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Fig. 55 in Phylogenetic relationships of the South American Doradoidea (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes)

Fig. 55. Fifth ceratobranchial in dorsal view of (a) Kalyptodoras bahiensis, MZUSP 87841, 233 mm SL; (b) Oxydoras niger, MZUSP 91654, 550 mm SL; (c) Leptodoras juruensis, MZUSP 104532, 227 mm SL. Scale bars equal 5 mm.

Fig. 64 in Phylogenetic relationships of the South American Doradoidea (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes)

Fig. 64. Anal fin in cleared and stained specimens of mature males of (a) Glanidium melanopterum, MZUSP 51043, 107.9 mm SL; (b) Centromochlus heckelii, MZUSP 49529, 97.4 mm SL.

Fig. 20 in Phylogenetic relationships of the South American Doradoidea (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes)

Fig. 20. Skeleton of head and anterior portion of body in Ictalurus punctatus, MZUSP 103256, 155 mm SL, in dorsal (a) and lateral (b) views. AA anguloarticular, acf anterior cranial fontanel, ANP anterior nuchal plate, CLE cleithrum, DEN dentary, EPO epiotic, EXS extrascapular, FRO frontal, HYO hyomandibula, IO infraorbital, IOP interopercle, LE lateral ethmoid, MAX maxilla, MES mesethmoid, MET metapterygoid, MNP middle nuchal plate, NAS nasal, OPE opercle, PAL autopalatine, pcf posterior cranial fontanel, PNP posterior nuchal plate, POP preopercle, PTO pterotic, QUA quadrate, SCL posttemporal-supracleithrum, SOC parietal-supraoccipital, SPH sphenotic.

Fig. 11 in Phylogenetic relationships of the South American Doradoidea (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes)

Fig. 11. Anterior portion of head and body in (a) Ageneiosus inermis, MZUSP 91661, 320 mm SL. Gas bladder in ventral (b,d) and dorsal (c,e) of (b,c) Ageneiosus inermis, MZUSP 9384, 77 mm SL; (d,e) Rhynchodoras woodsi, ANSP 181042, 72.5 mm SL. Ventral view of body cavity of (f) Leptodoras cataniai, INHS 39814, 111.1 mm SL. Scale bars equal 5 mm. Photos (d,e,f) by Mark Sabaj Pérez.

Fig. 15 in Phylogenetic relationships of the South American Doradoidea (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes)

Fig. 15. Schematic drawing of gas bladders in ventral view, showing T-shaped septum, lateral diverticula, trabeculae (a), and secondary chamber (a). Modified from Birindelli et al. (2009: fig. 2).

Fig. 3 in Phylogenetic relationships of the South American Doradoidea (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes)

Fig. 3. (a) Acanthodoras cataphractus, MZUSP 103284, 76.6 mm SL, rio Jari, Monte Dourado, Pará, photographed live; (b) Platydoras armatulus, MZUSP 92759, approximately 55 mm SL, rio Amazonas, Santarém, Pará, photographed live by Leandro Sousa; (c) Orinocodoras eigenmanni, MZUSP 86807, 123 mm SL, río Apure, Arismendi, Venezuela; (d) Doras zuanoni, INPA uncatalogued, approximately 110 mm SL, rio Araguaia basin, photographed live by Jansen Zuanon.

Fig. 10 in Phylogenetic relationships of the South American Doradoidea (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes)

Fig. 10. Ventral body in (a) Doras higuchii, INPA 45052, 153 mm SL; (b) Doras zuanoni, INPA 5244, 124 mm SL; and (c) Doras phlyzakion, ANSP 181055, 169 mm SL, photos by Mark Sabaj Pérez.

Fig. 7 in Phylogenetic relationships of the South American Doradoidea (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes)

Fig. 7. Head, in lateral view, of Centromochlus heckelii, MZUSP 104793, 100 mm SL, photographed live; arrow indicates suborbital groove.

