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601 results for “habitat diversity”
Data from: Phylogenetic diversity and coevolutionary signals among trophic levels change across a habitat edge
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Data from: Isolated trees support lower bird taxonomic richness than trees within habitat patches but similar functional diversity
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Data from: Grow where you thrive, or where only you can survive? An analysis of performance curve evolution in a clade with diverse habitat affinities
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Distinct evolutionary signatures underlie body shape diversity across deep-sea habitats
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Assessment of genetic diversity and population structure of Eulaema nigrita (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini) as a factor of habitat type in Brazilian Atlantic forest fragments
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Crop diversity benefits carabid and pollinator communities in landscapes with semi-natural habitats
<p class="LO-Normal">1. In agricultural landscapes, arthropods provide essential ecosystem services such as biological pest control and pollination. Intensified crop management practices and homogenization of landscapes have led to declines among such organisms. Semi-natural habitats, associated with high numbers of these organisms, are increasingly lost from agricultural landscapes but diversification by increasing crop diversity has been proposed as a way to reverse observed arthropod declines and thus restore ecosystem services. However, whether or not an increase in the diversity of crop types within a landscape promotes diversity and abundances of pollinating and predaceous arthropods, and how semi-natural habitats might modify this relationship, is not well understood.</p> <p class="LO-Normal">2. To test how crop diversity and the proportion of semi-natural habitats within a landscape are related to the diversity and abundance of beneficial arthropod communities, we collected primary data from seven studies focusing on natural enemies (carabids and spiders) and pollinators (bees and hoverflies) from 154 crop fields in Southern Sweden between 2007 and 2017.</p> <p class="LO-Normal">3. Crop diversity within a 1-km radius around each field was positively related to the Shannon diversity index of carabid and pollinator communities in landscapes rich in semi-natural habitats. Abundances were mainly affected by the proportion of semi-natural habitats in the landscape, with decreasing carabid and increasing pollinator numbers as the proportion of this habitat type increased. Spiders showed no response to either crop diversity or the proportion of semi-natural habitats.</p> <p class="LO-Normal">4. <i>Synthesis and applications</i>. We show that the joint effort of preserving semi-natural habitats and promoting crop diversity in agricultural landscapes is necessary to enhance communities of natural enemies and pollinators. Our results suggest that increasing the diversity of crop types can contribute to the conservation of service-providing arthropod communities, particularly if the diversification of crops targets complex landscapes with a high proportion of semi-natural habitats.</p> <div> <div> <div class="msocomtxt"> </div> </div> </div> <p> </p>
Minimum habitat thresholds required for conserving mountain lion genetic diversity
<p>Jointly considering the ecology (e.g., habitat use) and genetics (e.g., population genetic structure and diversity) of a species can increase understanding of current conservation status and inform future management practices. Previous analyses indicate that mountain lion (<i>Puma concolor</i>) populations in California are genetically structured and exhibit extreme variation in population genetic diversity. Although human development may have fragmented gene flow, we hypothesized the quantity and quality of remaining habitat available would affect the genetic viability of each population. Our results indicate that area of suitable habitat, determined via a resource selection function derived using 843,500 location fixes from 263 radio-collared mountain lions, is strongly and positively associated with population genetic diversity and viability metrics, particularly with effective population size. Our results suggested that contiguous habitat of ≥ 10,000 km<sup>2</sup> may be sufficient to alleviate the negative effects of genetic drift and inbreeding, allowing mountain lion populations to maintain suitable effective population sizes. Areas occupied by five of the nine geographic–genetic mountain lion populations in California fell below this habitat threshold, and two (Santa Monica Area and Santa Ana) of those five populations lack connectivity to nearby populations. Enhancing ecological conditions by protection of greater areas of suitable habitat and facilitating positive evolutionary processes by increasing connectivity (e.g., road crossing structures) might promote persistence of small or isolated populations. The conservation status of suitable habitat also appeared to influence genetic diversity of populations. Thus, our results demonstrate that both the area and status (i.e., protected or unprotected) of suitable habitat influence the genetic viability of mountain lion populations.</p>
FIGURE 2 in Chironomidae (Diptera) of Croatia with notes on the diversity and distribution in various habitat types
FIGURE 2. Frequency of occurrence of chironomid species recorded on five or more sites.
