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opennotspecifiedSep 2021View details →

FIGURE 1 in Vocal repertoire of the horned frog Proceratophrys laticeps (Amphibia: Anura: Odontophrynidae)

FIGURE 1. Release calls of Proceratophrys laticeps, A) from EBSL and B) EBMAR. C) Distress call and D) Advertisement call series of P. laticeps from EBMAR.

openApr 2020View details →

Human vocalization corpus: recordings of infant-directed and adult-directed speech and song in 21 societies

This repository contains a corpus of 1615 audio recordings of speech and song collected in 21 societies, first reported in Moser et al. (2020; <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.032995v5">bioRxiv</a>) and later published in Hilton & Moser et al. (2022; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-022-01410-x">Nature Human Behaviour</a>). For assistance using any of this, contact Cody Moser (<a href="mailto:cmoser2@ucmerced.edu">cmoser2@ucmerced.edu</a>), Courtney Hilton (<a href="mailto:courtney.hilton@auckland.ac.nz">courtney.hilton@auckland.ac.nz</a>), and Samuel Mehr (<a href="mailto:mehr@hey.com">mehr@hey.com</a>). Two versions of the audio are included: raw audio (`IDS-corpus-raw.zip`) and audio that was edited to prepare the recordings for automatic acoustic feature extraction (`IDS-corpus-edited.zip`). `IDS-textGrids.zip` contains annotation files from Praat's silence detection method, which were manually reviewed for accuracy. These files are used with the audio extraction scripts associated with the project (see code linked in paper) to build the edited audio files. `IDS-fieldsites.csv` contains some fieldsite-level metadata; additional metadata is in the Supplementary Information of the paper. In the two .zip archives, filenames have the format XXXYYZ.wav, where "XXX" is a fieldsite code, "YY" is a participant number, and "Z" is a vocalization type. Fieldsite codes are: <blockquote> MBE: Mbendjele BaYaka HAD: Hadza NYA: Nyangatom TOP: Toposa BEJ: Beijing JEN: Jenu Kurubas MEN: Mentawai Islanders KRA: Krakow LIM: Rural Poland TUR: Turku USD: San Diego TOR: Toronto VAN: Tannese Vanuatuans PNG: Enga WEL: Wellington ARA: Arawak TSI: Tsimane SPA: Sápara & Achuar QUE: Quechua ACO: Afrocolombians MES: Colombian Mestizos </blockquote> Participant numbers are padded integers, starting with 01, and are unique within fieldsites. Vocalization types are: <blockquote> A: infant-directed song B: infant-directed speech C: adult-directed song D: adult-directed speech  </blockquote> In a few cases, participants vocalized in a different language than was expected, given the primary language of their fieldsite (e.g., when the participant was multilingual, or if they sang a song that contains multiple languages, as in The Beatles' "Michelle"). The file `IDS-unexpectedLanguages.csv` at <a href="https://github.com/themusiclab/infant-speech-song/blob/main/data/IDS-unexpectedLanguages.csv">https://github.com/themusiclab/infant-speech-song/blob/main/data/IDS-unexpectedLanguages.csv</a> contains an inventory of these examples from the English-speaking fieldsites. This issue only affects a small minority of the recordings, as it was typically avoided by the researchers collecting the recordings.

Figure 4 in Integrative taxonomy of eared nightjars (Aves: Lyncornis) underscores the complementarity of morphology, vocalizations and DNA evidence

Figure 4. Sonograms of territorial songs of Lyncornis. A, Lyncornis macrotis bourdilloni, Kerala, India, B. King. B, Lyncornis macrotis cerviniceps, Thailand, J. C. Roché (BLSA 42510). C, Lyncornis macrotis jacobsoni, Simeulue Island, F. Verbelen. D, Lyncornis temminckii, Johore, Malaysia, T. C. White (BLSA 6414). E, L. temminckii, Way Kambas, Sumatra, A. B. van den Berg (ML 70527). F, Lyncornis macrotis macrotis, Mindanao, A. Greensmith (BLSA 34287). G, Lyncornis macrotis macropterus, Tangkoko Batuangus, Sulawesi, G. Sangster (GS 1841).