Fig. 9 in Phylogenetic relationships of the South American Doradoidea (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes)

Fig. 9. Posterior cleithral process in Doras micropoeus, ANSP 177880, 274 mm SL, photo by Mark Sabaj Pérez. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

Fig. 1 in Phylogenetic relationships of the South American Doradoidea (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes)

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships of Doradidae, according to the hypotheses of (a) Higuchi (1992), and (b) Moyer et al. (2004).

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Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships and intra specific recombination patterns among different AlYVV molecules. The maximumlikelihood phylogenetic tree contains 27 in Alternanthera yellow vein virus (AYVV); a betasatellite independent begomovirus infecting Sonchus palustris in Pakistan

Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships and intra specific recombination patterns among different AlYVV molecules. The maximumlikelihood phylogenetic tree contains 27 known complete genomes of AlYVV from databank and two complete genomes determined in this study (indicated in black boxes). The tree was rooted on ToLCNDV (AB613826) as an out-group. The schematic representation of recombination events detected by RDP4. Arrows and blocks at the bottom correspond respectively to open reading frames (ORFs) and intergenic regions: pre-coat protein (AV2), coat protein (CP), replication-associated proteins (Rep and REn), transcriptional protein (TrAP), and AC4 region. AlYVV from different countries were colored differently. The colors of blocks represent the different ALYVV species and strains. Numbers at nodes indicate bootstrap confidence scores (1000 replicates).

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Figure 5. A phylogenetic tree was generated using the neighbor-joining method which shows the genetic relationship between C. sphaerospermum 2 in Morphological and molecular identification of Cladosporium sphaerospermum isolates collected from tomato plant residues

Figure 5. A phylogenetic tree was generated using the neighbor-joining method which shows the genetic relationship between C. sphaerospermum 2 (as indicated in red circle) and the other C. sphaerospermum isolates deposited in GenBank (NCBI)

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Fig. 2 Phylogenetic tree representing relationships within Discodorididae. The latter contains about 400 species and 40 in A warning for ecologists and conservation biologists using species checklists: How the European marine fauna 'lost' all of its 16 Discodoris species (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

Fig. 2 Phylogenetic tree representing relationships within Discodorididae. The latter contains about 400 species and 40 genera, only some of which are mentioned here, with special emphasis on the genera that contain species originally described in Discodoris. Tree terminal taxa are labeled with the specific epithet followed by the generic name of the original combination in parenthesis. The current generic names are given on the right side of the braces indicating the (few) species per genus mentioned. Assignment of a generic name to a clade is based on a type species that belongs to that clade (e.g., Discodoris boholiensis is the type species of Discodoris). All genera correspond to clades, with the exception of "Montereina", a metaphyletic group at the base of Discodorididae for which no autapomorphic, diagnostic features could be found. For additional information on phylogenetic analyses, authorship of species names, etc., see Dayrat (2010a)

Fig. 9 in Taxonomic re-assessment and phylogenetic relationships of Miocene homonymously spiral-horned antelopes

Fig. 9. Phylogenetic history of the subtribe Oiocerina at the species level (A) according to the results of the cladistic analysis (Fig. 6) and (B) assuming a morpho−chronological and regional continuum for Samotragus. Grey and white boxes indicate reliably known and questionable chrono−stratigraphic occurrences, respectively. Dashed lines indicate presumed ranges (vertical) or relationships (horizontal). Abbreviations: NKT, Nikiti−1; RZ1, Ravin de Zouaves 1.

Fig. 5. Oiocerin antelope Samotragus from Northern Greece. A, B, E in Taxonomic re-assessment and phylogenetic relationships of Miocene homonymously spiral-horned antelopes

Fig. 5. Oiocerin antelope Samotragus from Northern Greece. A, B, E. Samotragus praecursor Bouvrain and Bonis, 1985 from Ravin de la Pluie (RPl), Axios Valley, late Vallesian (Late Miocene). A. LGPUT RPl−105n, cranium in dorsal (A1) and lateral (A2) views. B. LGPUT RPl−480, holotype cranium in lateral view. E. LGPUT RPl−37, left horncore in lateral view. C, D. Samotragus cf. praecursor Bouvrain and Bonis, 1985 from Ravin des Zouaves 1 (RZ1), Axios Valley, late Vallesian (Late Miocene). C. LGPUT RZ1−11, left horncore in anterior (C1) and lateral (C2) views. D. LGPUT RZ1−17 left horncore in anterior (D1) and lateral (D2) views.

