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1,921 results for “fertilizers”
Population bottleneck associated with but likely preceded the recent evolution of self-fertilization in a coastal dune plant
<p>Evolution of self-fertilization may be initiated by a historical population bottleneck, which should diagnostically reduce lineage-wide genetic variation. However, selfing can also strongly reduce genetic variation after it evolves. Distinguishing process from pattern is less problematic if mating system divergence is recent and geographically simple. Dramatically reduced diversity is associated with the transition from outcrossing to selfing in the Pacific coastal endemic Abronia umbellata that includes large-flowered, self-incompatible populations (var. umbellata) south of San Francisco Bay and small-flowered, autogamous populations (var. breviflora) to the north. Compared to umbellata, synonymous nucleotide diversity across 10 single-copy nuclear genes was reduced by 94% within individual populations and 90% across the whole selfing breviflora lineage, which contained no unique polymorphisms. The geographic pattern of genetic variation is consistent with a single origin of selfing that occurred recently (7–28 kya). These results are best explained by a historical bottleneck, but the two most northerly umbellata populations also contained little variation and clustered with selfing populations, suggesting that substantial diversity loss preceded the origin of selfing. A bottleneck may have set the stage for the eventual evolution of selfing by purging genetic load that prevents the spread of selfing.</p>
Data for: Simulating effects of agricultural intensification and climate change: Nitrogen fertilization and drought stress decrease insect herbivore performance
<p>Biodiversity is globally under pressure, and the current decline in insect biomass and diversity is likely caused by human activities. Key drivers of biodiversity loss include agricultural intensification and anthropogenic climate change. Nevertheless, a thorough understanding of potential interactions between both factors and the mechanisms underlying insect declines in general is still lacking.</p> <p>Here, we investigate the combined effects of nitrogen fertilization and drought, as applied to host plants, on the preference and performance of the butterfly <em>Lycaena tityrus</em>.</p> <p>Individuals performed best on plants having received medium nitrogen levels, while performance was reduced by either a lack of or strong fertilization, the former potentially caused by nitrogen limitation and the latter by increased concentrations of toxic allelochemicals. Female oviposition preference though was positively related to nitrogen fertilization, resulting in a mismatch between preference and offspring performance at high nitrogen levels. Plant drought stress additionally reduced herbivore performance, and females appeared to suffer more from low-quality food than males.</p> <p>Our results indicate that increasing nitrogen fertilization, as applied in intensive agriculture, may substantially reduce host-plant quality for insect herbivores, which may be exaggerated in the course of climate change due to the more frequent occurrence of droughts. Our study thus contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying human-driven insect declines in agricultural landscapes and beyond.</p>
Switchgrass sward establishment selection is across multiple environments and fertilization levels
<p><strong>Background</strong>: Strong selection can occur during switchgrass sward establishment. Differences in establishment selection due to environment or management could provide information on genotype‐by‐environment variation and could influence strategies for breeding perennial grasses.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: Leaf samples were collected before sward establishment and from 3‐year‐old swards for two breeding groups (lowland and hybrid) at three locations. Within two locations, samples were collected from paired fertilized (110 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> N) and unfertilized plots. Allele frequencies from pooled DNA samples were studied through multivariate analysis of variance, genomewide trait predictions (heading date and winter survivorship), and genomically estimated breeding values (GEBVs) for individual sward survival within an independent data set.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: This study found only minor variations in selection due to location or management. Predicted heading dates of the hybrid population had significant changes due to fertilization and location. There were strong correlations among sward establishment survival GEBVs between growing environments (hybrid r = 0.77; gulf r = 0.97). Interestingly, this study found a small number of genotypes that were over‐represented in established swards across all growing environments.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: This study reinforces a prior report of selection during sward establishment and indicates that only a small degree of establishment selection is location‐specific within these diverse growing conditions.</p>
Functional traits of soil nematodes define their response to nitrogen fertilization
