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1,433 results for “mask”
Species-level CWM values mask contrasting intra- vs interspecific trait shifts at subtropical forest edges
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Stable landings mask irreversible community reorganizations in an overexploited Mediterranean ecosystem
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Unmasking hidden genetic, vocal, and size variation in the Masked Flowerpiercer along the Andes supports two species separated by Northern Peruvian Low
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The impact of a heat and moisture exchange mask on respiratory symptoms and airway response to exercise in asthma
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Data from: Frequency masking drives species-specific temporal avoidance strategies in boreal songbirds
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Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks
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Data for: Design and testing of a sew-free origami mask for improvised respiratory protection
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Figure 3 in Home ranges and aspects of the natural history of the Black-masked Finch Coryphaspiza melanotis (Grayı 1840) (Avesı Thraupidae) in central Cerradoı Brazil
Figure 3. Home ranges of ten males of the Black-masked Finch (Coryphaspiza melanotis) in a campo sujo grassland patch in the Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeirosı central Brazilı during three study periods in 2008: non-breeding rainy season (top)ı non-breeding dry season (mid) and breeding season (botton). Home ranges were delimited using the Minimum Convex Polygon.
Figure 1 in Home ranges and aspects of the natural history of the Black-masked Finch Coryphaspiza melanotis (Grayı 1840) (Avesı Thraupidae) in central Cerradoı Brazil
Figure 1. Study area (black rectangle) where home ranges of the Black-masked Finch (Coryphaspiza melanotis) were examined at Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeirosı in the Cerrado (darker region of the map on the left)ı in 2008.
Figure 5. A in Home ranges and aspects of the natural history of the Black-masked Finch Coryphaspiza melanotis (Grayı 1840) (Avesı Thraupidae) in central Cerradoı Brazil
Figure 5. A nest of the Black-masked Finch (Coryphaspiza melanotis) found in a campo sujo patch at Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeirosı central Brazilı in November 2008. The egg and the nestling are in detail.
Figure S1: Tissue detection in StrataQuest software via creation of a digital mask; Figure S2: StrataQuest workflow for detection of SOX2+ nuclei and thresholding.
<p><strong>Figure S1: Tissue detection in StrataQuest software via creation of a digital mask</strong><strong>.</strong> A digital ‘mask’ is created to measure the area of tissue for quantification of cell densities. The tissue mask is automatically generated by StrataQuest software via conversion of the scanned image from RGB to grayscale and then application of an intensity threshold. Manual adjustments are made to the tissue mask to remove necrotic areas and/or staining artefacts. Only nuclei present within the tissue mask are quantified. Representative tumour cores with low (A) and high (B) SOX2 densities, respectively, with corresponding overlaid tissue masks are shown (C-D; purple colour). Tissue mask generation is based on haematoxylin staining so is not affected by the level of DAB staining. Scale bars 200µm.</p> <p><strong>Figure S2: StrataQuest workflow for detection of SOX2+ nuclei and thresholding. </strong>Inbuilt colour deconvolution algorithms within StrataQuest software separate SOX2 DAB (brown) staining from haematoxylin (blue) staining to produce grayscale images for each channel. Nuclear segmentation was then performed on the resulting grayscale DAB image to detect brown-stained nuclei. This is possible as SOX2 expression is localised to the nucleus. Segmented nuclear masks overlaid onto the DAB (brown) channel (A) and the original colour image (B) allow visualisation of the segmentation algorithm. The software then calculates parameters such as nuclear size, haematoxylin intensity and DAB intensity for each nuclear mask, which are reported on a scattergram, with each dot representing a single nuclear mask. A scattergram displaying DAB intensity vs haematoxylin intensity is used to threshold and accurately detect SOX2+ stained nuclei (C). Gated nuclei from the scattergram (C) can be visualised on an image of segmented nuclear masks overlaid onto the RGB image (D). Red nuclei represent SOX2+ cells (red gate on C) and green nuclei are SOX2- cells (green gate on C). Scale bars 50μm.</p>
Cold and warm temperature advection mask for the Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition from December 2016 – March 2017.
