 29–32 × 7–9 µm.</td><td>Memecylon edule</td><td>Tilak et al. 1966.</td></tr><tr><th>9.</th><td>H. celastrinum</td><td>Ascocarps superficial elongated stromatic, black hard and opening by narrow long slit measuring from 350–750 × 150–250 µm.</td><td>The wall is lined by thick walled cells and measures from 20–30 × 8 –12 µm.</td><td>Paraphyses occasionally branching, forming the epithecium at apex.</td><td>From the basal hymenium layer originate asci which are parallel, bitunicate cylindrical to ctavate 8 spored, measuring from 60–75 × 5–6 µm, hyaline to slightly yellow in colour.</td><td>Ascospores uniseriately arranged. 4 celled, hyaline first later changing to yellow and then dark brown, oblong to ellipsoid, measuring from 26.1– 29 × 5.8–9 µm.</td><td>Celastrus paniculatus</td><td>Tilak 1963.</td></tr><tr><th>10.</th><td>H. hyalinum</td><td>Asomata hysteriaceous, i.e they are elongate with a central narrow fissure, black, carbonaceous and remain closed when wet.</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>The asci of the species measures 95–110 × 15 µm.</td><td>Ascospores become pale brown when matured, occasionally, they are 4 or 5 septate.</td><td>Populus</td><td>Cooke et al. 1875.</td></tr><tr><th>11.</th><td>H. pulicare</td><td>Ascostromata 500–2000 × 300–500(–700) µm, 200–300 µm tall, erumpent through bark Peridium with lateral or appearing superficial on wood where the walls 50–90 µm thick, bark is lost, elongate, narrowly elliptical to composed of very fusiform in outline, straight or irregularly dark, near opaque, curved, ovate to doliiform in vertical thick walled brown section, constricted at the base, scattered to black cells, basal or gregarious, superficial or nearly so, dull region similar, with a black, with a conspicuous longitudinal layer of hyaline thin cleft and often with inconspicuous parallel walled cells 40–50 striations, the cleft gradually widening to µm thick forming the expose the hymenium, which is coloured cavity floor. dark brown by the ascospores and encrusted paraphysoids.</td><td>Interascal tissue of paraphysoids ca 1.5 µm diam, filiform with rounded ends, hyaline, smooth, sparsely septate, branched and sometimes anastomosed, exceeding the asci and plugging the ascomatal slit when dry, occasionally with slight apical encrustation where exposed.</td><td>Asci (75–) 100–120 × 17–24 µm, cylindrical-clavate, stalked, tapering to a rounded or irregular base, thick-walled, fissitunicate, apex rounded, 8 spored, arising in parallel from the cavity floor.</td><td>Ascospores 26–37 × 7–12 µm, 3 septate (very rarely 4 septate), end cells much paler (near-hyaline), narrowly ellipsoidal-ovoid to cylindrical with rounded ends, often with one side straight, reddish brown, slightly constricted at the septa, the end cells concolorous or slightly paler than median cells.</td><td>Quercus</td><td>Boehm et al. 2009.</td></tr><tr><th>12.</th><td>H. petiolare</td><td>Hysterothecia 0.5 –1.0 × 0.2–0.4 mm, separate and in subparallel rows, ostiole prominent, frequently with a distinct rim surrounding its base giving a hat-shaped appearance to the fructification.</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>spores hyaline, filiform, non-septate, 40–55 × 1.5 µm.</td><td>Rhus glabra and Quercus</td><td>Lowy B 1949.</td></tr><tr><th>13.</th><td>H. rhizophorae</td><td>Peridium 25–75 (x Saprobic on decaying wood of Ascomata = 50 μm, n = 5)μm hysterothecial, 650–2100 μm long (x = 1060 wide, carbonaceous, μm, n = 5), 100–400 μm high, 170–200 μm comprising an outer wide (x = 243 × 199 μm, n = 5), erumpent layer of dark brown to superficial with base immersed, solitary cells of textura to gregarious, straight to flexuous, ellipsoid globosa and aninner or elongate, with pointed ends, opening by a layer of hyaline to depressed longitudinal slit, invertical section pale brown cells of sub-globose to globose, carbonaceous, black. textura globosa.</td><td>Ascospores 10–17 × 3–5 μm (x = 14 × 4 μm, n = 30), overlapping Pseudoparaphyses Asci 40–65 × 6–12 μm (x = biseriate, light brown, ellipsoidal, 1–2 μm (n = 30) wide, 48 × 10 μm, n = 20),8 spored, straight to slightly curved, with cellular, septate, flexuous, bitunicate, cylindric to 3 transverse septa, often slightly branched. claviform, short pedicellate. constricted at the median septum, with or without guttules.</td><td>Rhizophora apiculata and Aegiceras corniculatum</td><td>Devdatha et al. 2018</td></tr><tr><th>14.</th><td>H. calabash</td><td>Apothecia gregarious in little clusters on the substratum, straight or curved, reaching a length of 1 mm.</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>Asci clavate, reaching a length of 70 μm and a diameter of 10 μm.</td><td>8 spored; spores fusoid, 3 septate, slightly constricted at the septa, pale-brown, about 18 × 8 μm.</td><td>Crescentia cujete and Lagenaria siceraria</td><td>Seaver, F. J. 1924.</td></tr></tbody></table>......continued on the next page......continued on the next page

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Commonness, rarity and oligarchies of woody plants in the tropical dry forests of Mexico