<p>1. Nitrogen (N) fertilization and warming are two crucial global change factors affecting the soil nematode communities. The effects of N fertilization and warming, however, on nematode communities in soils are inconsistent across ecosystems and maybe be even opposite.</p> <p>2. One key reason is that the commonly used taxonomic diversity is less sensitive to environmental changes than the seldom-used trait-based indicators. To verify this, we performed an eight-year field experiment with four N fertilization levels with and without soil warming and collected an extensive dataset consisting of (i) six traits related to the nematode performance, i.e., body size, maximum body length, maximum body width, stylet length, esophagus length, and intestinal length; (ii) the taxonomic alpha (richness and abundance) and beta-diversity (Bray-Curtis dissimilarities) of the whole nematode community and each nematode functional group, (iii) soil food web resources (the total taxonomic richness and abundance of plant, bacterial and fungal communities), and (iv) soil properties (pH, total, ammonium and nitrate N, microbial N and C, total and available P and soil water content).</p> <p>3. We found that N fertilization altered plant diversity and soil nitrate levels, which in turn decreased taxonomic alpha diversity of two nematode functional groups (phytophagous nematodes and predators), but taxonomic diversity for the whole nematode community remained stable. The decreased taxonomic alpha diversity of phytophagous nematodes resulted in increased maximum body width, but decreased stylet length and esophageal length. Mild warming (~ 0.7 °C) had no effects on soil properties and soil food web resources, and the taxonomic diversity or nematode traits remained unchanged.</p> <p>4. Our results reveal that nematode functional traits show strong responses to N fertilization as individual nematode groups adapted quickly to changed soil properties and food web resources. Taxonomic diversity indices, however, were more stable under these changes showing that the functional composition of nematode communities may respond in the short-term despite little effects on species diversity. Thus, the trait-based indicators not only reveal how nematodes respond to N fertilization, but also how nematodes mediate the effects of N fertilization on ecosystem functioning (i.e., soil nutrient cycling).</p>
Heat stress reveals a fertility debt owing to postcopulatory sexual selection
<p>Climates are changing rapidly, demanding equally rapid adaptation of natural populations. Whether sexual selection can aid such adaptation is under debate; while sexual selection should promote adaptation when individuals with high mating success are also best adapted to their local surroundings, the expression of sexually selected traits can incur costs. Here we asked what the demographic consequences of such costs may be once climates change to become harsher and the strength of natural selection increases. We investigated how an evolutionary history of strong postcopulatory sexual selection (sperm competition) affects male fertility under acute adult heat stress. Harnessing the empirical potential of long-term experimental evolution in the seed beetle <em>Callosobruchus</em> <em>maculatus</em>, we assessed the thermal sensitivity of fertility (TSF) in replicated lines maintained for 68 generations under three alternative mating regimes manipulating the opportunity for sexual and natural selection. We find that males evolving under strong sexual selection suffer from increased TSF, and that male success in sperm competition (P2: sperm offense) is genetically correlated to increased TSF. Interestingly, females from the regime under strong sexual selection, who experienced relaxed selection on their own reproductive effort, had high fertility in benign settings but suffered increased TSF, like their brothers. This implies that female fertility and TSF evolved through genetic correlation with reproductive traits sexually selected in males. Paternal but not maternal heat stress reduced offspring fertility with no evidence for adaptive transgenerational plasticity among heat-exposed offspring, indicating that the observed effects may compound over generations. Our results suggest that trade-offs between fertility and traits increasing success in postcopulatory sexual selection can be revealed in harsh environments. This can put polyandrous species under increased risk during extreme heat waves expected under future climate change.</p>
Impact of urea fertilization rates on nitrogen dynamics, productivity, and profitability from Ugandan sugarcane plantations
<p>All the datasets contained in the zipped file have all the different variables written out in full with the appropriate units defined in brackets [].</p>
Data from: Fertilization mode covaries with body size
