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1,445 results for “species richness.”
Data from: Vertical gradients in species richness and community composition across the twilight zone in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
Although metazoan animals in the mesopelagic zone play critical roles in deep pelagic food webs and in the attenuation of carbon in midwaters, the diversity of these assemblages is not fully known. A metabarcoding survey of mesozooplankton diversity across the epipelagic, mesopelagic and upper bathypelagic zones (0-1500m) in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre revealed far higher estimates of species richness than expected given prior morphology-based studies in the region (4,024 OTUs, 10-fold increase), despite conservative bioinformatic processing. OTU richness of the full assemblage peaked at lower epipelagic-upper mesopelagic depths (100-300m), with slight shoaling of maximal richness at night due to diel vertical migration, in contrast to expectations of a deep mesopelagic diversity maximum as reported for several plankton groups in early systematic and zoogeographic studies. Four distinct depth-stratified species assemblages were identified, with faunal transitions occurring at 100m, 300m, and 500m. Highest diversity occurred in the smallest zooplankton size fractions (0.2-0.5mm), which had significantly lower % OTUs classified due to poor representation in reference databases, suggesting a deep reservoir of poorly understood diversity in the smallest metazoan animals. A diverse meroplankton assemblage also was detected (350 OTUs), including larvae of both shallow and deep living benthic species. Our results provide some of the first insights into the hidden diversity present in zooplankton assemblages in midwaters, and a molecular reappraisal of vertical gradients in species richness, depth distributions, and community composition for the full zooplankton assemblage across the epipelagic, mesopelagic and upper bathypelagic zones.
Data from: Evaluating temporal turnover in avian species richness in a Mediterranean semiarid region: different responses to elevation and forest cover
<p><span><strong>Aim</strong>.</span><span> When studying the effects of global change on biodiversity, it is far more common for the effects of climate change and land-use changes to be assessed separately rather than jointly. However, the effects of land-use changes in recent decades on species richness in areas affected by climate change have been less studied. </span><span>We assess the temporal turnover in species richness of an avian community between a historical period and a modern one as a consequence of global change.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Location</strong>. </span><span>Semiarid Mediterranean ecosystem (Southeastern Spain). </span></p> <p><span><strong>Method</strong>.</span><span> We fitted a hierarchical multi-species occupancy </span><span>model for each period (</span><span>1991-1992, and 2012-2017)</span><span>, obtaining avian species-specific estimates of occupancy probability in relation to environmental covariates </span><span>(elevation and forest cover)</span><span>. </span><span>We analyze the relationships between changes in the bird community and environmental variables, analysing the temporal turnover of the species richness and the richness-based species-exchange ratio.</span> </p> <p><span><strong>Results</strong>.</span> <span>The estimated species richness accounting for detectability was higher than observed species richness, and decreased in the </span><span>more recent </span><span>period. Following our hypotheses, we observed a dual pattern of species richness increase associated with different elevations, showing different species turnover rates due to the joint effects of climate change and land-use change. There is a trend toward greater species richness with higher elevations that is associated with climate change, where the species turnover rate is low. Also, species richness increased towards lower elevations, but with a high turnover rate. The latter can be due to species expansions through</span><span>ou</span><span>t new habitat configurations in bordering forest systems associated with anthropic land-use changes. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Conclusions</strong>.</span><span> Our study is of great interest to understand the temporal turnover of avian species richness associated with areas experiencing both climate and land-use change.</span></p>
Figure 4 in Conservation gaps identification through patterns of species richness established from species niche models of mammals in a sector of Chaco Seco ecoregion
Figure 4. Response graphs of habitat suitability (ordinate axis) according to the explanatory variables that intervened in the adjustment of the model for brown brocket deer (A, B, C). The temperature is expressed in degrees Celsius.Source of bioclimatic variables (bio), site https://www.worldclim.org/data/bioclim.html.
Figure 8 in Conservation gaps identification through patterns of species richness established from species niche models of mammals in a sector of Chaco Seco ecoregion
Figure 8. Species richness maps obtained using three algorithms, (A) "fuzzy union″, (B) "species richness″ and (C) "total beta″.
Figure 7 in Conservation gaps identification through patterns of species richness established from species niche models of mammals in a sector of Chaco Seco ecoregion
Figure 7. Response graphs of habitat suitability (ordinate axis) according to the explanatory variables that intervened in theadjustment of themodel for collared peccary (A,B, C).Temperature is expressed in degrees Celsius and altitude in meters.Source of bioclimatic variables (bio), site https://www.worldclim.org/data/bioclim.html.
