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500 results for “semi-arid”
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Mucor (Mucoromycotina, Mucorales) isolated from an enclave of Upland Atlantic Forest in the semi-arid region of Brazil
FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree of Mucor septatum and related species constructed using the ITS rDNA sequences. Mucor amphibiorum was used as an outgroup. Sequences are labeled with their database accession numbers. Support values are from Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses (values above and below the branches, respectively). The sequences obtained in this study are in boldface.
FIGURE 3 in Aspergillus fuscicans (Aspergillaceae, Eurotiales), a new species in section Usti from Argentinean semi-arid soil
FIGURE 3. Strict consensus phylogenetic cladogram constructed with maximum parsimony analysis with CaM sequences. MP and NJ bootstrap values>50% are shown above and below branches, respectively. Terminal nodes given as GenBank accession number and species name.
FIGURE 2 in Aspergillus fuscicans (Aspergillaceae, Eurotiales), a new species in section Usti from Argentinean semi-arid soil
FIGURE 2. Strict consensus phylogenetic cladogram constructed with maximum parsimony analysis with BenA sequences. MP and NJ bootstrap values>50% are shown above and below branches, respectively. Terminal nodes given as GenBank accession number and species name.
FIGURE 1. Aspergillus fuscicans. Colonies 7 d, 25 in Aspergillus fuscicans (Aspergillaceae, Eurotiales), a new species in section Usti from Argentinean semi-arid soil
FIGURE 1. Aspergillus fuscicans. Colonies 7 d, 25 ºC. A. CYA. B. Reverse. C. MEA. C´. Colonies 30 d, 25 ºC. D–F. Conidiophores and conidia. G. Conidia. H–I. Hülle cells. Bars D–E, H–I = 20 μm, F–G = 10 μm.
FIGURE 1 in Three new species of Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota) from the semi-arid region of northeast Brazil
FIGURE 1. Graphis alba (A, ISE 38000, paratype; B–C, ISE 38003, holotype). A–B. Thallus with lirellae showing conspicuous white labia cover. C. Ascospore. Halegrapha redonographoides (holotype). D–F. Thallus with more or less pseudostromatic lirellae, the reddish portions indicating decomposing norstictic acid; G–H. Asci with ascospores. Thelotrema pachysporoides (I, ISE 38001, paratype; J–L, ISE 38002, holotype). I–K. Thallus with apothecia; L. Ascus with ascospores. Scale in A–B, D–F, I–H = 1 mm, in C, G–H, L = 10 μm.
Figure 2 in Seasonal breeding in three sympatric rodent species in semi-arid Tigray, northern Ethiopia
Figure 2: Predicted mean of (A, B, C) the minimal number of animals alive and (D, E, F) proportion of breeding females in the three seasons, for each grid (red grid 1, blue grid 2). The predicted means (dots) and their standard error bars were derived from the general linear models.
Figure 4 in Seasonal breeding in three sympatric rodent species in semi-arid Tigray, northern Ethiopia
Figure 4: Mastomys awashensis monthly variation in (A) abundance (minimal number of animals alive, calculated per trapping session) in both grids (solid red line is grid 1, dashed blue line is grid 2), (B) proportion of breeding females (number of trapped breeding females divided by the MNA in that trap session) in both grids.
Figure 3 in Seasonal breeding in three sympatric rodent species in semi-arid Tigray, northern Ethiopia
Figure 3: Stenocephalemys albipes monthly variation in (A) abundance (minimal number of animals alive, calculated per trapping session) in both grids (solid red line is grid 1, dashed blue line is grid 2), (B) proportion of breeding females (number of trapped breeding females divided by the MNA in that trap session) in both grids.
Figure 1 in Seasonal breeding in three sympatric rodent species in semi-arid Tigray, northern Ethiopia
Figure 1: A glimpse of the sampling habitat in Adi-azab'o, located in the eastern Tigray, northern Ethiopia (photo on 13th October, 2018).(A) Represented a bushland habitat characterized by the dominant presence of Acacia ethbaica trees, where the sampling grids sited and (B) indicated some crop fields inside the enclosures.
