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6,859 results for “parasite”
Predation and parasitism as determinants of animal personalities
<p>1. Within the same population, proactive (i.e. bolder, more exploratory, active and aggressive) and reactive (i.e. more timid, less exploratory, less active and more passive) individuals could be hypothetically maintained due a trade-off between foraging and anti-predator behaviour, provided that both phenotypes differ in their state (e.g. metabolic rates, body condition or energetic needs).</p> <p>2. Yet, recent findings indicate that among-individual variation in intrinsic state can explain only a small proportion of variation in behaviour, meaning that other mechanisms, such as the presence of trophically transmitted parasites, might contribute to maintaining inter-individual behavioural differences. Empirical evidence, indeed, suggests strong relationships between certain animal personality traits and parasitic load within host populations. However, the direction of causation between these traits remains unclear: are different behaviours in infected hosts in contrast to uninfected ones the result of manipulation by parasites to increase host predation, or are some personalities inherently more susceptible to infection than others?</p> <p>3. To better understand the role of parasites in shaping behavioural differences within host populations and examine to what extent parasite manipulation and/or intrinsic differences in parasite susceptibility contribute to maintaining behavioural differences, we used a simulation approach and analyzed the change in the frequencies of proactive and reactive individuals over time under different predation and starvation scenarios, when individual phenotype either affected a host's risk of infection or not.</p> <p>4. We found that in the absence of parasites, predation pressure strongly affected the expression of host personality, but trade-offs between foraging and anti-predator behaviour alone could not explain the maintenance of inter-individual behavioural differences without temporal variation in predation pressure. By contrast, in the presence of parasites, the two host phenotypes could coexist within populations even when individuals experienced no temporal variations in predation risk, but only when proactive and reactive hosts were equally susceptible to parasitism.</p> <p>5. Our findings thus indicate that parasites can play an important role in maintaining genetic diversity in their host populations in addition to generating behavioural differences though manipulation.</p>
Size-selective harvesting affects the immunocompetence of guppies exposed to the parasite Gyrodactylus
<p>Harvesting is typically positively size-selective, targeting large individuals. This is expected to lead to reduced average body size and earlier maturation, i.e., faster life histories. Such changes can also affect traits seemingly unrelated to harvesting, including immunocompetence. The pace-of-life syndrome predicts that faster life histories are correlated with decreased immunocompetence, i.e., a negative association between positively size-selective harvesting and immunocompetence. However, the energetic trade-off between early growth and immunocompetence suggests the opposite pattern. Here, we empirically evaluated these predictions using an experimental system consisting of the ectoparasite Gyrodactylus turnbulli and lines of guppies Poecilia reticulata that had been subjected to either positively, randomly, or negatively size-selective harvest. We followed the infection progression of individually infected fish for 15 days. We found significant differences between the harvested lines: fish from the negative size-selection lines had the highest parasite loads. During the early phase of the infection, parasite loads were the lowest in the positive-harvested lines, whereas the terminal loads were the lowest for the randomly harvested lines. These results agree with the predictions from the energetic trade-off hypothesis but contradict with the pace-of-life syndrome ones. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the consequences of size-selective harvesting on immunocompetence.</p>
Dataset: Complex effects of chytrid parasites on the growth of the cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens across interacting temperature and light gradients
<p>This dataset contains the raw and processed data used in the manuscript "Complex effects of chytrid parasites on the growth of the cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens across interacting temperature and light gradients", by Wierenga et al. (preprint: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.02.24.481659).</p> <p>An explanation of the experiment and measurements is found in the manuscript, and detailed descriptions of the data files are available in the "_file_description.txt" files inside each folder of the dataset. </p>
Figs 1–3. Dolichomitus juglanse Sheng & Li in Two species of Dolichomitus Smith, 1877 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) parasitizing borers of Juglans mandshurica Maxim. and a key to species known from China
Figs 1–3. Dolichomitus juglanse Sheng & Li sp. nov., ♀, holotype (CBDPC). 1. Habitus, lateral view. 2. Head, anterior view. 3. Head and pronotum, lateral view.
