Find research datasets worth reusing

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2008View details →

Figure 15. A in Three-dimensional geometry of a pterosaur wing skeleton, and its implications for aerial and terrestrial locomotion

Figure 15. A, reconstructed articular surfaces of the right carpometacarpal joint of Coloborhynchus robustus. Elements are oriented as in Fig. 7: distal syncarpal in lateral view and wing metacarpal in medial view. Scale bar: 50 mm. B, diagrammatic representation of (A), showing contact areas in the close-packed position and the joint axis. For a list of anatomical/arthrological abbreviations, see Appendix 1.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2008View details →

Figure 22 in Three-dimensional geometry of a pterosaur wing skeleton, and its implications for aerial and terrestrial locomotion

Figure 22. Increasing the equilibrium angle of attack of an unstable aircraft can be brought about by decreasing the derivative dM/da, where M is the pitching moment and a is the angle of attack, by sweeping the wings back (A), or by decreasing the zero-lift pitching moment M0, by depressing the pteroids for example (B). These adjustments can theoretically be used in response to an unstable nose-up pitch (1), thus establishing a new equilibrium (2).

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2008View details →

Figure 19. A in Three-dimensional geometry of a pterosaur wing skeleton, and its implications for aerial and terrestrial locomotion

Figure 19. A, Stable but unbalanced wing profile, with the centre of gravity (c.g.) situated ahead of the mean aerodynamic centre (m.a.c.). B, stable and balanced configuration, with a small tailplane set at a negative incidence with respect to the main wing.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

What you sample is what you get: ecomorphological variation in Trithemis (Odonata, Libellulidae) dragonfly wings reconsidered

Abstract Background The phylogenetic ecology of the Afro-Asian dragonfly genus Trithemis has been investigated previously by Damm et al. (in Mol Phylogenet Evol 54:870–882, 2010) and wing ecomorphology by Outomuro et al. (in J Evol Biol 26:1866–1874, 2013). However, the latter investigation employed a somewhat coarse sampling of forewing and hindwing outlines and reported results that were at odds in some ways with expectations given the mapping of landscape and water-body preference over the Trithemis cladogram produced by Damm et al. (in Mol Phylogenet Evol 54:870–882, 2010). To further explore the link between species-specific wing shape variation and habitat we studied a new sample of 27 Trithemis species employing a more robust statistical test for phylogenetic covariation, more comprehensive representations of Trithemis wing morphology and a wider range of morphometric data-analysis procedures. Results Contrary to the Outomuro et al. (in J Evol Biol 26:1866–1874, 2013) report, our results indicate that no statistically significant pattern of phylogenetic covariation exists in our Trithemis forewing and hindwing data and that both male and female wing datasets exhibit substantial shape differences between species that inhabit open and forested landscapes and species that hunt over temporary/standing or running water bodies. Among the morphometric analyses performed, landmark data and geometric morphometric data-analysis methods yielded the worst performance in identifying ecomorphometric shape distinctions between Trithemis habitat guilds. Direct analysis of wing images using an embedded convolution (deep learning) neural network delivered the best performance. Bootstrap and jackknife tests of group separations and discriminant-function stability confirm that our results are not artifacts of overtrained discriminant systems or the "curse of dimensionality" despite the modest size of our sample. Conclusion Our results suggest that Trithemis wing morphology reflects the environment's "push" to a much greater extent than phylogeny's "pull". In addition, they indicate that close attention should be paid to the manner in which morphologies are sampled for morphometric analysis and, if no prior information is available to guide sampling strategy, the sample that most comprehensively represents the morphologies of interest should be obtained. In many cases this will be digital images (2D) or scans (3D) of the entire morphology or morphological feature rather than sparse sets of landmark/semilandmark point locations.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2018View details →

Cambridge butterfly wing collection - Patricio Salazar PhD wild and bred specimens batch 1