Abundance, biomass and species richness of macrozoobenthos along an intertidal elevation gradient
<p>Ecology aims to comprehend species distribution and its interaction with environmental factors, from global to local scales. While global environmental changes affect marine biodiversity, understanding the drivers at smaller scales remains crucial. Tidal flats can be found on most of the world's coastlines and are particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbances. They are important transient ecosystems between terrestrial and marine ecosystems and their biodiversity provides important ecosystem services. Owing to this unique position at the terrestrial-marine transition, strong environmental gradients of elevation, sediment composition and food availability prevail. </p> <p>The data set contains information on macrozoobenthos abundance, biomass and community composition and abiotic and biotic environmental factors at a regional and local level at back barrier tidal flats of three East-Frisian islands in Germany. As environmental data elevation, mud content in the sediment, total organic carbon (TOC), porewater nutrients and Chl <em>a</em> are included.</p>
Structural and socioeconomic features of cities predict migratory bird species richness
<p>Cities are aggregates of human activities where our decisions shape the environment creating heterogeneity across urban centers that can have significant ecological effects on wildlife. Many bird species are found in cities during the breeding season, which implies they find sufficient resources in cities to support them during this energetically costly time. As populations of many migratory bird species are declining, knowledge of how they are affected by urbanization is needed. Yet, we know little about how the species richness of migratory birds varies across different types of cities. Here we ask if cities' structural and socioeconomic features can predict the species richness of migratory birds that generally select different breeding habitats during the breeding season. We used eBird data from census-designated urban areas in the United States to model the relationship between features of cities (housing density, median income, city age, and commuting time), environmental disturbance (measured by the human footprint index) and species richness by fitting generalized linear models to data. We show that commuting time was the most important factor determining species richness across cities and the rest of the city features were weakly associated with species richness. Overall species were responding to city variation in similar ways. While we expected that cities with more disturbance would have lower species richness, our results indicate that some species are able to tolerate even highly disturbed cities and that cities in certain regions may act as a refuge to birds. This knowledge is important for our general understanding of cities as habitat for birds and how migratory birds respond to across-city variation during the breeding season.</p>
Soil toxicity and species dominance rather than nutrient availability drive plant species richness in swamp forests of Central Europe
<p><strong>Aim: </strong>A resource-based conceptual model of plant diversity (RBCM) assumes direct relationships between resource supply and the diversity of a local plant assembly. However, the RBCM largely ignores variation imposed by soil toxicity due to climatic effects. Both soil-limiting resources and soil toxicity vary along climatic gradients but their net and interactive effects on plant species diversity remain unknown. We asked how climatic gradients shape resource availability, soil toxicity and dominance of herb-layer graminoids, and how these predictors control local species diversity of herbs and bryophytes.</p> <p><strong>Location: </strong>Swamp forests, Central Europe</p> <p><strong>Taxon: </strong>Vascular plants, bryophytes</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>Alpha taxonomic diversity of vascular plants and bryophytes was counted for 101 vegetation plots sampled in temperate swamp forests distributed along an 800-km geographical gradient across the Continental, Alpine and Pannonian biogeographical regions. Path analysis (structural equation modelling) was used to quantify the direct and indirect effects of climatic variables (potential evapotranspiration; PET), limiting resources (soil N/P, Ca, C/N, proxies for light and water availability), and soil toxicity (Mn) on graminoid dominance and community diversity.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>PET negatively influenced species richness of both groups analysed either directly or indirectly through its positive effect on the cover of graminoid species. Alpha diversity of herbs was additionally reduced by soil toxicity (Mn). Limiting resources correlated either with species dominance (canopy shading, soil Ca) or with PET (soil N/P ratio), but they did not control species richness pattern.</p> <p><strong>Main Conclusions: </strong>Climate, soil toxicity and species dominance determined alpha diversity instead of the expected importance of soil limiting resources. These results are key to advancing the theoretical framework of the RBCM. Increased soil toxicity (Mn) in well-watered regions favours the dominance of plant competitors at the expense of less tolerant species. This implies a potential threat to wetland diversity under ongoing climate change.</p>
Data from: Complex patch geometries maximize species richness at the expense of forest specialists