Figs 8–12. Dolichomitus juglanse Sheng & Li in Two species of Dolichomitus Smith, 1877 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) parasitizing borers of Juglans mandshurica Maxim. and a key to species known from China
Figs 8–12. Dolichomitus juglanse Sheng & Li sp. nov. 8–10. ♀, holotype (CBDPC). 8. Metasoma, dorsal view. 9. Apical portion of ovipositor, lateral view. 10. Fore wing. 11–12. ♂, paratype (CBDPC). 11. Habitus, lateral view. 12. Apical portion of metasoma, lateral view. 13–14. Dolichomitus nakamurai (Uchida, 1928), ♀ (CBDPC). 13. Propodeum, dorsal view. 14. Metasoma, dorsal view.
Fig. 2 in Parasitic Nematodes Of Reptiles (Lizards And Snakes) In The Monte Desert Of Argentina
Fig. 2. Environments where the samplings were performed. Capture locations of L. darwinii, L. riojanus and A. longicauda. Town of the Encón, Department of 25 de Mayo (A, B, C)
Fig. 3. Studied hosts. A in Parasitic Nematodes Of Reptiles (Lizards And Snakes) In The Monte Desert Of Argentina
Fig. 3. Studied hosts. A = Philodryas trilineata, B = Aurivela longicauda (photo: Ignacio Her- nandez), C = Liolaemus darwinii (photo: Claudio Mendez), D = Liolaemus riojanus
Figure 1 in Terrestrial Parasitengona mites (Trombidiformes) of Denmark - new data on parasite-host associations and new country records
Figure 1 Erythraeid larvae (Parasitengona: Erythraeidae) parasitizing various hosts: A – Charletonia cardinalis* on Stiroma affinis(Hemiptera: Delphacidae); B – [?] Leptus mariae* on Brachysomus echinatus(Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Not to scale. *Larvae depigmented due to preservation in EtOH.
Fig. 1 in Natural And Artificial Scents Do Not Increase Egg Rejection Rates Of Model Brood Parasitic Eggs By American Robins (Turdus Migratorius)
Fig. 1. Experimental clutches of American Robins, each with a robin-blue (mimetic; left) or a deep-blue (non-mimetic; right) model egg 3D printed in the size, shape, and weight of
Figure 2 in Terrestrial Parasitengona mites (Trombidiformes) of Denmark - new data on parasite-host associations and new country records
Figure 2 Trombidiid larvae (Parasitengona: Trombidiidae) parasitizing various hosts: A – Paratrombium egregrium* on Pachyneuron groenlandicum(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae); B –Trombidium holosericeum on Pinalitus viscicola(Hemiptera: Miridae); C –T. holosericeum* on
Figs 21–24 in A new species of Anastatus (Hymenoptera: Eulpelmidae) from China, parasitizing eggs of Lycorma delicatula (Homoptera: Fulgoridae)
Figs 21–24. Anastatus orientalis Yang & Choi, sp. nov., ♂, naturally dried specimens. 21. Head, mesosoma and basal part of metasoma, dorsal view. 22. Head and mesosoma, lateral view. 23. Propodeum and metasoma, dorsal view. 24. Apex of fore tibia (left) and mid leg (right) with enlarged apexes of fore and mid tibiae.
Figs 16–20 in A new species of Anastatus (Hymenoptera: Eulpelmidae) from China, parasitizing eggs of Lycorma delicatula (Homoptera: Fulgoridae)
Figs 16–20. Anastatus orientalis Yang & Choi, sp. nov., ♀, naturally dried specimens. 16. Fore leg, anterior side view. 17. Apex of mid tibia and tarsus, posterior side view (showing the pegs on tarsal segment 1–4). 18. Apex of mid tibia and tarsus, anterior side view (showing the pegs on apex of tibia and on tarsal segment 1–4). 19. Hind leg, anterior side view. 20. Posterior part of mesosoma and metasoma, dorsal view.
Figs 5–9 in A new species of Anastatus (Hymenoptera: Eulpelmidae) from China, parasitizing eggs of Lycorma delicatula (Homoptera: Fulgoridae)
Figs 5–9. Anastatus orientalis Yang & Choi, sp. nov., ♀. 5. Head, frontal view, critical-point dried specimens. 6. Head and mesosoma, dorsal view, naturally dried specimen. 7. Mesosoma and basal part of metasoma, dorsal view, critical-point dried specimens. 8. Mesosoma, lateral view, fresh specimen. 9. Head and mesosoma, ventral view, critical-point dried specimens.