Figure 8 in Integrative taxonomy of eared nightjars (Aves: Lyncornis) underscores the complementarity of morphology, vocalizations and DNA evidence

Figure 8. Integrative taxonomy of Lyncornis nightjars, illustrating contrasting sensitivities of datasets and the failure of each dataset to recover all five species.

Figure 3 in Integrative taxonomy of eared nightjars (Aves: Lyncornis) underscores the complementarity of morphology, vocalizations and DNA evidence

Figure 3. Maximum likelihood tree of cytochrome b sequences of the genus Lyncornis and various outgroups. Bootstrap proportions (> 70%) and posterior probabilities (> 0.8) are indicated above and below branches, respectively.

Figure 1 in Integrative taxonomy of eared nightjars (Aves: Lyncornis) underscores the complementarity of morphology, vocalizations and DNA evidence

Figure 1. Map showing range of currently recognized taxa in the Lyncornis macrotis complex. Taxonomy follows Cleere (1998).

Figure 7 in Integrative taxonomy of eared nightjars (Aves: Lyncornis) underscores the complementarity of morphology, vocalizations and DNA evidence

Figure 7. Upper tail of four taxa in the Lyncornis macrotis complex, illustrating differences in pattern and coloration. Note the marked differences in pattern and coloration between L. m. cerviniceps and L. m. jacobsoni. G. Sangster/©Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden.

Figure 2 in Integrative taxonomy of eared nightjars (Aves: Lyncornis) underscores the complementarity of morphology, vocalizations and DNA evidence

Figure 2. Measurement of acoustic variables. For definitions of acoustic variables, see 'Measurements of acoustic characters'.

opencc-by-nc-4.0Jul 2021View details →

Figure 2 in Vocal repertoire and group-specific signature in the Smooth-billed Ani, Crotophaga ani Linnaeus, 1758 (Cuculiformes, Aves)

Figure 2. Song structure of the Smooth-billed Ani showing the notes, sillable and harmonic.

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Humpback whale adult females and calves balance acoustic contact with vocal crypsis during periods of increased separation

<ol> <li>Acoustic communication is important for animals with dependent young, particularly when they are spatially separated. Maternal humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) use acoustic calling to help minimise the risk of separation from their young calves during migration.</li> <li>These pairs also use acoustic crypsis to minimise detection by males. How they balance a restricted active space with the need to maintain acoustic contact during periods of separation is not yet understood.</li> <li>Here, we analysed movement metrics of tagged adult female-calf pairs during migration to identify two behavioural states, 'resting/milling' and 'travelling'. When travelling, these pairs dived synchronously and exhibited little to no spatial separation. Alternatively, adult females had significantly longer dive durations (p < 0.01) when resting, and while they spent prolonged times at depth, calves would surface several times independently. This demonstrated that these pairs are frequently separated during periods of rest.</li> <li>We then determined if the call rates and acoustic levels of these pairs increased with more frequent separation, finding that both adult females and calves significantly increased their call rates, but not levels, when resting.</li> <li>We also found that adult female-calf pairs have a restricted active space, with less than 15% of calls estimated to be detectable beyond 2 km. However, as with call level, detection distance did not differ significantly between the two behavioural states.</li> <li>In summary, adult female-calf pairs maintain successful communication during periods of separation by calling more frequently rather than by producing louder calls. This strategy aids in maintaining acoustic contact while simultaneously limiting detectability by conspecifics.</li> </ol>

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

FIG. 6 in Differences in Advertisement Calls and Vocal Behavior in HIJpsiboas atlanticus (Anura: Hylidae) among Microhabitats

FIG. 6.—Mean values (±1 SD) for abundance of calling Hŋpsiboas atlanticus (A) and temperature in each microhabitat (B) as a function of the hourly intervals during the sampled nights for July 2010–August 2011.