EN: This upload contains photographs taken by Imogen Gavins in the Butterfly Genetics Group at the University of Cambridge from the 27th September 2018 until the 26th October 2018.  This batch contains Patricio Salazar's wild and bred specimen collection. The wild specimens are from mostly across the H. m. plesseni/malleti and H. e. notabilits/lativitta hybrid zones in the Eastern slope of the Andes collected in 2009 - 2011. The broods are from these wild specimens.  Some images overlap with 'Cambridge butterfly wing collection batch 1', taken by Eva Whiltshire. Images here differ in having a white reflectance standard for calibration. Information on duplicates can be found in 'CAM.coll.patricio.batch1.csv'. ID range: CAM017449 -  CAM017999 Nomenclature CAMXXXXXX : unit ID corresponding to individual samples _v _d: ventral or dorsal _whitestandard: signifies the use of a white reflectance standard in the images.  Information on individual samples from the Butterfly Genetics Group Collection can be found on the public database Earthcape (click <a href="https://heliconius.ecdb.io/#ViewID=ContentPage_DetailView&ObjectKey=843e8ec1-41a6-4706-9622-f643132da859&ObjectClassName=EarthCape.Module.Core.ContentPage&mode=View">here</a> for the database, and <a href="http://heliconius.zoo.cam.ac.uk/databases/earthcape-specimen-database/">here</a> for FAQ) Please contact Chris Jiggins (c.jiggins[at]zoo.cam.ac.uk), Gabriela Montejo-Kovacevich (mgm49[at]cam.ac.uk) or Ian Warren (iaw22[at]cam.ac.uk) for requests.   ------------------------------------------------------ ES: Este repositorio contiene fotografías tomadas por Imogen Gavins en el Butterfly Genetics Group de la Universidad de Cambridge desde el 27 de septiembre de 2018 hasta el 16 de octubre de 2018. Este lote contiene la colección de especímenes silvestres y criados por Patricio Salazar. Los especímenes silvestres son principalmente de la zona híbrida y alrededores de H. m. plesseni / malleti y H. e. notabilits / lativitta en la vertiente oriental de los Andes recogidas en 2009 - 2011. Las crías son de especímenes silvestres. Algunas imágenes sobreplan en 'Cambridge butterfly collection batch 1', col las imágenes tomadas por Eva Whiltshire. Las imágenes en esta carpeta difieren en la reflectancia blanca para la calibración. La información sobre los duplicador puede encontrarse en 'CAM.coll.patricio.batch1.csv'.  ID rango: CAM017449 -  CAM017999 Nomenclatura CAMXXXXXX: ID de unidad correspondiente a muestras individuales _v _d: ventral o dorsal _whitestandard: significa el uso de la reflectancia blanca en las imágenes. Puede encontrar información sobre muestras individuales de Butterfly Genetics Group Collection en la base de datos pública Earthcape (haga clic <a href="https://heliconius.ecdb.io/#ViewID=ContentPage_DetailView&ObjectKey=843e8ec1-41a6-4706-9622-f643132da859&ObjectClassName=EarthCape.Module.Core.ContentPage&mode=View">aquí</a> para la base de datos, y <a href="http://heliconius.zoo.cam.ac.uk/databases/earthcape-specimen-database/">aquí</a> para preguntas frecuentes) Por favor, póngase en contacto con Chris Jiggins (c.jiggins [arroba] zoo.cam.ac.uk), Gabriela Montejo-Kovacevich (mgm49 [arroba] cam.ac.uk) o Ian Warren (iaw22 [arroba] cam.ac.uk) con sus preguntas o peticiones.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2016View details →

Figure 7. Grumichella blahniki, male. A, forewings. B, hind wings. C in Phylogeny and revision of the Neotropical genus Grumichella Müller (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae), including nine new species and a key

Figure 7. Grumichella blahniki, male. A, forewings. B, hind wings. C, genitalia, lateral view. D, genitalia, dorsal view. E, phallus, lateral view. F, inferior appendage, ventral view.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2022View details →

Balancing selection at a wing pattern locus is associated with major shifts in genome-wide patterns of diversity and gene flow