<p>The evolution of internal fertilization has occurred repeatedly and independently across the tree of life. As it has evolved, internal fertilization has reshaped sexual selection and the covariances among sexual traits such as testes size and gamete traits. But it is unclear whether fertilization mode also shows evolutionary associations with traits other than primary sex traits. Theory predicts that fertilization mode and body size should covary, but formal tests with phylogenetic control are lacking. We used a phylogenetically-controlled approach to test the covariance between fertilization mode and adult body size (while accounting for latitude, offspring size, and offspring developmental mode) among 1,232 species of marine invertebrates from 3 phyla. Within all phyla, external fertilizers are consistently larger than internal fertilizers: the consequences of fertilization mode extend to traits that are only indirectly related to reproduction. We suspect that other traits may also coevolve with fertilization mode in ways that remain unexplored. </p>
On-shelf nutrient trapping enhances the fertility of the southern Benguela upwelling system
<p>The data submitted here is published in the manuscript entitled "On-shelf nutrient trapping enhances fertility of the southern Benguela upwelling system". Our data show that regenerated nutrients get “trapped” on the shelf of the southern Benguela upwelling system (SBUS), increasing the on-shelf nutrient pool available for upwelling. Nutrient trapping occurs when phytoplankton consume upwelled nutrients, sequestering them in their biomass, then sink and are decomposed on the shallow continental shelf, releasing nutrients to bottom waters. The nutrient-deplete surface waters subsequently flow offshore. SBUS nutrient trapping appears to be assisted by hydrographic fronts that limit the offshore transport of phytoplankton, such that their sinking and subsequent decomposition occurs on-shelf. Decomposition consumes oxygen, which means that enhanced nutrient trapping may increase oxygen depletion in the SBUS, with ecosystem-wide deleterious effects.</p> <p> </p>
Fertilizer and herbicide alter nectar and pollen quality with consequences for pollinator floral choices
<p><span>Flower-visiting insects in agroecosystems forage on weeds exposed to agrochemicals that may compromise the quality of their floral resources. We conducted complementary field and greenhouse experiments to evaluate: 1) the effect of low concentrations of agrochemical exposure on nectar and pollen quality and 2) the relationship between floral resource quality and insect visitation. We found pollen amino acid concentrations were lower in plants exposed to low concentrations of herbicide, and pollen fatty acid concentrations were lower in plants exposed to low concentrations of fertilizer, while nectar amino acids were higher in plants exposed to low concentrations of either fertilizer or herbicide. Exposure to low fertilizer concentrations also increased the quantity of pollen and nectar produced per flower. The responses of plants exposed to the experimental treatments in the greenhouse helped explain insect visitation in the field study. The insect visitation rate correlated with nectar amino acids, pollen amino acids, and pollen fatty acids. An interaction between pollen protein and floral display suggested pollen amino acid concentrations drove insect preference among plant species when floral display sizes were large. We show that floral resource quality is sensitive to agrochemical exposure and that flower-visiting insects are sensitive to variation in floral resource quality.</span></p>
Throughfall exclusion and fertilization effects on tropical dry forest tree plantations, a large-scale experiment
<p>Across tropical ecosystems, global environmental change is causing drier climatic conditions and increased nutrient deposition. Such changes represent large uncertainties due to unknown interactions between drought and nutrient availability in controlling ecosystem net primary productivity (NPP). Using a large-scale manipulative experiment, we studied for 4 years whether nutrient availability affects the individual and integrated responses of aboveground and belowground ecosystem processes to throughfall exclusion in 30-year-old mixed plantations of tropical dry forest tree species in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. We used a factorial design with four treatments: control, fertilization (F), drought (D), and drought + fertilization (D + F). While we found that a 13 %–15 % reduction in soil moisture only led to weak effects in the studied ecosystem processes, NPP increased as a function of F and D + F. The relative contribution of each biomass flux to NPP varied depending on the treatment, with woody biomass being more important for F and root biomass for D + F and D. Moreover, the F treatment showed modest increases in maximum canopy cover. Plant functional type (i.e., N fixation or deciduousness) and not the experimental manipulations was the main source of variation in tree growth. Belowground processes also responded to experimental treatments, as we found a decrease in nodulation for F plots and an increase in microbial carbon use efficiency 25 for F and D plots. Our results emphasize that nutrient availability, more so than modest reductions in soil moisture, limits ecosystem processes in tropical dry forests and that soil fertility interactions with other aspects of drought intensity (e.g., vapor pressure deficit) are yet to be explored.</p>
Aridity and soil fertility, not species richness, interact to affect temporal stability along a large natural gradient in Northern China