Figs 1–4 in A new species of Anastatus (Hymenoptera: Eulpelmidae) from China, parasitizing eggs of Lycorma delicatula (Homoptera: Fulgoridae)
Figs 1–4. Anastatus orientalis Yang & Choi, sp. nov., fresh specimens. 1. ♀, whole body, dorsal view. 2. ♀, whole body, lateral view. 3. ♂, whole body, dorsal view. 4. ♂, whole body, lateral view.
Figs 25–28 in A new species of Anastatus (Hymenoptera: Eulpelmidae) from China, parasitizing eggs of Lycorma delicatula (Homoptera: Fulgoridae)
Figs 25–28. Egg mass of Lycorma delicatula. 25. Egg mass of L. delicatula with newly hatched nymphae and the emerged holes of Anastatus orientalis Yang & Choi, sp. nov. A. The emerged hole of the parasitoid adult. B. The newly hatched nympha of L. delicatula. C. The egg-lid and moult of newly hatched nympha of L. delicatula. 26. Parasitized eggs with emerged holes of the parasitoid adults and the newly emerged adults of A. orientalis Yang & Choi, sp. nov. A. The emerged hole of the parasitoid adult. B. The un-parasitized egg with hatched hole of nympha of L. delicatula. C. The newly emerged adult of A. orientalis Yang & Choi, sp. nov. 27. Egg mass of L. delicatula covered with lutescens powder. 28. Egg mass of L. delicatula which the covered lutescens powder was taken off.
Figs 10–15 in A new species of Anastatus (Hymenoptera: Eulpelmidae) from China, parasitizing eggs of Lycorma delicatula (Homoptera: Fulgoridae)
Figs 10–15. Anastatus orientalis Yang & Choi, sp. nov. 10–11. Fresh specimens. 12–15. Critical-point dried specimens. 10. ♀, antenna. 11. ♂, antenna. 12. ♀, forewing. 13. ♀, hind wing. 14. ♂, forewing. 15. ♂, hind wing.
Fig. 3 in Morphological Characteristics Of Parasitic Nema- Todes Trichuris Sylvilagi (Nematoda, Trichuridae)
Fig. 3. Structure of ♀ Trichuris sylvilagi: a — area of vulva; b — uterus filled with eggs; c — tail end; Vu — opening of vulva, Vg — vagina, U — uterus, E — eggs, An — anus.
Fig. 2 in Morphological Characteristics Of Parasitic Nema- Todes Trichuris Sylvilagi (Nematoda, Trichuridae)
Fig. 2. Morphological characters of Trichuris sylvilagi nematodes: a — anterior end, mouth cavity (M), esophagus (Es); b — cuticular protrusions.
Fig. 4 in Morphological Characteristics Of Parasitic Nema- Todes Trichuris Sylvilagi (Nematoda, Trichuridae)
Fig. 4. Structure of Ơ Trichuris sylvilagi: a — tail end; b — location of spicule and spicule sheath; Co — opening of cloaca, Рр — pericloacal papilla, Cz — zigzag-shaped opening of cloaca, S — spicule, Sp — proximal end of the spicule, Sd — distal end of the spicule, Ss — spicule sheath, Db — bulbous dilation.
Fig. 3 in Occurrence of a Skin Parasite Argulus coregoni (Branchiura: Argulidae) on Salmonids in Mountain Streams, Central Japan, with Discussion on Its Longitudinal Distribution and Host Utilization in Rivers
Fig. 3. Mountain streams where the salmonids infected with Argulus coregoni were caught in Gifu Prefecture, central Japan. A, Main stream of the upper Maze River (locality 1 in Fig. 2); B, tributary of the Hida River (locality 2); C, tributary of the Tsukechi River (locality 3); D, tributary of the Yoshida River (locality 4); E, main stream of the Itoshiro River (locality 5); F, tributary of the Itoshiro River (locality 5); G, tributary of the Sho River (locality 6); H, main stream of the Gamada River (locality 7).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.