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FIGURE 4 in Five new, microendemic Asian Leaf-litter Frogs (Leptolalax) from the southern Annamite mountains, Vietnam

FIGURE 4. Morphometric variation and differentiation among adult male frogs in the Leptolalax applebyi group. Boxplots of (A) SVL, (B) relative tibia length (TIB/SVL), (C) relative pectoral gland size (PEC/SVL) and (D) relative tibia length (TIB/ SVL) of adult males in each molecular lineage. For all boxplots, horizontal lines within each box represent the median and boxes encompass the 75th and 25th quartiles.

FIGURE 6 in Five new, microendemic Asian Leaf-litter Frogs (Leptolalax) from the southern Annamite mountains, Vietnam

FIGURE 6. Advertisement calls of species in the Leptolalax applebyi group minus L. pyrrhops (i) 10 s waveform of relative amplitude (Rel. amp.) over time, (ii) waveform and (iii) corresponding 2 s spectrogram of representative call expanded from first section shown in i for (A) L. pallidus sp. nov. holotype UNS00510, (B) L. kalonensis sp. nov. paratype IEBR A.2014.21, (C) L. maculosus sp. nov. holotype UNS 00513, (D) L. tadungensis sp. nov. AMS R 177666. For ambient temperatures during recordings, see Table 4.

FIGURE 5 in Five new, microendemic Asian Leaf-litter Frogs (Leptolalax) from the southern Annamite mountains, Vietnam

FIGURE 5. Advertisement calls of species in the Leptolalax applebyi group minus L. pyrrhops (i) 10 s waveform of relative amplitude (Rel. amp.) over time, (ii) waveform and (iii) corresponding 2 s spectrogram of representative call expanded from first section shown in i for (A) L. applebyi holotype AMS R 171703, (B) L. bidoupensis paratype UNS 00101/AMS R 173135, (C) L. melicus holotype MVZ 258198, and (D) L. ardens sp. nov. paratype UNS 00534/AMS R 176466. For ambient temperatures during recordings, see Table 4.

FIGURE 9 in Five new, microendemic Asian Leaf-litter Frogs (Leptolalax) from the southern Annamite mountains, Vietnam

FIGURE 9. Calling sites and representative habitats of species in the Leptolalax applebyi group. (A) L. ardens sp. nov., (B) L. kalonensis sp. nov., (C) L. maculosus sp. nov.. (D) stream in Kon Ka Kinh National Park, Gia Lai Province, where L. ardens sp. nov. males were observed 1-2 m from stream, calling under leaf-litter, (E) downstream from dry section of stream in Bidoup Nui Ba National Park, Lam Dong Province, where L. pallidus sp. nov. were observed calling, (F) dry stream bed in Song Luy Watershed Forest, Binh Thuan Province, where calling L. kalonensis sp. nov. were collected, and (G) dry stream bed in Ta Dung Forest, Dak Nong Province, where L. tadungensis sp. nov. were calling and collected.

FIGURE 8 in Five new, microendemic Asian Leaf-litter Frogs (Leptolalax) from the southern Annamite mountains, Vietnam

FIGURE 8. Dorsal and ventral views of holotypes of (A) L. pallidus sp. nov. UNS00510, (B) L. kalonensis sp. nov. IEBR A.2014.14, (C) L. maculosus sp. nov. UNS00513, (D) L. tadungensis sp. nov. UNS00516. Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIGURE 13 in Five new, microendemic Asian Leaf-litter Frogs (Leptolalax) from the southern Annamite mountains, Vietnam

FIGURE 13. Leptolalax maculosus sp. nov. in life (A) dorsolateral view of male holotype UNS 00513, (B) anteroventral view of male holotype UNS 00513, (C) male holotype AMS R 177660, (D) female paratype UNS 00514.

FIGURE 1 in Five new, microendemic Asian Leaf-litter Frogs (Leptolalax) from the southern Annamite mountains, Vietnam

FIGURE 1. Map showing the localities where specimens in the Leptolalax applebyi group were collected in Cambodia and Vietnam. Colours of localities assigned based on molecular lineages. Paler areas are higher elevation. Dark grey lines show country boundaries, pale grey lines show watershed boundaries and blue lines show rivers.

FIGURE 2 in Five new, microendemic Asian Leaf-litter Frogs (Leptolalax) from the southern Annamite mountains, Vietnam

FIGURE 2. Maximum-likelihood (ML) tree based on 16S ribosomal RNA mitochondrial gene sequences for the Leptolalax applebyi group (colored region) and outgroups. Bayesian inference (BI) produced near-identical topology. Numbers on branches are ML bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities. Lineages 3, 5, 6–9 correspond to those identified in Rowley et al. (2015).

