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769 results for “scale insects”
Data from: Scale insect host ranges are broader in the tropics
The specificity of the interactions between plants and their consumers varies considerably. The evolutionary and ecological factors underlying this variation are unclear. Several potential explanatory factors vary with latitude, for example plant species richness and the intensity of herbivory. Here, we use comparative phylogenetic methods to test the effect of latitude on host range in scale insects. We find that, on average, scale insects that occur in lower latitudes are more polyphagous. This result is at odds with the general pattern of greater host-plant specificity of insects in the tropics. We propose that this disparity reflects a high cost for host specificity in scale insects, stemming from unusual aspects of scale insect life history, for example, passive wind-driven dispersal. More broadly, the strong evidence for pervasive effects of geography on host range across insect groups stands in stark contrast to the weak evidence for constraints on host range due to genetic trade-offs.
Local and landscape scale variables shape insect diversity in an urban biodiversity hotspot.
<p>Local community structure is shaped by processes acting at local and landscape scales. The relative importance of drivers operating across different spatial scales are difficult to test without observations across regional or latitudinal gradients. Cities exhibit strong but predictable environmental gradients overlaying a mosaic of highly variable but repeated habitat types within a constrained area. Thus, cities present a unique opportunity to explore how both local and landscape factors influence local biotic communities. We used insect communities to examine the interactions among local environmental variables (such as temperature and relative humidity), local habitat characteristics (such as plant community composition), and broad-scale patterns of urbanization (including biophysical, human-built, and socio-economic variables) on local insect abundance, species richness, and species composition in Los Angeles, a hot, dry, near-desert city. After accounting for seasonal trends, insect species richness and abundance were highest in drier and hotter sites, but the magnitude of local environmental effects varied with the degree of urbanization. In contrast, insect species composition was best predicted by broad-scale urbanization trends, with the more native communities occurring in less urbanized sites and more cosmopolitan insects occurring in highly urbanized sites. However, insect species richness and abundance were >30% higher and insect composition was similar across sites that hosted either native or drought-tolerant plants, regardless of the degree of urbanization. These results demonstrate that urban insect biodiversity is a product of interacting mechanisms working at both local and landscape scales. However, local scale changes to urban habitats, such as cultivating plants that are adapted to the natural environment nearest the city, can positively impact urban biodiversity regardless of location.</p>
Data from: Community- weighted mean plant traits predict small scale distribution of insect root herbivore abundance
Small scale distribution of insect root herbivores may promote plant species diversity by creating patches of different herbivore pressure. However, determinants of small scale distribution of insect root herbivores, and impact of land use intensity on their small scale distribution are largely unknown. We sampled insect root herbivores and measured vegetation parameters and soil water content along transects in grasslands of different management intensity in three regions in Germany. We calculated community-weighted mean plant traits to test whether the functional plant community composition determines the small scale distribution of insect root herbivores. To analyze spatial patterns in plant species and trait composition and insect root herbivore abundance we computed Mantel correlograms. Insect root herbivores mainly comprised click beetle (Coleoptera, Elateridae) larvae (43%) in the investigated grasslands. Total insect root herbivore numbers were positively related to community-weighted mean traits indicating high plant growth rates and biomass (specific leaf area, reproductive- and vegetative plant height), and negatively related to plant traits indicating poor tissue quality (leaf C/N ratio). Generalist Elaterid larvae, when analyzed independently, were also positively related to high plant growth rates and furthermore to root dry mass, but were not related to tissue quality. Insect root herbivore numbers were not related to plant cover, plant species richness and soil water content. Plant species composition and to a lesser extent plant trait composition displayed spatial autocorrelation, which was not influenced by land use intensity. Insect root herbivore abundance was not spatially autocorrelated. We conclude that in semi-natural grasslands with a high share of generalist insect root herbivores, insect root herbivores affiliate with large, fast growing plants, presumably because of availability of high quantities of food. Affiliation of insect root herbivores with large, fast growing plants may counteract dominance of those species, thus promoting plant diversity.
Data from: Water stress strengthens mutualism among ants, trees, and scale insects
Abiotic environmental variables strongly affect the outcomes of species interactions. For example, mutualistic interactions between species are often stronger when resources are limited. The effect might be indirect: water stress on plants can lead to carbon stress, which could alter carbon-mediated plant mutualisms. In mutualistic ant–plant symbioses, plants host ant colonies that defend them against herbivores. Here we show that the partners' investments in a widespread ant–plant symbiosis increase with water stress across 26 sites along a Mesoamerican precipitation gradient. At lower precipitation levels, Cordia alliodora trees invest more carbon in Azteca ants via phloem-feeding scale insects that provide the ants with sugars, and the ants provide better defense of the carbon-producing leaves. Under water stress, the trees have smaller carbon pools. A model of the carbon trade-offs for the mutualistic partners shows that the observed strategies can arise from the carbon costs of rare but extreme events of herbivory in the rainy season. Thus, water limitation, together with the risk of herbivory, increases the strength of a carbon-based mutualism.