Fig. 3 in Taxonomic re-assessment and phylogenetic relationships of Miocene homonymously spiral-horned antelopes

Fig. 3. Oiocerin antelope Hispanodorcas cf. orientalis Bouvrain and Bonis, 1988 from Nikiti−1 (NKT), Chalkidiki Peninsula, Northern Greece, latest Vallesian. A. LGPUT NKT−231, lateral view of the right basal horncore. B. LGPUT NKT−227, left lateral (B1) and anterior (B2) views of the frontlet. C. LGPUT NKT−232, lateral view of the left distal horncore. The arrow indicates the distal end of the lateral depression and marks the distal "bilobation" of the lateral side of the horncore.

Fig. 8 in Taxonomic re-assessment and phylogenetic relationships of Miocene homonymously spiral-horned antelopes

Fig. 8. Time range, geographic distribution, ecological features, and paleoenvironment of several members of the Oiocerina. Abbreviations: V, Vallesian; T, Turolian; R, Ruscinian; O, open, I, intermediate, and C, closed environment; grass for grazing, scrub for mixed, and tree for browsing diets; sheep for ramming (rm), kudu for wrestling/pushing (ps), eland for wrestling/fencing (fc), and dik−dik for stabbing (st) fighting style (some drawings adopted from Lundrigan 1996).

Fig. 7 in Taxonomic re-assessment and phylogenetic relationships of Miocene homonymously spiral-horned antelopes

Fig. 7. Drawings of the horncores of several Oiocerina in right lateral view, showing the main shared characters. A.?Hispanodorcas pilgrimi from Toril−3, Spain. B. Hispanodorcas orientalis from Dytiko−3, Greece. C. Urmiatherium rugosifrons from Samos (Greece) and Turkey, adult (C1) and juvenile (C2) individual. D. Samotragus crassicornis from Samos, Greece. E. Oioceros rothii (combination of Pikermi, Greece and Maragheh, Iran specimens). F. Urmiatherium polaki from Maragheh, Iran. G. Samotragus cf. praecursor from Ravin des Zouaves 1 (G1) and Samotragus praecursor from Ravin de la Pluie, Greece (G2). H. Paraoioceros wegneri from Samos, Greece.

Fig. 6. Cladograms showing the evolutionary relationships within Oiocerina. A in Taxonomic re-assessment and phylogenetic relationships of Miocene homonymously spiral-horned antelopes

Fig. 6. Cladograms showing the evolutionary relationships within Oiocerina. A. Intrageneric relationships (rooted to Eotragus Pilgrim, 1939), based on available morphological and zoogeographic evidence (see text). B. 75% majority−rule consensus of the four most parsimonious trees (length: 172; CI: 0.46; RI: 0.65) showing the relationships of eight fossil genera of Oiocerina, Gazella Blainville, 1816, Ovibos Blainville, 1816, Hemitragus Smith, 1826, and Turcocerus Köhler, 1987, based on the character matrix of Appendix 1. Outgroup: Eotragus Pilgrim, 1939. Synapomorphies supporting nodes (marked with bold letters) are discussed in the text.

Fig. 2 in Taxonomic re-assessment and phylogenetic relationships of Miocene homonymously spiral-horned antelopes

Fig. 2. Oiocerin antelope Hispanodorcas orientalis Bouvrain and Bonis, 1988, from the late Turolian locality of Dytiko−3 (DKO), Axios Valley, Northern Greece, in lateral (A) and anterior (B) views of the holotype cranium LGPUT DKO−4. The arrow in A indicates an enlarged version of the same view, where the white lines indicate the extent of the lateral depression; the arrows in B mark the trace of the anterior keel.