FIGURE 12 in Two new species of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Phu Quoc Island in southern Vietnam

FIGURE 12. Holotype Monographis phuquocensis sp. n., A. Leg segments and the chaetotaxy of the second leg and penis (p: penis, co: coxa, pre.fe: prefemur, fe: femur, post.fe: post-femur, tib: tibia, T1: tarsus 1, T2: tarsus 2). B. The biarticulated seta with a ridged funicle present on the coxa, prefemur, femur and the last sternite. C. A similar smaller form of B present in the posterior region of the femur, sex organs - penis or vulva. D. Setiform seta in post-femur and tibia. E & F: Spines found on tarsus 1 and 2. G. Dorsal ornamental trichome sockets: sockets of trichomes a: a1 to a12; socket of trichome b; sockets of trichomes c: c1, c2 and c3; circular indentation d. H. Telotarsus structure with processes:c: claw, l: lamella process, lp: lateral process, p: posterior process, s: setiform process.

FIGURE 10 in Two new species of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Phu Quoc Island in southern Vietnam

FIGURE 10. Holotype Monographis phuquocensis sp. n., A. The antennal articles V, VI, VII and VIII. B. Arrangement of sensilla on the antennal article VII: A conical sensillum (c) located posteriorly, 2 thick bacilliform sensilla (Tbs) and a setiform sensillum (s). C. Sensilla arrangement on the antennal article VI with 4 groups of sensilla of various lengths: Group 1: 7 bacilliform sensilla, which consists of 3 thick bacilliform sensilla distributed between 1 or 2 thin bacilliform sensilla (Tbs a: Thick bacilliform sensilla located in the anterior position, Tbs i: the thick bacilliform sensilla located in an intermedium position, Tbs p: the thickbacilliform sensilla located in the posterior position); followed by a conical sensillum (c); Group 2: 3 medium length thin bacilliform sensilla (tbs m); Group 3: 2 small thin short bacilliform sensilla (tbs s); Group 4: 8 short thick conical sensilla (Tsc) located posteriorly.

FIGURE 11 in Two new species of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Phu Quoc Island in southern Vietnam

FIGURE 11. Scanning Electron Microscope images of antennal articles and the labrum of Monographis phuquocensis sp. n.. A. The antennal articles VI, VII and VIII. B. Sensilla arrangement on the antennal article VI showing the anterior group of 7 bacilliformsensilla which includes 4 thin bacilliform sensilla (tbs) and 3 thicker ones (Tbs a, Tbs i, Tbs p, tbsm and tbs s: refer to Figure 10). C. The arrangement of sensilla on the antennal article VI showing 2 small thin short sensilla (tbs s) and the posterior group of 8 thick short conical sensilla (Tsc). D. Clypeo-labrum: lateral lamella (Ll) and lamella (l), posterior row of setae (s) andthe anterior row of slender setae (sa).

FIGURE 13 in Two new species of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Phu Quoc Island in southern Vietnam

FIGURE 13. Scanning Electron Microscope images of the leg segments, claws and the caudal bundle of Monographis phuquocensis sp. n., A. Leg segments and the chaetotaxy of the second leg and penis (refer to figure 12). B. Claw structure indicating thatthe posterior process andthe setiform processwere half the length of the claw.C. Caudal bundlein the male (cb) showing the ornamental trichome sockets (ots) which hold trichomes a, b and c, the caudal bundle trichome sockets (cbts) showingthe uniform size sockets ofthe caudal trichomes(ct). D. Caudalbundle inthe femaleshowing a similarstructure asthe male but there are 2 groups of sockets of nest trichomes (nts) present, located ventral to the caudal bundle where the nest trichomes (nt) are carried.

FIGURE 8. A in Two new species of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Phu Quoc Island in southern Vietnam

FIGURE 8. A living specimen of Monographis phuquocensis sp. n. from Da Ban stream,Phu Quoc Island, Vietnam.

