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412 results for “temperate forests”
Data from: Soil gross N ammonification and nitrification from tropical to temperate forests in eastern China
1. Nitrogen (N) ammonification and nitrification are two primary microbial processes controlling the availability of soil ammonium (NH4+), a key nutrient for vegetative growth. The large-scale patterns of gross ammonification (GA) and gross nitrification (GN) rates represent soil microbial adaptations to different vegetative and environmental conditions. In this study, we investigated GA and GN rates in nine forest soils along a 3500-km north-south transect in eastern China (NSTEC). 2. We used 15N-labeling techniques, along with field experiments and laboratory incubations, to as-sess in situ and potential rates of the GA and GN. The mean in situ GA rate was 4.9 ± 0.5 mg N kg–1 day–1, whereas the mean potential rate of GA was 32.0 ± 8.6 mg N kg–1 day–1. The mean in situ GN rate was 1.7 ± 0.3 mg N kg–1 day–1 (potential GN rate: 3.2 ± 0.6 mg N kg–1 day–1). GA was sig-nificantly higher than GN along the transect and there were high variations in GA and GN among different forests. Significant relationships were identified between meteorological factors (tempera-ture and precipitation) and the GA and GN rates during the sampling month (August 2013). How-ever, the mean GA rate in primary forest was significantly lower in the Huzhong (HZ), Dongling (DL), Taiyue (TY), and Dinghu (DH) sites compared with other sites, whereas with the exception of the Liangshui (LS) sampling site, the mean GN rate in primary and secondary forests showed the same trends. Significant differences in GA rates were found between primary and secondary forests at the LS and Chang Bai (CB) sites, and differences were detected in GN rate at the HZ, LS, and Jiulian (JL) sites. 3. Structural equation modeling analysis suggested that soil N contents, microbial biomass N pool sizes, and bacterial abundance are the primary determinants of the in situ rates of GA and GN. The strong control of edaphic factors on GA and GN indicates a need to improve soil N models with more explicit representation of edaphic factors and their control on soil N transformations.
Data from: Roles of pathogens on replacement of tree seedlings in heterogeneous light environments in a temperate forest: a reciprocal seed sowing experiment
1. In forest communities, the Janzen–Connell (J-C) hypothesis proposes that species diversity is maintained by non-competitive distance- and/or density-dependent seedling mortality caused by host-specific natural enemies. However, the effects of pathogen associations from nearby conspecifics vs. heterospecifics remain unknown in spatially heterogeneous light environments. 2. Seeds of hardwood species Cornus controversa (Cornus) and Prunus grayana (Prunus) were sown beneath 6–7 Cornus and Prunus adults in both the forest understory (FU) and in gaps (Gap) created by felling all woody vegetation near the focal adults. Seedling growth, mortality, killing agents (e.g. pathogens that cause damping-off and leaf diseases), and root infection by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were investigated. 3. We found strong habitat effects on the expression of soil fungi beneath both tree species. Seedling mortality caused by soil-borne damping-off pathogens was greater in FU than in Gap, and AMF infection, which enhanced relative seedling growth rate, was greater in Gap than in FU. Seedling mortality caused by damping-off pathogens did not differ between Cornus and Prunus seedlings beneath the adults of conspecific or heterospecific adults in both FU and Gap, suggesting little distance-dependence or host preference in the fungus. 4. Beneath the adults of Cornus and Prunus, the most prevalent leaf diseases were zonate leaf blight and angular leaf spot caused by the airborne pathogenic fungi Haradamyces foliicola and Phaeoisariopsis pruni-grayanae, respectively. Although these pathogens attacked the seedlings of both species, conspecific seedlings (i.e. home) showed more severe leaf damage, earlier leaf shedding and/or less defensive behaviour (cell wall defence) relative to heterospecific seedlings (i.e. away), suggesting negative distance-dependent attack (i.e. host preference) for these leaf diseases. As a result, greater seedling mortality was observed for conspecific seedlings under both FU and Gap treatments. 5. Synthesis. In the temperate forest, the J-C hypothesis is largely mediated through the strong negative influence of airborne leaf diseases rather than through soil-borne damping-off pathogens. We found that airborne diseases demonstrated distance-dependent host preferences, which led to greater conspecific seedling damage regardless of environmental light conditions.