Figure 1 in Improved local inventory and regional contextualization for anuran (Amphibia) diversity assessment at an endangered habitat in southeastern Brazil
Figure 1. Result of the WPGMA (Jaccard's index) showing (A) dissimilarities among localities with published anuran inventories at the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, southeastern Brazil, and (B) their spatial distribution. Locality names are as in Table 2.
Figure 3 in Abundance, species richness and diversity of the orb-weaving spider families Araneidae, Nephilidae and Tetragnathidae in natural habitats in Trinidad, West Indies
Figure 3. The absence of a relationship between mean niche breadth of species and observed species richness at a locality, for 46 localities with natural habitats; r = −0.12, P = 0.42.
Figure 2 in Abundance, species richness and diversity of the orb-weaving spider families Araneidae, Nephilidae and Tetragnathidae in natural habitats in Trinidad, West Indies
Figure 2. The weak relationship between observed species richness and abundance of individuals in the sample, for 46 localities with natural habitats; r = 0.45, P = 0.002.
Leech blood-meal iDNA reveals differences in Bornean mammal diversity across habitats
<b>Description: </b><p>This data set includes the data used in Drinkwater et al. (2020) Leech blood-meal iDNA reveals differences in Bornean mammal diversity across habitats, submitted to Molecular Ecology. There are three sets of data based on the biomonitoring of mammals using iDNA extracted from leeches collected across the SAFE project (and DVCA) in 2016. At each site in the SAFE landscape 20 minute handsearches took place within the boundaries of fixed 25m2 vegetation plots. For these analyses we only used Haemadipsa picta individuals, as previous studies have revealed species differences between H. picta and H. zeylanica in the SAFE area. With metabarcoding techniques, first we extracted and amplified the 16S rRNA region of mammal DNA, from site-matched pools of leeches using PCR and specific mammal primers. NGS sequencing was used and the short fragments were then identified using in silico PCR with ecoPCR and OBITOOLS (metabarcoding packages) to assign taxonomy to the unknown sequences. We then analysed diversity in different habitats across the landscape and included microclimate data, from LiDAR scans of the landscape as variables which could impact the detection of mammals. </p><p><b>Project: </b>This dataset was collected as part of the following SAFE research project: <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/projects/project_view/10"><b>The effects of rainforest fragmentation on mammal community assemblages using leech blood-meal analysis</b></a></p><p><b>Funding: </b>These data were collected as part of research funded by: </p><ul><li>NERC (Standard grant , NE/K016148/1)</li><li>NERC (Independent research grant, NE/S01537X/1)</li></ul><p>This dataset is released under the CC-BY 4.0 licence, requiring that you cite the dataset in any outputs, but has the additional condition that you acknowledge the contribution of these funders in any outputs.</p><p></p><p><b>Permits: </b>These data were collected under permit from the following authorities:</p><ul><li>Sabah Biodiversity Council (Research licence JKM/MBS.1000 2/2 (34))</li><li>Sabah Biodiversity Council (Research licence JKM/MBS.1000 2/3 JLD.2 (107))</li><li>Sabah Biodiversity Council (Export licence JKM/MBS.1000 2/3 JLD.3 (44))</li><li>Danum Valley Conservation Area (Research licence YS/DVMC/2016/253)</li></ul><p></p><p><b>XML metadata: </b>GEMINI compliant metadata for this dataset is available <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/datasets/xml_metadata?id=4095374">here</a></p><p><b>Files: </b>This consists of 1 file: Drinkwater2020-iDNA_diversity3.xlsx</p><p><b>Drinkwater2020-iDNA_diversity3.xlsx</b></p><p>This file contains dataset metadata and 3 data tables:</p><ol><li><p><b>UNFILTERED Taxonomic assignment of iDNA sequences</b> (described in worksheet ecoTAG_output_raw)</p><p>Description: UNFILTERED This dataset is the raw output of the in silico PCR using the programs ecoPCR and the OBITOOLS package. The exact primers are matched against all mammal sequences in GenBank (NCBI) using a minimum of three mismatches between primer and query sequence and a quality filter of a minimum identity of 0.95. This dataset was subsequently filtered for contaminant, geographically implausible mammals and collapsed by haplotype per pool</p><p>Number of fields: 15</p><p>Number of data rows: 3454</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>id</b>: Unique sequence ID within leech pool (Field type: id)</li><li><b>site</b>: The site at the SAFE project from which the pool of leeches was collected (Field type: id)</li><li><b>hab</b>: The habitat type of the site at the SAFE project from which the pool of leeches was collected (Field type: id)</li><li><b>count</b>: Count of the times this sequence was found - UNFILTERED (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>best_identity</b>: Percent identity match between query and database sequence - UNFILTERED (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>family</b>: Family taxid - following GenBank (Field type: id)</li><li><b>family_name</b>: Family name (Field type: id)</li><li><b>genus</b>: Genus taxid - following GenBank (Field type: id)</li><li><b>genus_name</b>: Genus name (Field type: id)</li><li><b>order</b>: Order taxid - following GenBank (Field type: id)</li><li><b>order_name</b>: Order name (Field type: id)</li><li><b>species</b>: Species taxid - following GenBank (Field type: id)</li><li><b>species_name</b>: Species name (Field type: id)</li><li><b>Assigned_name</b>: Assigned taxonomic name (Field type: id)</li><li><b>sequence</b>: Query sequence (Field type: id)</li></ul></li><li><p><b>Mammal detections recorded in each pool </b> (described in worksheet detections)</p><p>Description: From the taxonomic assignment list, the unique sequences identfied in each pool are are recorded as detections. The value is a count of the numebr of time the unique sequence for that taxon was recorded in the pool. Geographically implausible mammals have been removed and taxa which agree per site have been collapsed. This give a detections by pool matrix. For analyses these counts were converted into presence/absence data. </p><p>Number of fields: 19</p><p>Number of data rows: 57</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>pool</b>: This is the pool name given to the leech pool for sequencing (Field type: id)</li><li><b>site</b>: The site at the SAFE project from which the pool of leeches was collected (Field type: id)</li><li><b>leeches</b>: This is the number of individual leeches which make up the pool (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>habitat</b>: Habitat type - classification used in the paper to describe the quality of forest in the sites where the leeches were collected (Field type: id)</li><li><b>Arctogalidia</b>: Occurrence of detections of this taxon in a leech pool, as determined from leech-based iDNA (Field type: abundance)</li><li><b>Elephas</b>: Occurrence of detections of this taxon in a leech pool, as determined from leech-based iDNA (Field type: abundance)</li><li><b>Felidae</b>: Occurrence of detections of this taxon in a leech pool, as determined from leech-based iDNA (Field type: abundance)</li><li><b>Helarctos</b>: Occurrence of detections of this taxon in a leech pool, as determined from leech-based iDNA (Field type: abundance)</li><li><b>Hemigalus</b>: Occurrence of detections of this taxon in a leech pool, as determined from leech-based iDNA (Field type: abundance)</li><li><b>Hystrix</b>: Occurrence of detections of this taxon in a leech pool, as determined from leech-based iDNA (Field type: abundance)</li><li><b>Macaca</b>: Occurrence of detections of this taxon in a leech pool, as determined from leech-based iDNA (Field type: abundance)</li><li><b>Manis</b>: Occurrence of detections of this taxon in a leech pool, as determined from leech-based iDNA (Field type: abundance)</li><li><b>Muntiacus</b>: Occurrence of detections of this taxon in a leech pool, as determined from leech-based iDNA (Field type: abundance)</li><li><b>Rusa</b>: Occurrence of detections of this taxon in a leech pool, as determined from leech-based iDNA (Field type: abundance)</li><li><b>Sus</b>: Occurrence of detections of this taxon in a leech pool, as determined from leech-based iDNA (Field type: abundance)</li><li><b>Paguma</b>: Occurrence of detections of this taxon in a leech pool, as determined from leech-based iDNA (Field type: abundance)</li><li><b>Tragulus</b>: Occurrence of detections of this taxon in a leech pool, as determined from leech-based iDNA (Field type: abundance)</li><li><b>Trichys</b>: Occurrence of detections of this taxon in a leech pool, as determined from leech-based iDNA (Field type: abundance)</li><li><b>Viverra</b>: Occurrence of detections of this taxon in a leech pool, as determined from leech-based iDNA (Field type: abundance)</li></ul></li><li><p><b>Microclimate variables</b> (described in worksheet microclimate)</p><p>Description: Mean and maximum temperature and mean and maximum VPD extracted at each of the second order points used in the study. These values were extracted from microclimate surfaces generated in Jucker et al., (2018), using the coordinates from the centre of each of the 25m2 plots. For the values in Danum Valley Conservation Area (DVCA), these were extracted from the nearest river point (coordinates given).</p><p>Number of fields: 6</p><p>Number of data rows: 92</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>Code</b>: SAFE second order points including LOMBOK points at RLFE and three river sites at DVCA (Field type: location)</li><li><b>site</b>: The site at the SAFE project from which the pool of leeches was collected (Field type: id)</li><li><b>T_max_raster</b>: The maximum daily temperature at each second order point (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>T_mean_raster</b>: The mean daily temperature at each second order point (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>VPD_max_raster</b>: The maximum daily vapour pressure deficit (VPD) at each second order point (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>VPD_mean_raster</b>: The mean daily vapour pressure deficit (VPD) at each second order point (Field type: numeric)</li></ul></li></ol><p><b>Date range: </b>2016-01-01 to 2016-12-31</p><p><b>Latitudinal extent: </b>4.5000 to 5.0700</p><p><b>Longitudinal extent: </b>116.7500 to 117.8200</p><p><b>Taxonomic coverage: </b><br> All taxon names are validated against the GBIF backbone taxonomy. If a dataset uses a synonym, the accepted usage is shown followed by the dataset usage in brackets. Taxa that cannot be validated, including new species and other unknown taxa, morphospecies, functional groups and taxonomic levels not used in the GBIF backbone are shown in square brackets.