We assessed woody plant communities in two widely separated forests in the tropical dry forest (TDF) biome of Mexico for evidence of similar patterns of species commonness and rarity. We used belt transects laid out along contour lines (i.e., constant elevation) and stratified across elevation gradients at sites in Jalisco and Oaxaca to sample woody plant species diversity, abundance, relative frequency and basal area. We assembled a combined species list and compared species found in both sites (shared) to species found in only one site, assessing whether the most and least common species at a site tended to be shared or unshared. Of the 8242 individuals sampled, 370 species or morpho-species were identified, with 222 species recorded at the Jalisco site and 270 at the Oaxaca site—122 (33%) species were shared across sites. Abundance, frequency and basal area of shared species were greater on average than for unshared species, and were positively correlated across sites. A subset of 68 shared species (18%) accounted for over half of all individuals encountered at the two sites. Species in the most common quartile were more likely to be shared than expected by chance, while species in the least common quartile were less likely. A genus-level analysis found similar patterns. Our findings suggest that the TDF of Pacific coast Mexico shows evidence of widespread dominance by a small subset of species. These findings have potentially important implications for predicting species composition, understanding the role of oligarchic species in ecological processes, and conserving rare species.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Rainfall seasonality predicts the germination behaviour of a tropical dry-forest vine

Seed dormancy is considered an adaptive strategy in seasonal and/or unpredictable environments because it prevents germination during climatically favourable periods that are too short for seedling establishment. Tropical dry forests are seasonal environments where seed dormancy may play an important role in plant resilience and resistance to changing precipitation patterns. We studied the germination behaviour of seeds from six populations of the Neotropical vine Dalechampia scandens (Euphorbiaceae) originating from environments of contrasting rainfall seasonality. Seeds produced by second greenhouse-generation plants were measured and exposed to a favourable wet environment at different time intervals after capsule dehiscence and dispersal. We recorded the success and the timing of germination. All populations produced at least some dormant seeds, but seeds of populations originating from more seasonal environments required longer periods of after-ripening before germinating. Within populations, larger seeds tended to require longer after-ripening periods than did smaller seeds. These results indicate among-population genetic differences in germination behaviour and suggest that these populations are adapted to local environmental conditions. They also suggest a role of seed size in germination timing within populations. Ongoing changes in seasonality patterns in tropical dry forests may impose strong selection on these traits.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Successional dynamics of the bee community in a tropical dry forest: insights from taxonomy and functional ecology

Despite the recent rapid growth of tropical dry forest succession ecology, most studies on this topic have focused on plant community attribute recovery, whereas animal community successional dynamics has been largely overlooked, and the few existing studies have used taxonomic approaches. Here, we analyze the successional changes in the bee community in a Mexican tropical dry forest, by integrating taxonomic (species, genus, and family diversity) and functional (sociability, nesting strategy, and body size) information for bees. Over one year, in a successional chronosequence (2–67 years after abandonment) we collected 469 individual bees, representing five families, 36 genera and 69 species. Linear modeling showed decreases in taxonomic diversity with succession, more strongly so for species. Bee species turnover along succession ranged from moderate to high, decreasing slightly at intermediate stages. An RLQ analysis (ordination method that allows relating environmental variables with functional attributes) revealed clear relations between bee functional traits and the plant community. RLQ axis 1 was positively related to vegetation structural and diversity variables, and to eusociality, whilst solitary, parasociality and ground nesting were negatively associated with it. Early successional fallows attract mostly solitary and parasocial bees; older fallows tend to attract eusocial bees with aerial nesting. The continuous taxonomic turnover observed by us and the functional analysis suggest that the disappearance of old fallows from agricultural landscapes would likely result in significant reductions and even local extinctions of particular bee guilds. Considering the low viability of preserving large mature tropical dry forest tracts, the conservation of older successional stands emerges as a crucial component of landscape management.

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

Beyond leaf habit: generalities in plant function across 97 tropical dry forest tree species

Leaf habit has been hypothesized to define a linkage between the slow-fast plant economic spectrum and the drought resistance-avoidance trade-off in tropical forests ('slow-safe versus fast-risky'). However, variation in hydraulic traits as a function of leaf habit has rarely been explored for a large number of species. We sampled leaf and branch functional traits of 97 tropical dry forest tree species from four sites to investigate whether patterns of trait variation varied consistently in relation to leaf habit along the 'slow-safe versus fast-risky' tradeoff. Leaf habit explained from 0 to 43.69 % of individual trait variation. We found that evergreen and semi-deciduous species differed in their location along the multivariate trait ordination when compared to deciduous species. While deciduous species showed consistent trait values, evergreen species trait values varied as a function of the site. Last, trait values varied in relation to the proportion of deciduous species in the plant community. We found that leaf habit describes the strategies that define drought avoidance and plant economics in tropical trees. However, leaf habit alone does not explain patterns of trait variation, which suggests that quantifying site-specific or species-specific uncertainty in trait variation as the way forward.

opennotspecifiedJun 2014View details →

FIGURE 2 in Crepidomanes inopinatum var. tamonii (Hymenophyllaceae), a new lowland variety endemic to semi-dry forests in La Réunion

FIGURE 2. Crepidomanes inopinatum var. tamonii. In situ epilithic colony covering a wet rock in a ravine in La Réunion semi-dry forest, 'La Grande Chaloupe' locality (photograph by Y. Robert).