Data from: Variation of stomatal traits from cold-temperate to tropical forests and association with water use efficiency
1.Stomata control carbon and water vapor exchange between leaves and the atmosphere, thus it can influence water use efficiency and reflect plant adaptation to climate. However, the spatial patterns of leaf stomatal traits and relationships between stomatal trait and water use efficiency across natural communities remain unclear. 2.We measured stomatal density, stomatal size, and stomatal area fraction for 737 plant species from nine forests ranging from tropical to cold-temperate forests. 3.Stomatal density, stomatal size, and stomatal area fraction were all log-normally distributed, and different across species, plant functional groups (trees, shrubs, and herbs), and communities. At the regional scale, variation in stomatal traits was primarily related to species, followed by climate and soil types. 4.The community-weighted mean of stomatal size increased linearly with latitude, whereas those of stomatal density and stomatal area fraction showed humpbacked relationship. The community-weighted mean of stomatal area fraction was correlated with climatic aridity, consistent with the adaptation strategies of plant species to achieve high maximum rates of gas exchange in arid regions when water is available. Further, community-weighted mean of stomatal area fraction was positively correlated with water use efficiency in natural forest communities, indicating that plants have lower stomatal conductance in order to adapt greater aridity conditions. 5.These findings highlight the strong associations of stomatal traits with plant functional group and climate at a regional scale, representing the adaptation strategies of stomatal traits across natural forest communities to climate.
Data from: Impacts of dead-wood manipulation on the biodiversity of temperate and boreal forests - A systematic review
Dead wood (DW) provides critical habitat for thousands of species in forests, but its amount, quality and diversity have been heavily reduced by forestry. Therefore, interventions aiming to increase DW might be necessary to support its associated biodiversity, even in protected forests, which may be former production forests. Our aim was to synthesise the current state of knowledge drawn from replicated experimental studies into solid quantitative evidence of the effects of DW manipulation on forest biodiversity, with a focus on protected forests. We conducted a full systematic review of effects of DW manipulation on forest biodiversity in boreal and temperate regions. We included three intervention types: creation of DW from live trees at the site, addition of DW from outside the site, and prescribed burning. Outcomes included abundance and species richness of saproxylic insects, ground insects, wood‐inhabiting fungi, lichens, reptiles and cavity‐nesting birds. In total, we included 91 studies, 37 of which were used in meta‐analyses. Although meta‐analysis outcomes were heterogeneous, they showed that increasing the amount of DW ("DW enrichment") has positive effects on the abundance and richness of saproxylic insects and fungi. The positive effect on saproxylic pest insect abundance tended to be less than that on saproxylic insects in general. No significant effects were found for ground insects or cavity‐nesting birds. Although reviewed studies were mainly short‐term, our results support that management that increases DW amounts has the potential to increase the abundance of DW‐dependent species and, in most cases, also their species richness. Studies of burning showed positive effects on the abundance of saproxylic insects similar to those of other interventions, even though burning on average resulted in a smaller enrichment of DW amounts. Policy implications. The findings of the review suggest that manipulating dead wood can be an effective part of conservation management to support biodiversity in protected areas. The findings also indicate that the diversity of dead‐wood types is important, a mix of dead‐wood qualities should be favoured. Burning seems to be an effective method to increase biodiversity but to benefit cavity‐nesting birds, snag losses need to be minimised.
Data from: Relationships between resprouting ability, species traits, and resource allocation patterns in woody species in a temperate forest
Many woody plants resprout to restore above-ground biomass after disturbances or to survive in stressful environments. Resprouting requires carbohydrate storage, but the general relationship between resource allocation patterns and resprouting ability remains unclear because it can be influenced by the disturbance regime to which species have adapted. We studied deciduous broadleaved trees that coexist in a Japanese cool-temperate forest to investigate the relationships among the biomass and total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) allocation patterns of saplings, resprouting ability and functional traits. The study species comprised 16 single-stemmed species that only resprout when above-ground biomass loss occurs and eight multi-stemmed species that resprout regardless of whether above-ground damage occurs or not. Single-stemmed species with better juvenile resprouting ability had larger roots, whereas multi-stemmed species with better juvenile resprouting ability did not necessarily depend on below-ground reserves. Species that retain their ability to resprout until a larger size had a higher root TNC content as saplings, suggesting that they can survive major disturbances such as fire and coppicing by resprouting supported by TNC stored in their roots. Species with shade-tolerant traits (i.e. low foliar nitrogen indicating low photosynthetic capacity, high wood density indicating high defensive investment) had small below-ground TNC reserves irrespective of resprouting types. On the other hand, multi-stemmed species with high wood density and high LMA (indicating high photosynthetic capacity) had small above-ground TNC reserves. Contrary to our hypothesis, a species' maximum size did not relate to the size of its below-ground reserves. By considering the differences in resprouting types, we suggest more complex control of resprouting than was formerly proposed. Variation in the resprouting ability of single-stemmed species was based on a trade-off between below-ground reserves for resprouting and shade-tolerant traits. However, multi-stemmed species can vigorously resprout irrespective of the size of its below-ground reserves. Their multi-stemmed architecture, well-defended wood, high photosynthetic capacity or large above-ground carbohydrate reserves seem to respectively contribute to their persistence. Such variation in the resprouting strategy based on a trade-off between shade tolerance and resource storage would promote species coexistence under a range of disturbance regimes and light environments.