<p><span>There is mounting evidence from experimental studies that drought and nutrient enrichment can interact to impact the biodiversity and productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. Whether such interactive effect influence plant diversity and the temporal stability of community productivity of natural ecosystems is unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, we combined a field survey of plant diversity and soil conditions with remote sensing temporal estimates of primary productivity in grasslands along a natural gradient in northern China. We found that aridity and soil ammonium (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N) interacted to influence temporal stability of NDVI. That is, the relationship between ammonium and temporal stability of NDVI shifted from positive to negative due to increased </span><span>standard deviation</span> <span>of NDVI with increasing aridity. Species richness was not related to temporal stability because it influenced the mean and </span><span>standard deviation</span> <span>of NDVI proportionally. As a result, soil fertility outweighed the contribution of species richness to temporal stability. Our study demonstrates the synergistic effect of aridity and soil fertility, but not species richness, on temporal stability along a large natural gradient. Predicting how environmental drivers affect diversity and the stable provisioning of ecosystem services in real-world ecosystems therefore requires a better understanding of the complex interactions among environmental drivers.</span></p>
Tropical forests are mainly unstratified especially in Amazonia and regions with lower fertility or higher temperatures
<p>The stratified nature of tropical forest structure had been noted by early explorers, but until recent use of satellite-based LiDAR (GEDI, or Global Ecosystems Dynamics Investigation LiDAR), it was not possible to quantify stratification across all tropical forests. Understanding stratification is important because by some estimates, a majority of the world's species inhabit tropical forest canopies. Stratification can modify vertical microenvironment, and thus can affect a species' susceptibility to anthropogenic climate change. Here we find that, based on analyzing each GEDI 25m diameter footprint in tropical forests (after screening for human impact), most footprints (60-90%) do not have multiple layers of vegetation. The most common forest structure has a minimum plant area index (PAI) at ~40m followed by an increase in PAI until ~15m followed by a decline in PAI to the ground layer (described hereafter as a one peak footprint). There are large geographic patterns to forest structure within the Amazon basin (ranging between 60–90% one peak) and between the Amazon (79 ± 9 % sd) and SE Asia or Africa (72 ± 14 % v 73 ±11 %). The number of canopy layers is significantly correlated with tree height (r<sup>2</sup>=0.12) and forest biomass (r<sup>2</sup>=0.14). Environmental variables such as maximum temperature (Tmax) (r<sup>2</sup>=0.05), vapor pressure deficit (VPD) (r<sup>2</sup>=0.03) and soil fertility proxies (e.g. total cation exchange capacity - r<sup>2</sup>=0.01) were also statistically significant but less strongly correlated given the complex and heterogeneous local structural to regional climatic interactions. Certain boundaries, like the Pebas Formation and Ecoregions, clearly delineate continental scale structural changes. More broadly, deviation from more ideal conditions (e.g. lower fertility or higher temperatures) leads to shorter, less stratified forests with lower biomass.</p>
Data for: A unique C-terminal domain contributes to the molecular function of restorer-of-fertility proteins in plant mitochondria
<p><em><span>Restorer-of-fertility</span></em><span><em> </em>(<em>Rf</em>) genes have practical applications in hybrid seed production as a means to control self-pollination. They encode pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins that are targeted to mitochondria where they specifically bind to transcripts that induce cytoplasmic male sterility and repress their expression. </span></p> <p>We have identified a unique domain, RfCTD (Restorer-of-fertility C-terminal domain), which discriminates <em>Restorer-of-fertility-like</em> (RFL) proteins from hundreds of PPR proteins encoded in plant genomes. Using the sequence of this domain from hundreds of plant species, we have constructed a sequence profile that can quickly and accurately identify RfCTD sequences in plant genomes or transcriptomes. </p> <p>This data set contains PPR genes identified in 213 plant genomes (as summarised in accompanying table). </p>
Improving gross primary production estimation accuracy on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau considering the effect of atmospheric CO2 fertilization
<p>This GPP dataset was generated by the improved GPP estimation model which introduced atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> fertilization effect and canopy-to-leaf CO<sub>2</sub> concentration gradients into the CASA model. The dataset was provided in TIF format at a month interval. The valid value ranges from 0 to 1000, and the background filled value is set to NoData. The scale factor of the data is 1. Each TIF file represents a month GPP at a daily cumulative value (unit: g C m<sup>-2</sup> month<sup>-1</sup>).</p>
Can cryptic female choice prevent invasive hybridization in external fertilizing fish?