<p><strong>Dataset abstract</strong></p> <p>This dataset contains a mask for the identification of cold and warm temperature advection along the Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition (ACE) track based on a simple method using the difference between the sea surface and air temperature. This mask is a combination of measured air temperature and sea surface temperature during ACE.</p> <p><strong>Dataset contents</strong></p> <ul> <li>coldwarm_mask_1h.csv, data file, comma-separated values</li> <li>data_file_header.txt, metadata, text</li> <li>README.txt, metadata, text</li> <li>change_log.txt</li> </ul> <p><strong>Dataset license</strong></p> <p>This cold and warm temperature advection mask dataset from ACE is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) whose full text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</p> <p><strong>Change log</strong></p> <p>v1.1 - data file updated using new input dataset of measured air and sea surface temperature</p> <ul> <li>data file modified</li> <li>README updated accordingly with details of processing and change_log.txt</li> <li>added change_log.txt file</li> </ul> <p>v1.0 - initial release of dataset</p>
Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect Tomography: Processed Planck Maps and Masks
<p>This package contains two sets of products constructed and used in the Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect Tomography project by Yi-Kuan Chiang, Ryu Makiya, Brice Ménard, and Eiichiro Komatsu.</p> <p><br> The first directory is a set of full-sky Planck HFI channel intensity maps from 100 to 353 GHz (Planck Collaboration 2016). We post-processed the maps to remove CMB fluctuations using that constructed in Bobin et al. (2016). The maps are stored using the HEALPix (Górski et al. 2005) scheme with the ring ordering of N_side = 2048. The map unit is MJy/sr.</p> <p><br> The second directory is a set of masks, including a 60% Galactic mask, a joint Planck point source mask, and a joint SDSS footprint and veto mask. The masks are in ring ordered HEALPix format of N_side = 2048.</p> <p><br> If you make use of these products, please cite the following papers:</p> <p>Chiang, Makiya, Ménard, & Komatsu, 2020, arXiv:2006.14650<br> Chiang, Makiya, Komatsu, & Ménard, 2020, arXiv:2007.01679<br> </p>
Viewable Snow Covered Area Validation Masks over Rugged and Forested Terrain
<p>These data are maps of viewable snow cover generated from panchromatically sharpened cloud-free WorldView-2 and -3 data within 2 days of a Landsat 8 OLI acquisition or near-nadir MODIS acquisition. The spatial resolution of these validation data ranges from 0.34 m to 0.55 m, depending on the view angle of WorldView. ValKey.csv shows the list of validation dates and the corresponding Landsat 8 OLI and MODIS imagery. Validation images from December to June were selected to account for variability in illumination conditions, snow cover, and snow albedo. The imagery spans diverse locations across California’s Sierra Nevada that represent the heavily forested western slope, higher elevation regions, and drier eastern slopes. The WorldView images range from well illuminated alpine scenes above the tree line in June to heavily shadowed scenes below the tree line in December. The snow-covered WorldView pixels are assumed to be pure endmembers of 100% snow, which are then coarsened to Landsat or MODIS spatial resolutions and provided here as geotiffs. Neither WorldView, Landsat, nor MODIS can see through thick tree canopies, so the data is comprised of snow that an optical sensor identifies. Complete methods used to generate the dataset are available in the companion publication: tbd</p> <p>Binary snow cover maps at the native worldview resolution are unsigned 8 bit integers with fill pixels set to zero, snow pixels set to one, and snow free pixels set to two.</p> <p>Fill Pixels [0]</p> <p>Snow Covered Pixels [1]</p> <p>Snow Free Pixels [2]</p> <p>Fractional snow covered area geotiffs in the projections and at the spatial resolution of Landsat 8 and MODIS products are signed 16-bit integers with a fill value of -32768. The divisor and offset are 1000 & 0 respectively.</p> <p>Fractional snow covered area [0-1000)] (divisor of 1000 and offset of 0 for measurement range of 0-1)</p> <p>Fill Pixels [-32768]</p>
Data and masks for publication "Thermal intermodulation noise in cavity-based measurements"
<p>Raw measurement data, analysis code to reproduce the manuscript figures, and the GDS designs of PnC membranes</p>
Mask R-CNN for characterization of yardang landforms
<p>This includes the source code and datasets for the automated characterization of yardang landforms using Mask R-CNN. Codes and datasets used in the manuscript will be submitted to the Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface are included. The readability of codes and other documents will be updated soon.</p>
Pupil and masking responses to light as functional measures of retinal degeneration in mice Mus Musculus
<p><b>Background: </b>Pre-clinical testing of retinal pathology and treatment efficacy depends on reliable and valid measures of retinal function. The electroretinogram (ERG) and tests of visual acuity are the ideal standard, but can be unmeasurable while useful vision remains. Non-image-forming responses to light such as the pupillary light reflex (PLR) are attractive surrogates. However, it is not clear how accurately such responses reflect changes in visual capability in specific disease models. The purpose of this study was to test whether measures of non-visual responses to light correlate with previously determined visual function in two photoreceptor degenerations.</p> <p><b>Methods: </b>The sensitivity of masking behavior (light induced changes in running wheel activity) and the PLR were measured in 3-month-old wild-type mice (WT) with intact inner retinal circuitry, <i>Pde6b</i>-<i>rd1/rd1 </i>mice (<i>rd1</i>) with early and rapid loss of rods and cones, and <i>Prph2-Rd2/Rd2</i> mice (<i>Rd2</i>) with slowly progressing loss of rods and cones.</p> <p><b>Results: </b>In <i>rd1</i> mice, negative masking had increased sensitivity, positive masking was absent, and the sensitivity of the PLR was severely reduced. In <i>Rd2</i> mice, positive masking identified useful vision at higher light levels, but there was a limited decrease in the irradiance sensitivity of negative masking and the PLR, and the amplitude of change for both underestimated the reduction in irradiance sensitivity of image-forming vision.</p> <p><b>Conclusions: </b>Together these data show that in a given disease, two responses to light can be affected in opposite ways, and that for a given response to light, the change in the response does not accurately represent the degree of pathology. However, the extent of the deficit in the PLR means that even a limited rescue of rod/cone function might be measured by increased PLR amplitude. In addition, positive masking has the potential to measure effective treatment in both models by restoring responses or shifting thresholds to lower irradiances.</p>