Data from: Seasonal drivers of understorey temperature buffering in temperate deciduous forests across Europe
Aim: Forest understory microclimates are often buffered against extreme heat or cold, with important implications for the organisms living in these environments. We quantified seasonal effects of understory microclimate predictors describing canopy structure, canopy composition and topography (i.e. local factors), as well as forest patch size and distance to coast (i.e. landscape factors). Location: Temperate forests in Europe Time period: 2017-2018 Major taxa studied: Woody plants Methods: We combined data from a microclimate sensor network with weather station records to calculate the difference – or offset – between temperatures measured inside and outside forests. We used regression analysis to study the effects of local and landscape factors on the seasonal offset of minimum, mean and maximum temperatures. Results: Maximum temperature during summer was on average cooler by 2.1 °C and minimum temperature during winter and spring were 0.4 °C and 0.9 °C warmer inside than outside forests. The local canopy cover was a strong non-linear driver of the maximum temperature offset during summer, and we found increased cooling beneath tree species that cast the deepest shade. Seasonal offsets of minimum temperature were mainly regulated by landscape and topographic features, such as the distance to coast and topographic position. Main conclusions: Forest organisms experience less severe temperature extremes than suggested by currently available macroclimate data, so climate-species relationships and species' responses to anthropogenic global warming cannot be modelled accurately in forests using macroclimate data alone. Changes in canopy cover and composition will strongly modulate warming of maximum temperatures in forest understories, with important implications for understanding responses of forest biodiversity and functioning to the combined threats of land-use change and climate change. Our predictive models are generally applicable across lowland temperate deciduous forests, providing ecologically important microclimate data for forest understories.
Data from: Variation in leaf anatomical traits from tropical to cold-temperate forests and linkage to ecosystem functions
1. Leaf anatomical traits may reflect plant's adaption to environmental changes and influence ecosystem functions, as they regulate light absorption and gas exchange to some extent. Here, we hypothesized that leaf anatomical traits were closely related to gross primary productivity (GPP) because photosynthesis commonly occurs in the chloroplasts of palisade and spongy tissues in leaf. 2. Eight leaf anatomical traits were measured in 916 plant species inhabiting from tropical to cold-temperate forests in eastern China: adaxial epidermis thickness (AD), abaxial epidermis thickness (AB), leaf thickness (LT), palisade tissue thickness (PT), and spongy tissue thickness (ST), palisade-spongy tissue ratio (PT/ST), palisade tissue-leaf thickness ratio (PT/LT), and spongy tissue-leaf thickness ratio (ST/LT). 3. Leaf anatomical traits showed significant latitudinal patterns at species, plant functional groups (PFGs), and communities levels (P < 0.05), and they differed between PFG and community. Temperature and precipitation were the main factors influencing AD, AB, PT/ST, and PT/LT, explaining 33–72% of the total variation at large scale. Furthermore, AB, LT, PT/ST, and PT/LT were significantly correlated with the aridity index. 4. Our findings filled the data gap of plant anatomical traits at regional scales, and broadened current knowledge on the adaptation strategies of plant anatomical traits, which also provided new evidence for linkages of plant traits and functioning across natural communities.
Data from: Is there coordination of leaf and fine root traits at local scales? a test in temperate forest swamps
Examining the coordination of leaf and fine root traits not only aids a better understanding of plant ecological strategies from a whole-plant perspective, but also helps improve the prediction of belowground properties from aboveground traits. The relationships between leaf and fine root traits have been extensively explored at global and regional scales, but remain unclear at local scales. Here, we measured six pairs of analogous leaf and fine root traits related to resource economy and organ size for coexisting dominant and subordinate vascular plants at three successional stages of temperate forest swamps in Lingfeng National Nature Reserve in the Greater Hinggan Mountains, NE China. Leaf and fine root traits related with resource acquisition (e.g. specific leaf area [SLA], leaf N, leaf P, root water content and root P) decreased with succession. Overall, we found strong linear relationships between leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and root water content, and between leaf and root C, N and P concentrations, but only weak correlations were observed between leaf area and root diameter, and between SLA and specific root length (SRL). The strong relationships between LDMC and root water content and between leaf and root C, N and P held at the early and late stages, but disappeared at the middle stage. Besides, C and P of leaves were significantly correlated with those of roots for woody plants, while strong linkages existed between LDMC and root water content and between leaf N and root N for herbaceous species. These results provided evidence for the existence of strong coordination between leaf and root traits at the local scale. Meanwhile, the leaf-root trait relationships could be modulated by successional stage and growth form, indicating the complexity of coordination of aboveground and belowground traits at the local scale.
Raw data associated to the paper "Analysis of species pair associations combined with functional traits reveals the effects of environmental filtering and biotic interactions in an unmanaged temperate forest"
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Post-fire spectral recovery and driving factors across the boreal and temperate forests
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Seed dispersal by carnivores in temperate and tropical dry forests
<p>The seed dispersal mechanisms and regeneration of various forest ecosystems can benefit from the actions of carnivores via endozoochory. This study aims to evaluate the role of carnivores in endozoochory and diploendozoochory, as well as their effect on seed viability, scarification, and germination in two forest ecosystems: temperate and tropical dry forest. We collected carnivore scat in the Protected Natural Area of Sierra Fría in Aguascalientes, Mexico, for two years to determine the abundance and richness of seeds dispersed by each carnivore species, through scat analysis. We assessed seed viability through optical densitometry using X-rays, analyzed seed scarification by measuring seed coat thickness using a scanning electron microscope, and evaluated seed germination in an experiment as the percentage of seeds germinated per carnivore disperser, plant species, and forest type. In the temperate forest, four plant species (but mainly <i>Arctostaphylos pungens</i>) were dispersed by four mammal species. The gray fox dispersed the highest average number of seeds per scat (66.8 seeds). Bobcat dispersed seeds through diploendozoochory, which was inferred from rabbit (<i>Sylvilagus floridanus</i>) hair detected in their scats. The tropical dry forest presented higher abundance of seeds and richness of dispersed plant species (four species) than in the temperate forest, and the coati dispersed the highest number of seeds (8639 seeds). Endozoochory and diploendozoochory did not affect viability in thick testas seeds in temperate forest and thin testas seeds in tropical dry forest. Endozoochory improved the selective germination of seeds. Nine plant species were dispersed by endozoochory, but only one species (<i>Juniperus sp</i>.) by diploendozoochory. These results suggest that carnivores can perform an important ecological function by dispersing a great abundance of seeds, scarifying these seeds causing the formation of holes and cracks in the testas without affecting viability and promoting the selective germination of seeds.</p>
Data from: Early snowmelt by an extreme warm event affects understory more than overstory trees in Japanese temperate forests
<p><span>We conducted a warming experiment (four 20 m by 20 m plots) in temperate forests of Japan to determine the effects of earlier snowmelt on both understory dwarf bamboo plants and overstory birch trees. Our experimental treatment advanced snowmelt by about 10 days and increased soil temperatures that were associated with increased rates of soil nitrogen (N) mineralization and nitrification. Furthermore, these changes led to lower C:N ratios of leaves together with the greater growth of understory bamboo vegetation, with no changes in leaf C:N or growth rates of overstory birch trees. Together, our results demonstrate that advancing snowmelt by an extreme warm event in temperate forests is likely to affect N cycling and will benefit understory vegetation without a commensurate change in overstory vegetation, likely due to the increase in available soil N. </span>This is the dataset of plant growth, soil N properties, and plamnt leaf traits obtained by the field snowmelt manipulation experiment.</p>
Data from: Humus microhabitat affects distributions of soil fungi and bacteria in a temperate mountain forest
<p>Humus layer have an important effect on the diversity and spatial distribution of microbes. However, the role of partitioning of humus layer microhabitats for soil microbial diversity has been poorly documented. In this study, 120 soil samples were collected from a 5-ha forest dynamic monitoring sample plot in a deciduous broad-leaved forest. Clustering analysis was used to delineate microhabitats by humus layer. We explored diversity and community composition of soil fungi and bacteria using Illumina sequencing of the ITS rRNA gene and 16S rRNA gene region on the MiSeq platform. We investigated the diversity, species composition and the microhabitat preferences of fungi and bacteria, and then analyzed the effects of environmental factors on soil fungi and bacteria. Our results showed that the diversity, species composition and the indicator species of the fungal and bacterial community varied among different humus layer microhabitats. In network analysis, the specialization indexes showed that 16.20%/22.30% of the fungal/bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) had the characteristics of distribution specialization for humus layer microhabitats. Mantel test showed that the main environmental drivers of fungi and bacteria were not consistent among the four microhabitats. Our findings indicated that the distribution of soil microbe among humus layer microhabitats is not random, but specialized. We furthermore found that there were differences in the relationship between soil microbes and environment among microhabitats defined by humus layer. Together these findings suggest that the importance of partitioning of humus layer microhabitats in maintaining local diversity in a soil microbial community.</p>
Supplementary material 2 from: Rodriguez-Cabal MA, Gibbons TC, PM, Barrios-Garcia MN, Crutsinger GM (2015) Comparing functional similarity between a native and an alien slug in temperate rain forests of British Columbia. NeoBiota 25: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.25.8316
Alien black slug: Explanation note: Alien black slug eating a mushroom in the forest.
Supplementary material 1 from: Rodriguez-Cabal MA, Gibbons TC, PM, Barrios-Garcia MN, Crutsinger GM (2015) Comparing functional similarity between a native and an alien slug in temperate rain forests of British Columbia. NeoBiota 25: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.25.8316
Mesocosm: Explanation note: Detail of the mesocosm
Figure 4 from: Khan J, Sher H, Naseer A, Khalid AN (2017) Descolea quercina (Bolbitiaceae), a new species from moist temperate forests in Pakistan. MycoKeys 27: 65-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.27.14730
Figure 4 - a–d Basidiospores of Descolea quercina (MJ-1590) a, b SEM c, d in KOH solution. Scale bars 10 µm for a, c, d; 2 µm for b.
Figure 2 from: Khan J, Sher H, Naseer A, Khalid AN (2017) Descolea quercina (Bolbitiaceae), a new species from moist temperate forests in Pakistan. MycoKeys 27: 65-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.27.14730
Figure 2 - Phylogenetic relationship of Descolaea quercina and associated taxa inferred from 28S data. All positions with less than 70% site coverage were eliminated. Maximum likelihood and Maximum parsimony Bootstraps are shown by the nodes. Descolea quercina is represented in boldface.
Figure 3 from: Khan J, Sher H, Naseer A, Khalid AN (2017) Descolea quercina (Bolbitiaceae), a new species from moist temperate forests in Pakistan. MycoKeys 27: 65-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.27.14730
Figure 3 - a–e Basidiomata of Descolea quercina sp.nov. a, b AST33 c, d MJ-1590 (Holotype) e Natural habitat (MJ-1590a). Scale bars 12mm for a, b; 40 mm for c–e
Figure 5 from: Khan J, Sher H, Naseer A, Khalid AN (2017) Descolea quercina (Bolbitiaceae), a new species from moist temperate forests in Pakistan. MycoKeys 27: 65-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.27.14730
Figure 5 - a–e Microscopic structures of Descolea quercina (Holotype): a, b Pileipellis c Basidia d Cheilocystidia e Pleurocystidia. Scale bars 13 µm for a, b; 16 µm for c–e.
Figure 1 from: Khan J, Sher H, Naseer A, Khalid AN (2017) Descolea quercina (Bolbitiaceae), a new species from moist temperate forests in Pakistan. MycoKeys 27: 65-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.27.14730
Figure 1 - Phylogenetic relationship of Descolaea quercina and associated taxa inferred from ITS data. All positions with less than 70% site coverage were eliminated. Maximum likelihood and Maximum parsimony Bootstraps are shown close to the nodes. Descolea quercina is represented in boldface
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Allen Brain Atlas
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