Figure 5 in Seasonal breeding in three sympatric rodent species in semi-arid Tigray, northern Ethiopia
Figure 5: Acomys cahirinus monthly variation in (A) abundance (minimal number of animals alive, calculated per trapping session) in both grids (solid red line is grid 1, dashed blue line is grid 2), (B) proportion of breeding females (number of trapped breeding females divided by the MNA in that trap session) in both grids.
Data from: Testing the assumptions of the pyrodiversity begets biodiversity hypothesis for termites in semi-arid Australia
Fire shapes the composition and functioning of ecosystems globally. In many regions, fire is actively managed to create diverse patch mosaics of fire-ages under the assumption that a diversity of post-fire age classes will provide a greater variety of habitats, thereby enabling species with differing habitat requirements to coexist, and enhancing species diversity (the pyrodiversity begets biodiversity hypothesis). However, studies provide mixed support for this hypothesis. Here, using termite communities in a semi-arid region of southeast Australia, we test four key assumptions of the pyrodiversity begets biodiversity hypothesis (1) that fire shapes vegetation structure over sufficient time frames to influence species' occurrence, 2) that animal species are linked to resources that are themselves shaped by fire and that differ at different times since fire, 3) that species' probability of occurrence of abundance peaks at varying times since fire, and 4) that providing a diverse set of fire-ages boost species diversity at the landscape scale. Termite species and habitat elements were sampled in 100 sites across a range of fire ages, nested within 20 landscapes chosen to represent a gradient of low to high pyrodiversity. We used regression modeling to explore relationships between termites, habitat and fire. Fire affected two habitat elements (coarse woody debris and the cover of woody vegetation) that were associated with the probability of occurrence of three termite species and overall species richness, thus supporting the first two assumptions of the pyrodiversity hypothesis. However, this did not result in those species or species richness being affected by fire history per se. Consequently, landscapes with a low diversity of fire histories had similar numbers of termite species as landscapes with high pyrodiversity. Our work suggests that encouraging a diversity of fire ages for enhancing termite species richness in this study region is not necessary.
Data from: Shrub encroachment can reverse desertification in semi-arid Mediterranean grasslands
The worldwide phenomenon of shrub encroachment in grass-dominated dryland ecosystems is commonly associated with desertification. Studies of the purported desertification effects associated with shrub encroachment are often restricted to relatively few study areas, and document a narrow range of possible impacts upon biota and ecosystem processes. We conducted a study in degraded Mediterranean grasslands dominated by Stipa tenacissima to simultaneously evaluate the effects of shrub encroachment on the structure and composition of multiple biotic community components, and on various indicators of ecosystem function. Shrub encroachment enhanced vascular plant richness, biomass of fungi, actinomycetes and other bacteria, and was linked with greater soil fertility and N mineralization rates. While shrub encroachment may be a widespread phenomenon in drylands, an interpretation that this is an expression of desertification is not universal. Our results suggest that shrub establishment may be an important step in the reversal of desertification processes in the Mediterranean region.