<p>Habitat loss and fragmentation are the greatest threats to reptiles and amphibians (herpetofauna) around the globe, but especially in the Neotropics where high diversity and ongoing land-use change coincide. Persistence of biodiversity in fragmented systems relies both on characteristics of habitat patches, and on the permeability of the landscape that separates the patches (the 'matrix'). We sought to understand: (a) how the herpetofauna community differs between forest reserves, patches, corridors, and matrices, and (b) the landscape characteristics that increase suitability of a habitat patch. We conducted herpetofauna surveys in patches, corridors, matrices, and preserves (54 total sites) in a fragmented landscape in Costa Rica for three seasons. We recorded 1663 individuals of 52 species. We found that the herpetofauna community differed, and had lower richness and abundance, in the matrix compared to the other three habitat types. Patches and corridors supported a similar community to the forest preserves, demonstrating the conservation value of small forest remnants. Water body presence was an important predictor of richness and abundance in both patches and matrices. While total richness increased in patches with more edge, this was driven by the response of generalist species, whereas the prime indicator species of forest preserves decreased in patches with complex shapes. The differing response to landscape characteristics between specialist and generalist species demonstrates the importance of considering specific taxa when setting conservation goals, rather than using richness measures alone. Our findings can help guide preservation of forest fragments to optimize biodiversity conservation in mixed forest-pastoral landscapes.</p>
Species richness and intraspecific variation interactively shape marine diatom community functioning
<p>The data and code provided here is used to analyze and visualize all data associated with the manuscript "Species richness and intraspecific variation interactively shape marine diatom community functioning" which is under review at L&O Letters and is authored by Patrick K. Thomas, Marrit Jacob, Esteben Acevedo-Trejos, Helmut Hillebrand, and Maren Striebel.</p> <p>Data should be analyzed in R or R studio. The code should execute automatically with no modifications by the user as long as the four csv files are placed in the same working directory that R is set to. The R project (.Rproj) file may also be opened directly to create an R project that is automatically set to the correct directory.</p> <p>ABSTRACT:<br>Biodiversity generally increases productivity in ecosystems; however, this is mediated by the specific functional traits that come with biodiversity loss or gain and how these traits interact with environmental conditions. Most biodiversity studies evaluate effects of species richness alone, despite our increasing understanding that intraspecific diversity can have equally strong impacts. Here, we manipulate both species richness and intraspecific richness (i.e., number of distinct strains) in marine diatom communities to explicitly test the relative importance of species and strain richness for biomass and trait diversity in six distinct temperature/nutrient environments. We show that species and strain richness both have significant effects on biomass and growth rates, but more importantly they interact with each other, indicating that cross-species diversity effects depend on within-species diversity and vice versa. This intertwined relationship thus calls for more integrative approaches quantifying the relative importance of distinct biodiversity components and environmental context on ecosystem functioning.</p>
Data from: Different management practices influence growth of small plants in species-rich hay meadows through shading
<p>Data from: Different management practices influence growth of small plants in species-rich hay meadows through shading, published in Applied Vegetation Science. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and Dry Matter Yield (DMY)</p>
Network analyses reveal the role of large snakes in connecting feeding guilds in a species-rich Amazonian snake community
<p class="normal">In ecological communities, interactions between consumers and resources lead to the emergence of ecological networks and a fundamental problem to solve is to understand which factors shape network structure. Empirical and theoretical studies on ecological networks suggest predator body size is a key factor structuring patterns of interaction. Because larger predators consume a wider resource range, including the prey consumed by smaller predators, we hypothesized that variation in body size favors the rise of nestedness. In contrast, if resource consumption requires specific adaptations, predators are expected to consume distinct sets of resources, thus favoring modularity. We investigate these predictions by characterising the trophic network of a species-rich Amazonian snake community (62 species). Our results revealed an intricate network pattern resulting from larger species feeding on higher diversity of prey, promoting nestedness, and specific lifestyles feeding on distinct resources, promoting modularity. Species removal simulations indicated that the nested structure is favored mainly by the presence of five species of the family Boidae, which because of their body size and generalist lifestyles connect modules in the network. Our study highlights the particular ways traits affect the structure of interactions among consumers and resources at the community level.</p>
The relationship between vector species richness and the risk of vector-borne infectious diseases