</p><div> -  Animalia <br> -  -  Chordata <br> -  -  -  Mammalia <br> -  -  -  -  Rodentia <br> -  -  -  -  -  Hystricidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hystrix</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trichys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trichys fasciculata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Proboscidea <br> -  -  -  -  -  Elephantidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Elephas</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Elephas maximus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Primates <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cercopithecidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Carnivora <br> -  -  -  -  -  Felidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Viverridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Viverra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Viverra tangalunga</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paguma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paguma larvata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arctogalidia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arctogalidia trivirgata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemigalus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemigalus derbyanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Ursidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Helarctos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Helarctos malayanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Pholidota <br> -  -  -  -  -  Manidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Manis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Manis javanica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Artiodactyla <br> -  -  -  -  -  Suidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sus barbatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Tragulidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tragulus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cervidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Muntiacus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rusa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rusa unicolor</i> <br></div><p></p>
The role of habitat diversity in generating the small-island effect
<p>The small-island effect (SIE) has become a widespread pattern in island biogeography and biodiversity research. However, in most previous studies only area is used for the detection of the SIE, while other causal factors such as habitat diversity is rarely considered. Therefore, the role of habitat diversity in generating SIEs is poorly known. Here, we compiled 86 global datasets that included the variables of habitat diversity, area and species richness to systematically investigate the prevalence and underlying factors determining the role of habitat diversity in generating SIEs. For each dataset, we used both path analysis and breakpoint regressions to identify the existence of an SIE. We collected a number of system characteristics and employed logistic regression models and an information-theoretic approach to determine which combination of variables was important in determining the role of habitat diversity in generating SIEs. Among the 61 datasets with adequate fits, habitat diversity was found to influence the detection of SIEs in 32 cases (52.5%) when using path analysis. By contrast, SIEs were detected in 26 of 61 cases (42.6%) using breakpoint regressions. Model selection and model-averaged parameter estimates showed that Number of sites, Habitat range and Species range were three key variables that determined the role of habitat diversity in generating SIEs. However, Area range, Taxon group and Site type received considerably less support. Our study demonstrates that the effect of habitat diversity on generating SIEs is quite prevalent. The inclusion of habitat diversity is important because it provides a causal factor for the detection of SIEs. We conclude that for a better understanding of the causes of SIEs, habitat diversity should be included in future studies.</p>
Data from: Fire frequency drives habitat selection by a diverse herbivore guild impacting top–down control of plant communities in an African savanna