<p>Polyandrous mating systems result in females mating with multiple males, generating opportunities for strong pre-mating and post-mating sexual selection. Polyandry also creates the potential for unintended matings and subsequent sperm competition with hybridizing species. Cryptic female choice allows females to bias paternity towards preferred males under sperm competition and may include conspecific sperm preference when under hybridization risk. The potential for hybridization becomes particularly important in context of invasive species that can novelly hybridize with natives, and by definition, have evolved allopatrically. We provide the first examination of conspecific sperm preference in a system of three species with the potential to hybridize: North American native Atlantic salmon (<em>Salmo salar</em>) and brook char (<em>Salvelinus fontinalis</em>), and invasive brown trout (<em>Salmo trutta</em>) from Europe. Using naturalized populations on the island of Newfoundland, we measured changes in sperm swimming performance, a known predictor of paternity, to determine the degree of modification in sperm swimming to female cues related to conspecific sperm preference. Compared to water alone, female ovarian fluid, in general, had a pronounced effect and changed sperm motility (by a mean of 53%) and swimming velocity (mean 30%), but not linearity (mean 6%). However, patterns in the degree of modification suggest there is no conspecific sperm preference in the North American populations. Furthermore, female cues from both native species tended to boost the sperm of invasive males more than their own. We conclude that cryptic female choice via ovarian fluid mediated sperm swimming modification is too weak in this system to prevent invasive hybridization and is likely insufficient to promote or maintain reproductive isolation among the native North American species. </p>
BSFFP, BSFFA, CPC, Control Treatment/No Fertilizer Amaranthus dubius Shoot Growth and Post-harvest Biomass Raw Data
<p>BSFFP (Plant-based wastes Feeding Substrate BSFF frass), BSFFA (Animal-based wastes Feeding Substrate BSFF frass), CPC (Commercial Plant-based Compost Fertilizer), Control Treatment/No Fertilizer <em>Amaranthus dubius</em> Shoot Growth and Post-harvest Biomass Raw Data - Nitrification and Nitrate Uptake Properties. - Agronomy MDPI 2023. </p>
BSFFP, BSFFA, CPC, Control Treatment/No Fertilizer - Fertilizers, Post-harvest Soils, Amaranthus dubius Post-harvest Nutritional Values, Potting Soil Medium Chemical Analyses Raw Data
<p>BSFFP (Plant-based wastes Feeding Substrate BSFF frass), BSFFA (Animal-based wastes Feeding Substrate BSFF frass), CPC (Commercial Plant-based Compost Fertilizer), Control Treatment/No Fertilizer <em>Amaranthus dubius </em>Nutritional Values, Potting Soil Medium Chemical Analyses Raw Data - Nitrification and Nitrate Uptake Properties. - Agronomy MDPI 2023. </p>
Plant invasion and fertilizer addition alter soil biota and their functions: A global meta-analysis
<p>Datasets used for meta-analysis on plant invasion and fertilizer addition effects on soil biota and their functions.</p>
Data for: Potential of root acid phosphatase activity to reduce phosphorus fertilization in maize cultivated in Brazil
<p><strong>Potential of root acid phosphatase activity to reduce phosphorus fertilization in maize cultivated in Brazil</strong></p> <p class="Texto"><span>It is urgent to mitigate the environmental impacts resulting from agriculture, especially in highly biodiverse and threatened areas, as the Brazilian Cerrado. We aim to investigate whether root acid phosphatase activity is an alternative plant strategy for nutrient acquisition in maize genotypes cultivated under fertilized and unfertilized conditions in Brazil, potentially contributing to reducing the use of phosphate fertilizers needed for production. Three experiments were performed: the first was conducted in a glasshouse, with 17 experimental maize inbred lines and two phosphorus (P) treatments; the second in the field, with three maize inbred lines and two treatments, one without fertilization and another with NPK fertilization; and the third was also carried out in the field, with 13 commercial hybrids, grown either under NK or under NPK treatment. Plant variables were measured and tested for the response to fertilization, differences amongst genotypes and response to root acid phosphatase activity. The activity of root acid phosphatase was modulated by the availability of P and nitrogen (N) in the soil and promoted grain filling of commercial hybrids in soils with low P availability. These results demonstrate that it is possible to select genotypes that are more adapted to low soil P availability aiming at organic production or to use genotypes that have high phosphatase activity under P fertilization to reduce the amount of added P needed for maize production in Brazil. </span></p>
Data from: Community composition and physiological plasticity control microbial carbon storage across natural and experimental soil fertility gradients
<p>Data associated with 'Community composition and physiological plasticity control microbial carbon storage across natural and experimental soil fertility gradients' by Butler, Manzoni, and Warren, published in The ISME Journal (accepted 28/9/2023).</p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.