<p>Infectious diseases can impact human welfare and impede wildlife management. Much recent research explores whether biodiversity increases or decreases infectious disease risk. Here we theoretically study the relationship between vector species richness and the risk of vector-borne diseases by an epidemiological model of a single host and multiple vectors. The model considers that vectors are involved in interspecific feeding interference that causes transmission interference and in interspecific recruitment competition that mediates susceptible vector regulation. The model reveals three possible shapes of the vector richness-disease risk relationship: monotonic amplification, hump-shaped, and monotonic dilution patterns. Monotonic amplification pattern occurs across a wide parameter region. Hump-shaped or monotonic dilution patterns are found when transmission interference is strong and recruitment competition is weak. Unexpectedly, susceptible vector regulation does not only promote dilution but can strengthen amplification if coupled with strong transmission interference. Our results suggest that vector richness might be more likely to cause amplification rather than dilution, and shifts in the community mean trait values of vectors could also affect disease risk along the vector richness gradient.</p>
Secondary production increases with species richness but decreases with species evenness of benthic invertebrates
<p>Biodiversity is known to regulate ecosystem functioning under controlled experimental conditions. However, the 'real-world' consequences of biodiversity change remain uncertain, as biodiversity–ecosystem function (BEF) relationships observed in nature may be influenced by other drivers. Attempts to disentangle BEF relationships from the effects of confounding factors have so far focused mainly on primary producers, leaving relatively little known about the impact of changes in consumer diversity despite ecosystems experiencing species extirpations and introductions across trophic levels. Using data from 176 benthic invertebrate assemblages distributed throughout the North Sea, we studied how a fundamental ecological function – secondary production – varies in relation to two components of biodiversity – consumer species richness and evenness – while statistically controlling the effects of abiotic and biotic covariates. Production was enhanced as richness increased or evenness decreased. The relationship with evenness was attributable to its negative covariance with the abundance of small organisms; however, the relationship with richness could not be fully explained by other drivers. Our study reaffirms experimental findings about the functional importance of species richness and suggests that losing or gaining consumer species will affect secondary production over a broad range of biodiversity (20 to 118 species) in natural ecosystems.</p>
Data set for "Local and landscape correlates of coccinellid species richness, abundance, and assemblage change along a rural–urban gradient in Quintana Roo, Mexico."
<p>Data set for original article "Local and landscape correlates of coccinellid species richness, abundance, and assemblage change along a rural–urban gradient in Quintana Roo, Mexico"<strong> </strong>accepted at Biotropica.</p> <p>We studied changes in coccinellid assemblage composition, diversity, species richness and abundance in domestic gardens along a rural to urban gradient in southeastern Mexico, and identified local and lanscape variables that determine their species richness and abundance. </p>
Origin of the species richness and composition of Caribbean aquatic entomofauna
<p><span>From a literature review, we constructed a database yielding comprising >1000 freshwater insect species (especially Odonata, Coleoptera, Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera; OCTE) in 26 Geographical Caribbean Units (GCU) and quantified local filtering (climate heterogeneity, annual rainfall, annual temperature), geography (area, distance from the mainland) and emergence age as a proxy for island ontogeny. We investigated the relative role of these variables on the species richness, endemism and composition of the units using island species-area relationship (ISAR), generalised linear modelling (GLM) and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). In addition, we analysed the spatial patterns of species richness and composition using Moran's I index. ISAR generally demonstrated one or two thresholds and continuous or discontinuous responses according to OCTE groups. A small island effect could be detected for Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera richness, whereas Odonata and Coleoptera only demonstrated differences in slope between smaller and larger GCUs. Area, climate heterogeneity, maximal rainfall and distance from mainland were major drivers of species composition in GCUs, whereas local climate variables were of main importance for the endemism rate. Due to the potential complexity of the Caribbean island ontogeny, middle-stage islands had an expected higher freshwater invertebrate richness than younger ones but an unexpected lower richness compared to older islands. Finally, the degree of colonization of islands was linked to the dispersal ability of species, with Odonata and Coleoptera having larger distribution ranges than Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera, which were </span>more <span>restricted by their comparatively narrow ecological niches</span><span>. The high endemism (>60%) found in the Caribbean freshwaters calls for more conservation effort in managing these highly threatened freshwater environments.</span>To assess the relative contribution of geographical (area, distance from mainland) and local filtering variables (e.g., climate heterogeneity) to the species richness, endemism and composition of Caribbean aquatic entomofauna.</p>
Richness (species numbers) of butterflies in the Iberian Peninsula on a 50 x 50 km UTM grid
<p>This file contains the on richness (species numbers) of butterflies from the Iberian Peninsula as they were used to model richness on contemporary climatic and non-climatic variables, then to forecast richness values to future climate scenarios. This is a text *.csv file.</p>