In areas with diverse herbivore communities such as African savannas, the frequency of disturbance by fire may alter the top–down role of different herbivore species on plant community dynamics. In a seven year experiment in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, we examined the habitat use of nine common herbivore species across annually burned, triennially burned and unburned areas. We also used two types of exclosures (plus open access controls) to examine the impacts of different herbivores on plant community dynamics across fire disturbance regimes. Full exclosures excluded all herbivores > 0.5 kg (e.g. elephant, zebra, impala) while partial exclosures allowed access only to animals with shoulder heights ≤ 0.85 m (e.g. impala, steenbok). Annual burns attracted a diverse suite of herbivores, and exclusion of larger herbivores (e.g. elephant, zebra, wildebeest) increased plant abundance. When smaller species, mainly impala, were also excluded there were declines in plant diversity, likely mediated by a decline in open space available for colonization of uncommon plant species. Unburned areas attracted the least diverse suite of herbivores, dominated by impala. Here, herbivore exclusion, especially of impala, led to strong declines in plant richness and diversity. With no fire disturbance, herbivore exclusion led to competitive exclusion via increases in plant dominance and light limitation. In contrast, on triennial burns, herbivore exclusion had no effect on plant richness or diversity, potentially due to relatively little open space for colonization across exclosure treatments but also little competitive exclusion due to the intermediate fire disturbance. Further, the diverse suite of grazers and browsers on triennial burns may have had a compensating effect of on the diversity of grasses and forbs. Ultimately, our work shows that differential disturbance regimes can result in differential consumer pressure across a landscape and result in heterogeneous patterns in top–down control of community dynamics.
Human-induced habitat fragmentation effects on connectivity, diversity and population persistence of an endemic fish, Percilia irwini, in the Biobío river basin (Chile)
<p> </p> <p>An understanding of how genetic variability is distributed in space is fundamental for the conservation and maintenance of diversity in spatially fragmented and vulnerable populations. While fragmentation can occur from natural barriers it can also be exacerbated by anthropogenic activities such as hydroelectric power plant development. Whatever the source, fragmentation can have significant ecological effects, including the disruptions of migratory processes and gene flow among populations. In Chile, the Biobío river basin exhibits a high degree of habitat fragmentation due to the numerous hydroelectric power plants in operation, the number of which is expected to increase following new renewable energy use strategies. Here, we assessed the effects of different kinds of barriers on the genetic structure of the endemic freshwater fish <em>Percilia irwini</em>, knowledge that is critically needed to inform conservation strategies in light of current and anticipated further fragmentation initiatives in the system. We identified 8 genetic units throughout the entire Biobío system with high effective sizes. A reduced effective size estimate was however observed in a single population located between two impassable barriers. Both natural waterfalls and human made dams were important drivers of population differentiation in this system, however, dams affect genetic diversity differentially depending on their mode of operation. Evidence of population extirpation was found in two river stretches limited by upstream and downstream dams. Significant gene flow in both directions was found among populations not separated by natural or anthropogenic barriers. Our results suggest a significant vulnerability of <em>P. irwini </em>populations to future dam development and demonstrate the importance of studying basin-wide data sets with genetic metrics to understand the strength and direction of anthropogenic impacts on fish populations.</p>
Data from: Ecological constraints coupled with deep-time habitat dynamics predict the latitudinal diversity gradient in reef fishes
We develop a spatially explicit model of diversification based on paleohabitat to explore the predictions of four major hypotheses potentially explaining the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), namely, the 'time-area', 'tropical niche conservatism', 'ecological limits' and 'evolutionary speed' hypotheses. We compare simulation outputs to observed diversity gradients in the global reef fish fauna. Our simulations show that these hypotheses are non-mutually exclusive and that their relative influence depends on the time scale considered. Indeed, simulations suggest that reef habitat dynamics produced the LDG during deep geological time, while ecological constraints shaped the modern LDG, with a strong influence of the reduction in the latitudinal extent of tropical reefs during the Neogene. Overall, this study illustrates how mechanistic models in ecology and evolution can provide a temporal and spatial understanding of the role of speciation, extinction and dispersal in generating contemporary biodiversity patterns.