Selection shapes genetic diversity around target mutations, yet little is known about how selection on specific loci affects the genetic trajectories of populations, including their genome-wide patterns of diversity and demographic responses. Here we study the patterns of genetic variation and geographic structure in a neotropical butterfly, Heliconius numata, and its closely related allies in the so-called melpomene-silvaniform clade. H. numata is known to have evolved an inversion supergene which controls variation in wing patterns involved in mimicry associations with distinct groups of co-mimics. Butterflies show disassortative mate preferences and heterozygote advantage at this locus. We contrasted patterns of genetic diversity and structure 1) among extant polymorphic and monomorphic populations of H. numata, 2) between H. numata and its close relatives, and 3) between ancestral lineages. We show that H. numata populations which carry the inversions as a balanced polymorphism show markedly distinct patterns of diversity compared to all other taxa. They show the highest genetic diversity and effective population size estimates in the entire clade, as well as a low level of geographic structure and isolation by distance across the entire Amazon basin. By contrast, monomorphic populations of H. numata as well as its sister species and their ancestral lineages all show lower effective population sizes and genetic diversity, and higher levels of geographical structure across the continent. One hypothesis is that the large effective population size of polymorphic populations could be caused by the shift to a regime of balancing selection due to the genetic load and disassortative preferences associated with inversions. Testing this hypothesis with forward simulations supported the observation of increased diversity in populations with the supergene. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the formation of a supergene triggered a change in gene flow, causing a general increase in genetic diversity and the homogenisation of genomes at the continental scale.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Tsetse fly wing landmark data for morphometrics (Vol 20, 21)

Single-wing images were captured from 14,354 pairs of field-collected tsetse wings of species Glossina pallidipes and G. m. morsitans and analysed together with relevant biological data. To answer research questions regarding these flies, we need to locate 11 anatomical landmark coordinates on each wing. The manual location of landmarks is time-consuming, prone to error, and simply infeasible given the number of images. Automatic landmark detection has been proposed to locate these landmark coordinates. We developed a two-tier method using deep learning architectures to classify images and make accurate landmark predictions. The first tier used a classification convolutional neural network to remove most wings that were missing landmarks. The second tier provided landmark coordinates for the remaining wings. For the second tier, compared direct coordinate regression using a convolutional neural network and segmentation using a fully convolutional network. For the resulting landmark predictions, we evaluate shape bias using Procrustes analysis. We employ a data-centric approach paying particular attention to consistent labelling and data augmentations in training data to improve model performance. The classification model used for the first tier achieved perfect classification on the test set. For an image size of 1024×1280, data augmentation reduced the mean pixel distance error from 8.3 (95% CI [4.4,10.3]) to 5.34 (95% CI [3,7]) for the regression model. For the segmentation model, data augmentation did not alter the mean pixel distance error of 3.43 (95% CI [1.9,4.4]). Segmentation had a higher computational complexity and some large outliers. Both models showed minimal shape bias. We chose to deploy the regression model on complete unannotated data since the regression model had a lower computational cost and more stable predictions than the segmentation model. The resulting landmark dataset was provided for future morphometric analysis.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Data for: An invasive ant increases deformed wing virus loads in honey bees