Data from: Why does noise reduce response to alarm calls? Experimental assessment of masking, distraction and greater vigilance in wild birds
1. Environmental noise from anthropogenic and other sources affects many aspects of animal ecology and behaviour, including acoustic communication. Acoustic masking is often assumed in field studies to be the cause of compromised communication in noise, but other mechanisms could have similar effects. 2. We tested experimentally how background noise disrupted the response to conspecific alarm calls in wild superb fairy-wrens, Malurus cyaneus, assessing the effects of acoustic masking, distraction and changes in vigilance. We first examined the birds' response to alarm-call playbacks accompanied by different amplitudes of background noise that overlapped the calls in acoustic frequency. We then scored and videoed their response to alarm calls in two types of background noise, that did or did not overlap call frequency, but were broadcast at a constant amplitude. 3. Birds were less likely to flee to alarm calls in higher amplitudes of overlapping noise, demonstrating that noise itself compromised communication independently of environmental correlates. Background noise affected the response only if it overlapped in frequency with the alarm calls, implying that the effect was not due to distraction. Further, birds were equally vigilant during background noise of overlapping or non-overlapping frequency, indicating that the lack of response to alarm calls in overlapping noise was not due to enhanced vigilance and awareness that there was no predator. 4. We conclude that alarm-call reception was compromised by masking, a mechanism that is often assumed but rarely tested in an ecological context. Masking compromised reception of high-frequency 'aerial' alarm calls and so could reduce survival in background noise of similar frequency. While anthropogenic noise, which is often of lower frequency, is unlikely to affect communication with these calls, it could affect reception of acoustic cues of danger, or other conspecific or heterospecific alarm calls.
Data from: Hybridization masks speciation in the evolutionary history of the Galápagos marine iguana
The effects of the direct interaction between hybridization and speciation—two major contrasting evolutionary processes—are poorly understood. We present here the evolutionary history of the Galápagos marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) and reveal a case of incipient within-island speciation, which is paralleled by between-island hybridization. In-depth genome-wide analyses suggest that Amblyrhynchus diverged from its sister group, the Galápagos land iguanas, around 4.5 million years ago (Ma), but divergence among extant populations is exceedingly young (less than 50 000 years). Despite Amblyrhynchus appearing as a single long-branch species phylogenetically, we find strong population structure between islands, and one case of incipient speciation of sister lineages within the same island—ostensibly initiated by volcanic events. Hybridization between both lineages is exceedingly rare, yet frequent hybridization with migrants from nearby islands is evident. The contemporary snapshot provided by highly variable markers indicates that speciation events may have occurred throughout the evolutionary history of marine iguanas, though these events are not visible in the deeper phylogenetic trees. We hypothesize that the observed interplay of speciation and hybridization might be a mechanism by which local adaptations, generated by incipient speciation, can be absorbed into a common gene pool, thereby enhancing the evolutionary potential of the species as a whole.
Data from: Post-hatching parental care masks the effects of egg size on offspring fitness: a removal experiment on burying beetles
Parents can increase the fitness of their offspring by allocating nutrients to eggs and/or providing care for eggs and offspring. Although we have a good understanding of the adaptive significance of both egg size and parental care, remarkably little is known about the co-evolution of these two mechanisms for increasing offspring fitness. Here, we report a parental removal experiment on the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides in which we test whether post-hatching parental care masks the effect of egg size on offspring fitness. As predicted, we found that the parent's presence or absence had a strong main effect on larval body mass, while there was no detectable effect of egg size. Furthermore, egg size had a strong and positive effect on offspring body mass in the parent's absence, while it had no effect on offspring body mass in the parent's presence. These results support the suggestion that the stronger effect of post-hatching parental care on offspring growth masks the weaker effect of egg size. We found no correlation between the number and size of eggs. However, there was a negative correlation between larval body mass and brood size in the parent's presence, but not in its absence. These findings suggest that the trade-off between number and size of offspring is shifted from the egg stage towards the end of the parental care period, and that post-hatching parental care somehow moderates this trade-off.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.