Data from: Reducing soil erosion by improving community functional diversity in semi-arid grasslands
1. Great efforts have been made to control soil erosion by restoring plant communities in degraded ecosystems world-wide. However, soil erosion has not been substantially reduced mainly because current restoration strategies lead to large areas of mono-specific vegetation, which are inefficient in reducing soil erosion because of their simple canopy and root structure. Therefore, an advanced understanding of how community functional composition affects soil erosion processes, as well as an improved restoration scheme to reduce soil erosion, is urgently needed. 2. We investigated the effect of community functional composition on soil erosion in restored semi-arid grasslands on the Loess Plateau of China. Community functional composition of 16 restored grasslands was quantified by community-weighted mean (CWM) and functional diversity (FD) trait values, which were calculated from nine plant functional traits of thirteen locally dominant plant species. Species richness and evenness were also measured. Soil erosion rates were measured using standard erosion plots. The multimodel inference approach was used to estimate the direction and the relative importance of these biodiversity indices in reducing soil erosion. 3. A robust and strong negative effect of functional divergence (FDiv) on soil erosion was found. The prevalence of particular trait combinations can also decrease soil erosion. The greatest control over soil erosion was exerted when the community mean root diameter was small and the root tensile strength was great. 4. Synthesis and applications: These findings imply that community functional diversity plays an important role in reducing soil erosion in semi-arid restored grasslands. This means that current restoration strategies can be greatly improved by incorporating community functional diversity into restoration design. We propose a trait-based restoration framework for reducing soil erosion, termed 'SSM' (Screening–Simulating–Maintaining). SSM aims to translate the target of community functional diversity into community assemblages that can be manipulated by practitioners. Based on this framework, a comprehensive procedure, highlighting functional diversity as the primary concern in determining optimal community assemblages, was developed to meet the pressing need for more effective restoration strategies to reduce soil erosion.
Supporting Data and Code for "Managing to Climatology: Improving semi-arid agricultural risk management using crop models and a dense meteorological network"
<p>Without reliable seasonal climate forecasts, farmers and managers in other weather-sensitive sectors might adopt practices that are optimal for recent climate conditions. To demonstrate this principle, crop simulation models driven by a dense meteorological network were used to identify climate-optimal planting dates for U.S. Southern High Plains (SHP) un-irrigated agriculture. This method converted large samples of SHP growing season weather outcomes into climate-representative cotton and sorghum yield distributions over a range of planting dates. Best planting dates were defined as those that maximized median cotton lint (April 24) and sorghum grain (July 1) yields. Those optimal yield distributions were then converted into corresponding profit distributions reflecting 2005-2019 commodity prices and fixed production costs. Both crop's profitability under variable price conditions and current SHP climate conditions were then compared based on median profits and loss probability, and through stochastic dominance analyses that assumed a slightly risk-averse producer.</p>
Data from: Direct effects of nitrogen addition on seed germination of eight semi-arid grassland species
<p>Seed germination plays an important role in mediating plant species composition of grassland communities under nitrogen (N) enrichment. Shifts of plant community structure with N-enhanced deposition in terrestrial ecosystems have occurred globally. Despite numerous studies about the effects of enhanced N deposition on mature plant communities, few studies have focused on seed germination. Using a laboratory experiment, we report the effects of five N concentrations, including 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mM N (NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>) on seed germination of eight semi-arid grassland species. Results showed that low N concentrations (5- and 20-mM N) promoted mean final germination proportion of all eight species by 4.4% and 6.4%, but high concentrations (40 mM N) had no effect. The mean germination rate was decreased 2.1% and 5.1% by higher N concentration (20- and 40-mM N) levels, but germination start time showed the opposite trend, delayed by 0.7, 0.9, and 1.8 d for the 10, 20, and 40 Mm N treatments. Final germination proportion, mean germination rate, and germination start time were significantly different among species in response to N concentration treatments. The final germination proportion of <i>Allium tenuissimum </i>and<i> Chenopodium glaucum </i>were suppressed by increased N concentration, whereas it increased for<i> Potentilla bifurca, Plantago asiatica </i>and<i> Setaria viridis</i>. Our findings provide novel insights into N-deposition-induced species loss based on seed germination factors in semi-arid grassland communities.</p>