Data from: Contrasted invasion processes imprint the genetic structure of an invasive scale insect across southern Europe
Deciphering the colonization processes by which introduced pests invade new areas is essential to limit the risk of further expansion and/or multiple introductions. We here studied the invasion history of the maritime pine bast scale Matsucoccus feytaudi. This host-specific insect does not cause any damage in its native area, but it devastated maritime pine forests of South-Eastern France where it was detected in the 1960s, and since then reached Italy and Corsica. We used population genetic approaches to infer the populations' recent evolutionary history from microsatellite markers and Approximate Bayesian Computation. Consistent with previous mitochondrial data, we showed that the native range is geographically strongly structured, which is probably due to the patchy distribution of the obligate host and the limited dispersal capacity of the scale. Our results show that the invasion history can be described in three successive steps involving different colonization and dispersal processes. During the mid-XXth century, massive introductions occurred from the Landes planted forest to South-Eastern France, probably due to transportation of infested wood material after World War II. Stepping-stone expansion, consistent with natural dispersal, then allowed M. feytaudi to reach the maritime pine forests of Liguria and Tuscany in Italy. The island of Corsica was accidentally colonized in the 1990s, and the most plausible scenario involves the introduction of a limited number of migrants from the forests of South-Eastern France and Liguria, which is consistent with an aerial dispersal due to the dominant winds that blow in spring in this region.
Data from: The population genomic signature of environmental selection in the widespread insect-pollinated tree species Frangula alnus at different geographical scales
The evaluation of the molecular signatures of selection in species lacking an available closely related reference genome remains challenging, yet it may provide valuable fundamental insights into the capacity of populations to respond to environmental cues. We screened 25 native populations of the tree species Frangula alnus subsp. alnus (Rhamnaceae), covering three different geographical scales, for 183 annotated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Standard population genomic outlier screens were combined with individual-based and multivariate landscape genomic approaches to examine the strength of selection relative to neutral processes in shaping genomic variation, and to identify the main environmental agents driving selection. Our results demonstrate a more distinct signature of selection with increasing geographical distance, as indicated by the proportion of SNPs (i) showing exceptional patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation (outliers) and (ii) associated with climate. Both temperature and precipitation have an important role as selective agents in shaping adaptive genomic differentiation in F. alnus subsp. alnus, although their relative importance differed among spatial scales. At the 'intermediate' and 'regional' scales, where limited genetic clustering and high population diversity were observed, some indications of natural selection may suggest a major role for gene flow in safeguarding adaptability. High genetic diversity at loci under selection in particular, indicated considerable adaptive potential, which may nevertheless be compromised by the combined effects of climate change and habitat fragmentation.
Large scale purification of full-length huntingtin Q23, Q46 and Q78 from insect cells
<p>Huntingtin structure function open lab notebook</p>
FIGURE 12. Fistulococcus intsiae. Secondinstar male nymph. For lettering see Fig 8 except M in Fistulococcus, a new genus of soft scale insect (Sternorrhyncha, Coccidae) proposed for two new species from Hong Kong and Papua New Guinea
FIGURE 12. Fistulococcus intsiae. Secondinstar male nymph. For lettering see Fig 8 except M = ventral seta.
FIGURE 11 in Fistulococcus, a new genus of soft scale insect (Sternorrhyncha, Coccidae) proposed for two new species from Hong Kong and Papua New Guinea
FIGURE 11. Fistulococcus intsiae. Firstinstar nymph (sex not determined). For lettering, see Fig. 8 except that A = 1stinstar form of dorsal chambered duct, and D = dorsal "trilocular" pore.
FIGURE 8 in Fistulococcus, a new genus of soft scale insect (Sternorrhyncha, Coccidae) proposed for two new species from Hong Kong and Papua New Guinea
FIGURE 8. Fistulococcus intsiae. Adult female. Unless otherwise stated, in this figure and in Figs. 2 to 11 inclusive, A = dorsal chambered duct; B = satellite pore to dorsal chambered duct; C = dorsal seta; D = dorsal concave pore; E = dorsal microductule; F = preopercular pore; G = dorsal tubular duct; H = dorsal view of anal plates; J = ventral view of anal area; K = marginal seta; L = spiracular discpore; M = preanal discpores; N = ventral microduct; P = stigmatic cleft; Q = antenna; R = metathoracic leg; S = preantennal pore, and T = portion of dorsal derm.
FIGURE 5 in Fistulococcus, a new genus of soft scale insect (Sternorrhyncha, Coccidae) proposed for two new species from Hong Kong and Papua New Guinea
FIGURE 5. Fistulococcus pokfulamensis. Secondinstar male nymph. For lettering, see Fig. 1, except S = ventral seta.
FIGURE 2 in Fistulococcus, a new genus of soft scale insect (Sternorrhyncha, Coccidae) proposed for two new species from Hong Kong and Papua New Guinea
FIGURE 2. Fistulococcus pokfulamensis. Thirdinstar female nymph. For lettering, see Fig. 1 except S = structure of long wax filaments on all unmounted 2nd and 3rdinstar nymphs and adult females.