EWINA_RICH : a database of EarthWorm native and alien species richness accross North America
<p><strong>EWINA_RICH</strong> gathers data on observed and predicted native and alien species richness of earthworms species across geographical units of North America (Mexico, US and Canada), based on data from 1850 to 2021.</p><p>Please refer to the published paper for the details about the process to produce the predictions and the general interpretation of the results.</p><p>Data are given at two distinct spatial resolutions</p><blockquote><p><strong>- Data at the resolution of counties or equivalent</strong></p><ul><li><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/61402820-f567-48fb-b030-2353b156a676/EWINA_counties.geojson">EWINA_counties.geojson: </a>Spatial layer of all counties or alike geographical units, with environmental covariates. Used to map geographical units and to predict RASR.</li><li><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/61402820-f567-48fb-b030-2353b156a676/EWINA_2000_counties_obs.csv">EWINA_2000_counties_obs.csv</a>: Observed earthworm species richness and RASR (Relative Alien Species Richness) in the geographical units with earthworm data, since year 2000, together with the environmtal covariates.(Coverage based estimates, used in the paper, will be released soon, feel free to reach out if you need them).</li><li><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/61402820-f567-48fb-b030-2353b156a676/EWINA_2000_counties_pred.csv">EWINA_2000_counties_pred.csv</a>: Predicted earthworm RASR (Relative Alien Species Richness) and its uncertainty, in all counties or equivalent, based on a model fitted on data after the year 2000.</li></ul><p><strong>- Data at the resolution of TDWG4 geographical units (≈ states)</strong></p><p>see <a href="https://www.tdwg.org/">the Biodiversity Information Facility Website</a> for more info about the definition of TDWG4 geographical units</p><ul><li><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/61402820-f567-48fb-b030-2353b156a676/EWINA_TDWG4_aboveground.geojson">EWINA_TDWG4_aboveground.geojson</a><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/61402820-f567-48fb-b030-2353b156a676/EWINA_counties.geojson">: </a>Spatial layer of TDWG4 geographical units, with above ground alien taxa richness from Dawson 2017 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0186">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0186</a>.</li><li><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/61402820-f567-48fb-b030-2353b156a676/EWINA_TDWG4_earthworms.csv">EWINA_TDWG4_earthworms_YYYY.csv:</a> Observed earthworm native and exotic species richness in the TDWG4 units, data cumulated from 1850 to YYYY.</li><li><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/dea6f9e3-c6b3-488a-85ea-a9c6d63799c4/EWINA_TDWG4_fun.csv">EWINA_TDWG4_fun.csv</a>: Observed native and alien earthworm species functionnal role in the TDWG4 units, data cumulated from 1850 to 2021.</li></ul></blockquote><p>All data files are provided with a readme file that explains the meaning of the variables.</p><p>Scripts to use the data are stored on GitHub: <a href="https://github.com/JeromeMathieuEcology/GlobalWorming">https://github.com/JeromeMathieuEcology/GlobalWorming</a></p>
Raw data for the manuscript entitled "Forest age and topographic position jointly shape the species richness and composition of vascular plants in karstic habitats"
<p>Doline surveys from the Mecsek Mountains, Hungary. Transects were established with north to south orientation across each doline, traversing their deepest point. Transects began and ended on doline rims, and consisted of 1 m  × 1 m plots spaced at 2 m intervals (94, 89, 90 and 99 plots in the different forest age classes, respectively; 372 plots in total). We recorded the presence/absence data of shrubs and herbs in each plot. Fieldwork was carried out between 2007 and 2019 from June to August, at the peak of the growing season.</p>
Cryptogam plant community stability: warming weakens influences of species richness but enhances effects of evenness
<p>Community stability is a fundamental factor sustaining ecosystem functioning and is affected by species richness and species evenness. The Arctic is warming more rapidly than other biomes, and cryptogam plant species (specifically lichens and bryophytes in this study) are major contributors to tundra biodiversity and productivity. However, to our knowledge, the impacts of warming on cryptogam community stability and the underlying mechanisms have not been investigated. We conducted a 13-year summer warming experiment in mesic birch hummock tundra vegetation near Daring Lake in the continental interior of low Arctic Canada, and recorded patterns of cryptogam species abundance in several different growing seasons. Warming decreased the stability of total community abundance, had no effects on species richness, but increased species evenness and species synchrony. Structural equation model analyses indicated that higher species richness was the principal factor associated with the stronger community abundance stability in the control plots, and that this effect was driven primarily by a negative correlation with species synchrony. By contrast, higher species evenness was the principal factor associated with the weakened community abundance stability in the warming plots, and this effect was driven primarily by a positive correlation with species synchrony. Our study suggests that climate warming could reduce cryptogam plant community stability in low Arctic tundra, and therefore decrease important ecosystem services including carbon storage and food availability to caribou in northern regions.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.