Unaltered soil microbial community composition, but decreased metabolic activity in a semi-arid grassland after two years of passive experimental warming
<p>Soil microbial communities regulate soil carbon feedbacks to climate warming through microbial respiration (i.e. metabolic rate). A thorough understanding of the responses of composition, biomass and metabolic rate of soil microbial community to warming is crucial to predict soil carbon stocks in a future warmer climate. Therefore, we conducted a field manipulative experiment in a semi-arid grassland on the Loess Plateau of China to evaluate the responses of the soil microbial community to increased temperature from April 2015 to December 2017. Soil temperature was 2.0 <sup>o</sup>C higher relative to the ambient when open-top chambers (OTCs) were used. Warming did not affect microbial biomass or the composition of microbial functional groups. However, warming significantly decreased microbial respiration, directly resulting from soil pH decrease driven by the co-mediation of aboveground biomass increase, inorganic nitrogen increase and moisture decrease. These findings highlight that the soil microbial community structure of semi-arid grasslands resisted the short-term warming by 2 <sup>o</sup>C, although its metabolic rate declined.</p>
FIGURE 2 in Two new species of moth flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) from the semi-arid region of Brazil
FIGURE 2. Lepidiella olgae sp. nov. male holotype. (A) head; (B) base of antenna: scape, pedicel and three basal flagellomeres; (C) flagellomeres 12, 13 and 14; (D) palpus; (E) wing; female: (F) ventral; male terminalia: (G) ventral: epandrium, cerci and hypoproct; (H) dorsal; (I) cercus. Escale bars: Figs 2A, 2E = 0.25 mm, Figs 2B, 2C, 2D, 2F = 0.06 mm, Figs 2G, 2H, 2I = 0.12 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Two new species of moth flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) from the semi-arid region of Brazil
FIGURE 1. Arisemus rubeni sp. nov. male holotype. (A) head; (B) base of antenna: scape, pedicel and four basal flagellomeres; (C) flagellomeres 11, 12 and 13; (D) palpus; (E) wing; (F) wing jugum; (G) sensory organ of antepronotum; male terminalia (spi = anterior spiracle); (H) dorsal; (I) epandrium, cerci and hypoproct. Escale bars: Figs 1A, 1E, 1F = 0.25 mm, Figs 1B, 1C, 1D, 1G = 0.06 mm, Figs 1H, 1I = 0.12 mm.
Seasonal community stability increased with water addition and shrub removal but reduced with nitrogen addition in semi-arid grassland
<p>1. Stability is a useful indicator of the functioning and sustainability of an ecosystem, and many studies have explored the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on the inter-annual stability of plant communities. However, the effects of multiple anthropogenic stressors on seasonal community stability have not been clearly elucidated, especially for vulnerable semi-arid grasslands.</p> <p>2. During the growing season in the 5th year of the experiment, we determined how nitrogen (N) addition, water addition, and shrub removal altered seasonal community stability in a semi-arid grassland dominated by the shrub <em>Caragana</em> <em>microphylla</em> on the Mongolian Plateau.</p> <p>3. We found that shrub removal, N addition, and water addition had different effects on the stability of the community and plant functional groups (PFGs). Shrub removal increased seasonal community stability mostly via increases in the stability of perennial forbs and C4 plants, and shrub removal did not alter the effects of N addition or water addition on seasonal community stability or PFG stability.</p> <p>4. N addition decreased seasonal community stability mostly via decreases in the stability of perennial rhizome grasses and C<sub>4</sub> plants. Water addition increased seasonal community stability mostly via increases in the stability of annuals and biennials, perennial forbs, perennial rhizome grasses, dominant species, and C<sub>4</sub> plants. Species asynchrony and PFG stability but not species richness or soil abiotic or biotic variables helped to maintain seasonal community stability under N addition or water addition.</p> <p>5. Our findings indicate that future scenarios of increases in N deposition and shrub encroachment will strongly reduce community stability in drylands, and that future scenarios of increases in precipitation together with shrub removal might help to maintain the stability of this and other dryland ecosystems.</p>
FIGURE 9 in Annotated checklist of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera: Chrysomeloidea) from the Brazilian semi-arid region, with new species and new geographic records
FIGURE 9. Distributional records of Cerambycidae from Brazilian semi-arid region. Legend of the brazilian states: MA = Maranh"o; CE = Ceará; PI = Piauí; RN = Rio Grande do Norte; PB = Paraíba; PE = Pernambuco; AL = Alagoas; SE = Sergipe; BA = Bahia; MG = Minas Gerais.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.