FIGURE 6. A in Two new species of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Phu Quoc Island in southern Vietnam

FIGURE 6. A. Unixenus intragramineus sp. n., scanning electron microscope image of the antennal articles VI, VII and VIII with 4 sensory cones (sc); B. Arrangement of sensilla on the antennal article VII from the holotype; C. Sensilla on the antennal article VI. (c: conical sensillum, T:thick bacilliform sensillum, s: setiform sensillum)

FIGURE5 in Two new species of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Phu Quoc Island in southern Vietnam

FIGURE5. Scanning Electron Microscope images of Unixenus intragramineus sp. n.: A. Head,the posterior vertex trichomes group (pv), collum (Co) and tergite 2 (T2); B. Trichobothria a, b and c; C. Labrum showed 4 + 4 lamellae (l); D. Labrum with the pointedspherical papillae (Psp) on its surface;E. The male caudal bundle structureshowing the dorsal ornamentaltrichome sockets (ots), barbate trichome sockets (bts), trichome socket free tissue (tsft) and caudal trichome sockets (cts) with some caudal trichomes (ct) attached. F. The caudal bundle structure of females showing a difference in the arrangement with caudal trichome sockets (cts) located dorsally, barbate trichome sockets (bts) with the largest size in the centre, trichome socket free tissue (tsft) and nest trichome sockets(nts) that were smaller located centro-ventrally.

FIGURE 7. A in Two new species of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Phu Quoc Island in southern Vietnam

FIGURE 7. A. Holotype Unixenus intragramineus sp. n., the 2nd leg showing seven leg articles (Co: coxa, pre.fe: prefemur, fe: femur, post.fe: post-femur, tib: tibia, T1: tarsus 1, T2: tarsus 2, C: claw) and sex organ – penis (P); (B) A biarticulated seta with a ridged funicle present on the coxa, prefemur, the distal edge of femur and the posterior edge of last sternite; a similar smaller version of a biarticulated seta with a ridged funicle is present in the middle of the femur (C); seta on tibia (D); the setiform seta on tarsus 2 (E). F. Telotarsus–Claw showing all processes: the anterior lateral process (lp), the posterior process (p), the claw (c), the setiform process (s) and the lamella process (l), SEM image of the telotarsus (right hand side). G. The dorsal ornamental trichome sockets of trichomes a (a), trichome b (b), trichomes c (c) and the circular indentation d.

FIGURE 3 in Two new species of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Phu Quoc Island in southern Vietnam

FIGURE 3. The typical beach habitat of Unixenus intragramineus sp. n. lacking leaf litter. This species was found living within the stem of a creeping grass (Poaceae) growing on an unstable, sandy substrate within the intertidalzone of TranhRiver beach, where it is subject to intermittent tidal inundation and is often covered by sand particles. A. The foreshore where U. intragramineus sp. n. was found,the white arrow indicates the grasshabitat;B. The grassspecies showing an aggregation of its runners forming a small clump;C. The grass stems were buriedin sand in a beach habitat where no leaf litter was present.

FIGURE 4 in Two new species of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Phu Quoc Island in southern Vietnam

FIGURE 4. Holotype Unixenus intragramineus sp. n., A. Head capsule with 8 ommatidia on each side, the posterior vertex trichome groups (pv) and 3 sockets of trichobothria (trichobothria a, b and c). B. Collum (Co) and lateral protuberances (Lp) showing the arrangement of trichome sockets; C. Tergite 2 (T2); D. Tergite 10 – the last tergite; E. trichobothria a, b and c (right hand side) (trichobothrium a, posterior position, trichobothrium b, lateral position and trichobothrium c, anterior position); F. Gnathochilarium:the lateral palp (LP) with13 sensilla andmedial palp (MP) with22 sensilla; G. Labrum showing the pointed spherical papillae on its surface and the structures4 + 4 lamellae.

FIGURE9 in Two new species of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Phu Quoc Island in southern Vietnam

FIGURE9. Holotype male Monographis phuquocensis sp. n., A. Head capsuleshowing 8 ommatidium on each side, 2 groups of the posterior vertex trichomes (pv) and 3 trichobothria:trichobothrium a, b and c; B. Collum (Co); C. tergite 2 (T2) and D. the lasttergite – tergite 10 (T10). E. Right gnathochilariumshowing the lateral palpwith 11 conical sensilla and the medialpalp with 22 conical sensilla (LP: lateral palp, Mp: medial palp). F. Structure of the trichobothria: Trichobothrium a (posterior position), trichobothrium b(lateral position) andtrichobothrium c (anteriorposition).G. Clypeo-labrum showing 10 setae(only 4 setae present and 6 seta sockets) on the posterior margin; a row of 10 slender setae were present on each side of the anterior margin of lamellae.

FIGURE 1 in Two new species of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Phu Quoc Island in southern Vietnam

FIGURE 1. Phu Quoc Island with the inserted map of Vietnam indicating the location of Phu Quoc Island. Locations of Da Ban stream (), Tranh stream () and Tranh river beach (▲) on Phu Quoc Island (Not to scale).