FIGURE 1 in Fistulococcus, a new genus of soft scale insect (Sternorrhyncha, Coccidae) proposed for two new species from Hong Kong and Papua New Guinea
FIGURE 1. Fistulococcus pokfulamensis. Adult female. In this figure and in Figs. 2 to 5 inclusive, A = dorsal chambered duct; B = satellite pore to dorsal chambered duct; C = dorsal seta; D = dorsal concave pore; E = dorsal microductule; F = preopercular pore; G = dorsal tubular duct; H = dorsal view of anal plates; J = ventral view of anal area; K = marginal seta; L = spiracular discpore; M = preanal discpores; N = ventral microduct; P = stigmatic cleft; Q = antenna; R = metathoracic leg.
FIGURE 4 in Fistulococcus, a new genus of soft scale insect (Sternorrhyncha, Coccidae) proposed for two new species from Hong Kong and Papua New Guinea
FIGURE 4. Fistulococcus pokfulamensis. Firstinstar nymph. For lettering, see Fig. 1 except A = 1stinstar form of dorsal chambered duct; D = dorsal "trilocular" pore, and S = structure of glassy filaments on unmounted material.
FIGURE 9 in Fistulococcus, a new genus of soft scale insect (Sternorrhyncha, Coccidae) proposed for two new species from Hong Kong and Papua New Guinea
FIGURE 9. Fistulococcus intsiae. Thirdinstar female nymph. For lettering, see Fig. 8, except M = ventral setae.
FIGURE 3 in Fistulococcus, a new genus of soft scale insect (Sternorrhyncha, Coccidae) proposed for two new species from Hong Kong and Papua New Guinea
FIGURE 3. Fistulococcus pokfulamensis. Secondinstar female nymph. For lettering, see Fig. 1 but where D = various appearances of dorsal concave pores.
FIGURE 10 in Archaeococcoid scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) from the tropical high mountains of the Andean Cordillera, South America
FIGURE 10. Adult female of Platycoelostoma rauppi Foldi n. sp. Where: A = apical segment of antenna; B = triangular multilocular pore with trilocular centre; C = flagellate seta; D = hair-like seta; E = broadly oval multilocular pore with bilocular centre; F = abdominal spiracles; G = anal tube; H = simple tubular pore; I = spinules; J = metathoracic leg; K = longest hair-like setae near coxae; L = thoracic spiracle; M = multilocular pore with quadrilocular centre; N = small multilocular pore with triangular shaped outer loculi.
FIGURE 7 in Archaeococcoid scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) from the tropical high mountains of the Andean Cordillera, South America
FIGURE 7. Third-instar female of Paramoandesia ecuadorensis Foldi n. sp. Where: A = antenna; B = dorsal hair; C = multilocular pore with oval centre; D = mosaic-like structure on intersegmantal membrane: E = stout hair-like seta; F = multilocular pore with quadrate centre; G = hair on abdomen; H = dorsal and perispiracular broadly oval multilocular pore; I = minute circular pore with irregular opening; J = anal tube; K = abdominal spiracle with pores H+I; L = flagellate seta; M = hair-like seta; N = multilocular pore with 5 central loculi; O = metathoracic leg with claw; P = multilocular pore with triangular centre; Q = thoracic spiracle with enlargement of pores H + I; R = spinules.
FIGURE 4 in Archaeococcoid scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) from the tropical high mountains of the Andean Cordillera, South America
FIGURE 4. Adult female of Paramoandesia colombiensis Foldi n. sp. Where: A = multilocular pore with oval centre; B + C = straight and curved dorsal and ventral hairs; D = hair-like seta; E = flagellate seta; F = dorsal and ventral multilocular pores with triangular centre; G = abdominal spiracle; H = short spiniform setae with strongly enlarged base; I = polygonal patch on intersegmental membrane; J = claw; K = thoracic spiracle; L = multilocular pore with quadrate centre, M = sensory organs on antennal intersegmental membrane. N = spinules.
FIGURE 2 in Archaeococcoid scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) from the tropical high mountains of the Andean Cordillera, South America
FIGURE 2. Adult female of Crypticerya abrahami (Newstead). Where: A = pore with 2 large central loculi and 4 small elongated outer loculi; B = antenna; C = small convex pores and minute setae at base of scape; D = multilocular pore with 4 large central loculi and 12 small outer loculi; E = hair-like setae; F = pore with 3 large central loculi and 6 small outer loculi; G = anal tube; H = cicatrix; I = abdominal spiracle; J = long collared seta on submargin; K = multilocular pore around anal area; L = broadly oval multilocular pore; M = metathoracic leg; N = campaniform sensillum on trochanter; O = thoracic spiracle with enlargement of perispiracular pore (pp); P = pore with Y-shaped opening and an irregular rim. R = multilocular pores with a central ductule around vulvar opening; S = flagellate seta; T = hair.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.