The majority of invasive species are best known for their effects as predators. However, many introduced predators may also be substantial reservoirs for pathogens. Honey bee-associated viruses are found in various arthropod species including invasive ants. We examined how the globally invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile), which can reach high densities and infest beehives, is associated with pathogen dynamics in honey bees. Viral loads of Deformed wing virus (DWV), which has been linked to millions of beehive deaths around the globe, and black queen cell virus significantly increased in bees when invasive ants were present. Microsporidian and trypanosomatid infections, which are more bee-specific, were not affected by ant invasion. The bee virome in autumn revealed that DWV was the predominant virus with the highest infection levels and that no ant-associated viruses were infecting bees. Viral spillback from ants could increase infections in bees. In addition, ant attacks could pose a significant stressor to bee colonies that may affect virus susceptibility. These viral dynamics are a hidden effects of ant pests, which could have a significant impact on disease emergence in an economically important pollinator. Our study contributes to unravel a perhaps overlooked effect of species invasions: changes in pathogen dynamics.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Text-fig. 29. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens and pollen grains of cf. Endressistemon sp. 1 (a, b), cf. Endressistemon sp. 2 (c, d) and cf. Endressistemon sp. 3 (e–g); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Two adhering stamens, each with a long, pointed extension of the connective; b) Monocolpate, reticulate pollen in situ in stamen from stamen pair in (a); c) Fragment of stamen with prominent apical extension of the connective; d) Reticulate, apparently monocolpate, pollen in situ in stamen fragment in (c); e) Stamen with basifixed anther, perhaps sessile, and with prominent, wing-like apical extensions of the connective; note the dehisced thecae with the anther wall curved back; f, g) Monocolpate, reticulate pollen in situ in stamen in (e). Specimens, Catefica 49-S107780 (a, b), Catefica 49-S107784 (c, d), Catefica 49-S107781 (e–g). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, c, e), 6 Μm (b, d, f, g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 29. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens and pollen grains of cf. Endressistemon sp. 1 (a, b), cf. Endressistemon sp. 2 (c, d) and cf. Endressistemon sp. 3 (e–g); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Two adhering stamens, each with a long, pointed extension of the connective; b) Monocolpate, reticulate pollen in situ in stamen from stamen pair in (a); c) Fragment of stamen with prominent apical extension of the connective; d) Reticulate, apparently monocolpate, pollen in situ in stamen fragment in (c); e) Stamen with basifixed anther, perhaps sessile, and with prominent, wing-like apical extensions of the connective; note the dehisced thecae with the anther wall curved back; f, g) Monocolpate, reticulate pollen in situ in stamen in (e). Specimens, Catefica 49-S107780 (a, b), Catefica 49-S107784 (c, d), Catefica 49-S107781 (e–g). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, c, e), 6 Μm (b, d, f, g).

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

Aphid male wing polymorphisms are transient and have evolved repeatedly

Polymorphic phenotypes have long been used to examine the maintenance of genetic variation within and between species. Most studies have focused on persistent polymorphisms, which are retained across species boundaries, and their positive effects on speciation rates. Far less is known about the macroevolutionary impacts of more transient polymorphisms, which are also common. Here we investigated male wing polymorphisms in aphids. We estimated the phylogenetic history of wing states across species, along with several other traits that could affect wing evolution. We found that male wing polymorphisms are transient: they are found in only ~4% of extant species but have likely evolved repeatedly across the phylogeny. We reason that the repeated evolution of transient polymorphisms might be facilitated by the existence of the asexual female wing plasticity, which is common across aphids, and would maintain the wing development program even in species with wingless males. We also discovered that male winged morphs and wing polymorphisms are associated with higher speciation rates, and male wingedness correlates positively with host plant alternation and host plant breadth, and that winged morphs and wing polymorphisms may be associated with higher speciation rates. Our results provide new evolutionary insights into this well-studied group and suggest that even transient polymorphisms may impact species diversification rates.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2023View details →

Figure 2. A in Roosting habits of disk-winged bats, especially Thyroptera discifera

Figure 2. A "morado" banana (red banana in English, Musa acuminata) in a patch that also includes plantains near La Paloma Lodge at Drake Bay, Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica. Portions of shredded dead leaves hanging from the trunk roll back on themselves to create dark, cone-shaped,roosting sites for bats. The top arrow points to where the colony of perhaps nine disk-winged bats, Thyroptera discifera, was observed roosting for more than a month during February−March 2021. The lower arrow shows where a single individual was found roosting for a single day. Photograph taken on 7 March 2021 by Gómez.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2023View details →

Wings_data

Data for the paper "Signalling-dependent refinement of cell fate choice during tissue remodelling". The folder wing_movies.zip contains the data necessary for running simulations on the wing tissue template, such as cell centroids, cell lineages, cell neighbours, and so on. It contains real wing images with cell junctions labelled by E-cadherin, which have been segmented and tracked. The folder "200923" contains data from the wild type wing; the folder "200924_wing1" contains data from the Dumpy mutant wing. The database "DB.csv" ("DBcells2.csv" for the Dumpy mutant)  also stores the DSRF level in each cell at all time points. To run the simulation, it is sufficient to save the folder wing_movies.zip in the same directory as "Wing_simulation.py".

opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

Dopamine mediates the pea aphid wing plasticity

Many organisms exhibit phenotypic plasticity, in which developmental processes result in different phenotypes depending on their environmental context. We focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying that environmental response. Pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) show a wing dimorphism, in which pea aphid mothers produce winged or wingless daughters when exposed to a crowded or low-density environment, respectively. We investigated the role of dopamine in mediating this wing plasticity, motivated by a previous study that found higher dopamine titers in wingless- versus winged-producing aphid mothers. In this study, we found that manipulating dopamine levels in aphid mothers affected the number of winged offspring they produced. Specifically, asexual female adults injected with a dopamine agonist produced a lower percentage of winged offspring, while asexual females injected with a dopamine antagonist produced a higher percentage of winged offspring, matching expectations based on the titer difference. We also found that genes involved in dopamine synthesis, degradation, and signaling were not differentially expressed between wingless- and winged-producing aphids. This result indicates that titer regulation happens in a non-transcriptional manner or that we sampled non-relevant timepoints or tissue. Overall, our work emphasizes that dopamine is an important component of how organisms process information about their environments.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2003View details →

Fig. 8. Wings. A in Revision of the genus Euscelidia Westwood, 1850 (Diptera: Asilidae: Leptogastrinae)

Fig. 8. Wings. A. Euscelidia longibifida sp. n. B. E. pulchra sp. n. C. E. lata sp. n. Scale lines = 1 mm.

Figs 95–99. Bombyliidae wings. 95 in Annotated keys to the genera of African Bombylioidea (Diptera: Bombyliidae; Mythicomyiidae)

Figs 95–99. Bombyliidae wings. 95. Heteralonia spoliata (Bezzi). 96. Exoprosopa batrachoides Bezzi. 97. Ligyra atricosta Bezzi (all from Bezzi 1924). 98. Heteralonia azaniae Greathead and Evenhuis sp. n. 99. Exoprosopa enigma Greathead and Evenhuis sp. n.

Figs 91–94. Bombyliidae wings. 91 in Annotated keys to the genera of African Bombylioidea (Diptera: Bombyliidae; Mythicomyiidae)

Figs 91–94. Bombyliidae wings. 91. Thyridanthrax perspicillaris (Loew) (from Bezzi 1924). 92. Hemipenthes velutinus (Meigen) (from Austen 1937). 93. Exhyalanthrax transiens (Bezzi) (from Austen 1929). 94. Litorhina dentifera (Bezzi) (from Bezzi 1924).

Figs 87–90. Bombyliidae wings. 87 in Annotated keys to the genera of African Bombylioidea (Diptera: Bombyliidae; Mythicomyiidae)

Figs 87–90. Bombyliidae wings. 87. Pteraulax flexicornis Bezzi (from Hesse 1956). 88. Petrorossia letho (Wiedemann) (from Hull 1973). 89. Dicranoclista simpsoni Bezzi. 90. Anthrax aygulus Fabricius (all from Bezzi 1924).

Figs 79–82. Bombyliidae wings. 79 in Annotated keys to the genera of African Bombylioidea (Diptera: Bombyliidae; Mythicomyiidae)

Figs 79–82. Bombyliidae wings. 79. Systropus leptogaster Loew (from Bezzi 1924). 80. Heterotropus sp. (Namibia) (original) 81. Australoechus punctifer (Bezzi). 82. Systoechus robustus Bezzi (all from Bezzi 1924).

Figs 83–85. Bombyliidae wings. 83 in Annotated keys to the genera of African Bombylioidea (Diptera: Bombyliidae; Mythicomyiidae)

Figs 83–85. Bombyliidae wings. 83. Anisotamia ruficornis Macquart (from Austen 1937). 84. Othniomyia tylopelta Hesse. 85. Prorachthes conspersipennis Hesse (all from Hesse 1938).