FIG. 4 in Differences in Advertisement Calls and Vocal Behavior in HIJpsiboas atlanticus (Anura: Hylidae) among Microhabitats

FIG. 4.—Response of male Hŋpsiboas atlanticus in each of two microhabitats (perch or water) to playback stimuli having different acoustic parameters. Dots represent means with their respective standard deviations. Absent, parameter before males be stimulated by playback; Present, parameter during playback stimulus.

FIG. 5 in Differences in Advertisement Calls and Vocal Behavior in HIJpsiboas atlanticus (Anura: Hylidae) among Microhabitats

FIG. 5.—Call sequence of a male of Hŋpsiboas atlanticus stimulated by water playback (call interval edited). The male calls on water surface and during the playback changes its microhabitat and call type. W = advertisement call from water, T = territorial call, P = advertisement call from perch; shading in upper panel corresponds to amplitude legend used in Fig. 1. Water temperature 26.1°C. A color version of this figure is available on-line.

FIG. 2 in Differences in Advertisement Calls and Vocal Behavior in HIJpsiboas atlanticus (Anura: Hylidae) among Microhabitats

FIG. 2.—Acoustic parameters of the Hŋpsiboas atlanticus advertisement call considering the influence of the microhabitat temperature (A–F) and male̕s snout–vent length (G). Black squares represent males calling on perches, and gray dots represent males calling with their body partially submerged in water.

FIG. 1 in Differences in Advertisement Calls and Vocal Behavior in HIJpsiboas atlanticus (Anura: Hylidae) among Microhabitats

FIG. 1.—Advertisement calls of male Hŋpsiboas atlanticus emitted from a perch (left; air temperature 26°C) or when partially submerged in water (right; water temperature 26.1°C) in Igrapiúna, Bahia, Brazil. Spectrogram (above) and oscillogram (below). Calls normalized at 0 dB. A color version of this figure is available on-line.

opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

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Directional speakers as a tool for animal vocal communication studies

Audio playbacks are a common experimental tool in vocal communication research. However, low directionality of sound makes it hard to control the audience exposed to the stimuli. Parametric speakers offer a solution for transmitting directional audible signals by using ultrasonic carrier waves. The targeted transmission of vocal signals offers exciting opportunities for testing the diffusion of information in animal groups and mechanisms for resolving informational ambiguities. We have field tested the quality and directionality of a commercial parametric speaker, Soundlazer SL-01. Additionally, we assessed its usability for performing playback experiments by comparing behavioral responses of free ranging meerkats (Suricata suricatta) to calls transmitted from conventional and parametric speakers. Our results show that the tested parametric speaker is highly directional. However, the acoustic structure of meerkat calls was strongly affected and low frequencies were not reliably reproduced by the parametric speaker. The playback trials elicited weakened behavioral responses likely due to the partial distortion of the signal but also indicating the potential importance of social facilitation for initiating mobbing events in meerkats. We conclude that parametric speakers can be useful tool for directed transmission of animals calls but after a careful assessment of signal fidelity.

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Evidence for maintenance of key components of vocal learning in aging budgerigars despite diminished affiliative social interaction

In some species, the ability to acquire new vocalizations persists into adulthood and may be an important mediator of social interactions. While it is generally assumed that vocal learning persists undiminished throughout the lifespan of these open-ended learners, the stability of this trait remains largely unexplored. We hypothesize that vocal learning exhibits senescence, as is typical of complex cognitive traits, and that this decline may relate to age-dependent changes in sociality. The budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus), an open-ended learner which develops new contact call types that are shared with social associates upon joining new flocks, provides a robust assay for measuring the effects of aging on vocal learning ability. We formed captive flocks of 4 previously unfamiliar adult males of the same age class, either "young adults" (6 mo.-1 yr.) or "older adults" (≥ 3 yr.), and concurrently tracked changes in contact call structure and social interactions over time. Older adults exhibited decreased vocal diversity, which may be related to the sparser and weaker affiliative bonds observed in older adults. Older adults, however, displayed equivalent levels of vocal plasticity and vocal convergence compared to young adults, suggesting vocal learning ability is largely maintained into later adulthood in an open-ended learner.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →