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Figure 4 in Phylogenetic affinities and taxonomy of the Oligocene Diomedeoididae, and the basal divergences amongst extant procellariiform birds

Figure 4. Selected skeletal elements of Rupelornis definitus in comparison to extant Procellariiformes. A–C, R. definitus, proximal end of right tibiotarsus (IRSNB Av 114b) in craniomedial (A), cranial (B), and caudolateral (C) views. D, proximal tibiotarsus of Fulmarus glacialis (Procellariidae) in lateral view. E, R. definitus, proximal end of right tibiotarsus (IRSNB Av 112d) in lateral view. F, G, R. definitus, distal end of left tibiotarsus (IRSNB Av 103c) in cranial (F) and medial (G) views. H, distal tibiotarsus (medial view) of F. glacialis. I, R. definitus, proximal end of right tarsometatarsus (IRSNB Av 114c) in plantar view. J-L, R. definitus, proximal end of right tarsometatarsus (IRSNB Av 113) in dorsal (J), plantar (K), and proximal (L) views. M, proximal end of right tarsometatarsus of Fregetta tropica (Oceanitinae) in proximal view. N, O, R. definitus, first phalanx of left second toe (IRSNB Av 104e) in dorsal (N) and plantar (O) views. P, R. definitus, first phalanx of left third toe (IRSNB Av 104g) in dorsal view. Q, R, R. definitus, first phalanx of right fourth toe (IRSNB Av 112f) in plantar (Q) and dorsal (R) views. Abbreviations: ccc, crista cnemialis cranialis; ccl, crista cnemialis lateralis; clh, crista lateralis hypotarsi; cmh, crista medialis hypotarsi; fdl, canal for tendon of musculus flexor digitorum longus; fhl, canal for tendon of musculus flexor hallucis longus; lat, lateral hypotarsal canals of Oceanitinae; ntc, notch in distal rim of condylus medialis; sul, tendinal sulcus. Fossil bones are coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars = 10 mm, except for M = 5 mm.

Figure 5 in Phylogenetic affinities and taxonomy of the Oligocene Diomedeoididae, and the basal divergences amongst extant procellariiform birds

Figure 5. Size range of tarsometatarsus (plantar view) of A, B, Rupelornis definitus (A, IRSNB Av 108d; B, IRSNB Av 114c) and C, D, Fulmarus glacialis (Procellariidae). Fossil bones are coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Figure 2 in Phylogenetic affinities and taxonomy of the Oligocene Diomedeoididae, and the basal divergences amongst extant procellariiform birds

Figure 2. Selected skeletal elements of Rupelornis definitus in comparison to extant Procellariiformes. A, R. definitus, proximal end of right humerus (IRSNB Av 109c) in caudal view. B, C, R. definitus, proximal end of left humerus (IRSNB Av 111) in cranial (B) and caudal (C) views. D, E, proximal right humerus of D, Lugensa brevirostris (Procellariidae) and E, Fregetta tropica (Oceanitinae). F, G, R. definitus, distal end of right humerus (IRSNB Av 102a) in caudal (F) and cranial (G) views. H, distal end of right humerus (cranial view) of L. brevirostris. I, R. definitus, proximal end of left ulna (IRSNB Av 109f) in cranial view. J, K, proximal end of left ulna of J, L. brevirostris and K, Pelagodroma marina (Oceanitinae). L, M, R. definitus, distal end of right ulna (IRSNB Av 109g) in ventral (L) and caudal (M) views. N, R. definitus, left carpometacarpus (IRSNB Av 105) in ventral view. O, R. definitus, right carpometacarpus (IRSNB Av 109k) in ventral view. P, R. definitus, right phalanx proximalis digiti majoris (IRSNB Av 104c) in ventral view. Q, right phalanx proximalis digiti majoris of L. brevirostris. Abbreviations: blg, convex bulge formed by craniocaudally sloping ventral margin of distal humerus; cph, caput humeri; dpr, depression on caudal surface of crista deltopectoralis; ext, processus extensorius; fpn, second (dorsal) fossa pneumotricipitalis; fvt, fossa ventralis; ind, processus internus indicis; itd, incisura tendinosa; ldg, ledge on caudal humerus surface; pit, pit abutting ledge on caudal surface of humerus; psd, processus supracondylaris dorsalis; rdg, ridge at beginning of incisura capitis; tbd, tuberculum dorsale. Fossil bones are coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Figure 3 in Phylogenetic affinities and taxonomy of the Oligocene Diomedeoididae, and the basal divergences amongst extant procellariiform birds

Figure 3. Selected skeletal elements of Rupelornis definitus in comparison to extant Procellariiformes. A–C, R. definitus, fragmentary pelvis (IRSNB Av 109l) in ventral (A), lateral (B), and dorsal (C) views. D, E, pelvis of D, Diomedea antipodensis (Diomedeidae) and E, Calonectris diomedea (Procellariidae). F–H, R. definitus, left femur (IRSNB Av 112e) in cranial (F), medial (G), and caudal (H) views. I, J, left femur (caudal view) of I, Fregetta tropica (Oceanitinae) and J, D. antipodensis. Abbreviations: cid, crista iliaca dorsalis; css, crista spinosa synsacri; ctr, crista trochanteris; faa, facies articularis antitrochanterica; fit, foramina intertransversaria; fos, fossa distal of facies articularis antitrochanterica; iob, impressiones obturatoriae; lca, linea intermuscularis caudalis; lcr, linea intermuscularis cranialis; tmg, tuberculum musculi gastrocnemialis lateralis. Fossil bones are coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Figure 7 in Phylogenetic affinities and taxonomy of the Oligocene Diomedeoididae, and the basal divergences amongst extant procellariiform birds

Figure 7. Phylogenetic trees resulting from analyses of the character matrix in Appendix 2 with different outgroup taxa. A, strict consensus tree of six most parsimonious trees [length = 108, consistency index (CI) = 0.60, retention index (RI) = 0.71] with only Gaviiformes as outgroup taxon; as detailed in the Discussion, this is the phylogeny preferred in the present study. B, single most parsimonious tree (length = 110, CI = 0.63, RI = 0.76) with Sphenisciformes and Gaviiformes as outgroup taxa; the same tree topology resulted from an analysis with outgroup comparisons based on Sphenisciformes alone. Apomorphies and character states are listed on the internodes (numbers refer to the character list in Appendix 1); filled circles represent strict apomorphies, open circles homoplastic ones. Bootstrap support values are given next to the internodes.

Figure 6. Trematodes parasitizing Biomphalaria aymara from Isluga, Chilean Altiplano. S in Phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of Altiplano populations of Biomphalaria (Gastropoda: Planorbidae): inference from a multilocus approach

Figure 6. Trematodes parasitizing Biomphalaria aymara from Isluga, Chilean Altiplano. S, shell; T, trematodes in the soft body.

Figure 5 in Phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of Altiplano populations of Biomphalaria (Gastropoda: Planorbidae): inference from a multilocus approach

Figure 5. Reconstruction of the divergence times of lineages of Biomphalaria estimated using a substitution rate of 1.6–2.2% per million years for the 16S locus. We used one sequence per population/species to generate a Bayesian tree. Numbers at nodes represent millions of years. The origin of the sequences is shown using numbers or initials (see Table 1).

Figure 4 in Phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of Altiplano populations of Biomphalaria (Gastropoda: Planorbidae): inference from a multilocus approach

Figure 4. Consensus tree obtained from Bayesian analysis using the matrix of 90 sequences. Numbers at nodes indicate posterior probability values (only those above 0.94 are given). The origin of the sequences is shown using numbers or initials (see Table 1).

Figure 1 in Phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of Altiplano populations of Biomphalaria (Gastropoda: Planorbidae): inference from a multilocus approach

Figure 1. Sampling localities of populations of Biomphalaria of the southern Altiplano. The number of localities sampled by basin is shown in parentheses. Asterisks indicate basins where Biomphalaria snails were not found.

Figure 3 in Phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of Altiplano populations of Biomphalaria (Gastropoda: Planorbidae): inference from a multilocus approach

Figure 3. Tree obtained from the maximum-likelihood analysis using the combined matrix of 90 sequences. Numbers at nodes indicate bootstrap support values (only those above 50% are given). The origin of the sequences is shown using numbers or initials (see Table 1).