Data from: Do habitat shifts drive the diversity in teleost fishes? An example from the pufferfishes (Tetraodontidae)
Habitat shifts are implicated as the cause of many vertebrate radiations, yet relatively few empirical studies quantify patterns of diversification following colonization of new habitats in fishes. The pufferfishes (family Tetraodontidae) occur in several habitats, including coral reefs and freshwater, which are thought to provide ecological opportunity for adaptive radiation, and thus provide a unique system for testing the hypothesis that shifts to new habitats alter diversification rates. To test this hypothesis we sequenced eight genes for 96 species of pufferfishes and closely related porcupine fishes, and added 19 species from sequences available in GenBank. We time-calibrated the molecular phylogeny using three fossils, and performed several comparative analyses to test whether colonization of novel habitats led to shifts in the rate of speciation and body size evolution, central predictions of clades experiencing ecological adaptive radiation.. Colonization of freshwater is associated with lower rates of cladogenesis in pufferfishes though these lineages also exhibit accelerated rates of body size evolution. Increased rates of cladogenesis are associated with transitions to coral reefs, but reef lineages surprisingly exhibit significantly lower rates of body size evolution. These results suggest that ecological opportunity afforded by novel habitats may be limited for pufferfishes due to competition with other species, constraints relating to pufferfish life history and trophic ecology, and other factors.
Data from: Predator diversity reduces habitat colonization by mosquitoes and midges
Changes in predator diversity via extinction and invasion are increasingly widespread and can have important ecological and socio-economic consequences. Anticipating and managing these consequences requires understanding how predators shape ecological communities. Previous predator biodiversity research has focused on post-colonization processes. However, predators can also shape communities by altering patterns of prey habitat selection during colonization. The sensitivity of this non-consumptive top down mechanism to changes in predator diversity is largely unexamined. To address this gap, we examined patterns of dipteran oviposition habitat selection in experimental aquatic habitats in response to varied predator species richness while holding predator abundance constant. Caged predators were used in order to disentangle behavioural oviposition responses to predator cues from potential post-oviposition consumption of eggs and larvae. We hypothesized that because increases in predator richness often result in greater prey mortality than would be predicted from independent effects of predators, prey should avoid predator-rich habitats during colonization. Consistent with this hypothesis, predator-rich habitats received 48% fewer dipteran eggs than predicted, including 60% fewer mosquito eggs and 38% fewer midge eggs. Our findings highlight the potentially important links between predator biodiversity, prey habitat selection and the ecosystem service of pest regulation.
Data from: A phylogenetic perspective on habitat shifts and diversity in the North American Enallagma damselflies
Community ecologists are increasingly aware that the regional history of taxon diversification can have an important influence on community structure. Likewise, systematists recognize that ecological context can have an important influence on the processes of speciation and extinction that create patterns of descent. We present a phylogenetic analysis of 33 species of a North American radiation of damselflies (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae: Enallagma Selys), which have been well-studied ecologically, in order to elucidate the evolutionary mechanisms that have contributed to differences in diversity between larval habitats (lakes with and without fish predators). Analysis of molecular variation in 842 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and II subunit and the intervening Leu-tRNA and 37 morphological characters resulted in three well-defined clades that are only partially congruent with previous phylogenetic hypotheses. Molecular and morphological data partitions were significantly incongruent. Lack of haplotype monophyly within species and small levels of sequence divergence (<1%) between related species in 3 of the 4 clades suggests that recent, and parallel, speciation has been an important source of community diversity. Reconstruction of habitat preference over the phylogeny suggests that the greater species diversity in fish-lake habitats is due to the recency of shifts into the fishless-lake habit, although a difference in speciation or extinction rates between the two habitats is difficult to exclude as an additional mechanism.
FIGURE 6 in Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay
FIGURE 6. Plakinastrella onkodes, spicules (SEM): a, diods; b, triods; c, calthrops.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.