Figure 2 in Phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of Altiplano populations of Biomphalaria (Gastropoda: Planorbidae): inference from a multilocus approach

Figure 2. Majority consensus tree obtained from the maximum-parsimony analysis using the combined matrix of 90 sequences. Numbers at nodes indicate bootstrap support values (only those above 50% are given). The origin of the sequences is shown using numbers or initials (see Table 1).

Figure 27 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 27. Hypopygus neblinae, nontype, head, and lateral and dorsal views of body. UF 148540 (WC49.150304), female, 78 mm: Venezuela, Caño Viejita, on road from San Fernando de Atabapo to Santa Bárbara, 16.5 km and 142° from San Fernando de Atabapo town centre, Río Orinoco drainage. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 17 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 17. Electric organ discharges (EODs) of Hypopygus as time-voltage waveforms recorded in the far-field. The EODs were in all cases taken from immature specimens or females with adult morphology, and are representative of most individuals of each species (small juveniles and sexually mature males present EODs that in some cases differ from those of larger juveniles, immature adults, and females). A, Hypopygus cryptogenes, INPA uncatalogued, 80 mm (poor signal recording quality). B, Hypopygus isbruckeri, UF 148537 (WC38.150304), immature, 76 mm. C, Hypopygus lepturus, UF 176883 (WC21.090307), female, 92 mm. D, Hypopygus minissimus, UF 148533 (WC41.120304), female, 42 mm. E, Hypopygus neblinae, UF 148540 (WC36.150304), female, 77 mm. F, Hypopygus nijsseni MCP 44740 (WC01.070703), immature, 70 mm. G, Hypopygus ortegai, MUSM 35305, holotype (WC02.160104), female, 107 mm. Scale bars = 1 ms. Dashed horizontal line = 0 volts. Note that all species generate EODs with a similar four- or five-phase structure, with minimal interspecific variation in duration (except in H. neblinae where the EOD is clearly longer).

Figure 11 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 11. Pectoral girdle of Hypopygus ortegai, UF 148540 (WC04.160104), 130 mm; left side, medial view, anterior to left, inverted figure.

Figure 15 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 15. Postpectoral accessory electric organ and associated dorsal and ventral grooves of Hypopygus nijsseni MCP 44737, 75 mm; left side, lateral view, anterior to left.

Figure 10 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 10. Pectoral girdle of Hypopygus cryptogenes MZUSP 30088, 147 mm; left side, medial view, anterior to left, inverted figure. Note the extension of the posteroventral portion of the coracoid.

Figure 6 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 6. Lower jaw of Hypopygus isbruckeri, UF 148539, 90 mm; left side, medial view, anterior to left. Note the posterodorsal margin of the dentary is straight.

Figure 14 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 14. Ventral portion of the gill arches of Hypopygus hoedemani, MZUSP 81488, 47.7 mm TL; dorsal view, anterior to left. Abbreviations: bb, basibranchial; bh, basihyal; cb, ceratobranchial; eb, epibranchial; hb, hypobranchial; ib, infrapharyngobranchial; up, upper pharyngeal tooth-plate. Note the posterior portion of the dorsal surface of the basihyal does not bear a ridge and the lack of ossification of the second to fifth basibranchial. Note also the well-developed pharyngeal teeth on cb5. Right dorsal portion of the gill arches not illustrated.

Figure 18 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 18. Map of northern South America showing collection records of Hypopygus cryptogenes. Some symbols represent more than one nearby collecting locality.

Figure 3 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 3. Head of adult Hypopygus ortegai, UF 176879, 101 mm; left side, lateral view, anterior to left. Cephalic sensory canal elements, and the outline of an unidentified bone (located under the antorbital), are highlighted grey. Abbreviations: dpoc, dorsal branch of the preopercular canal; esc, extrascapular canal; io, infraorbital canal; mc, mandibular canal; nc, nasal laterosensory canal; pac, parietal canal; pocl, postotic canal of the lateral line; ptoc, pterotic canal; soc, supraorbital canal; uib, unidentified bone; vpoc, ventral branch of the preopercular canal.