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Fig. 20 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review

Fig. 20. Ephydatia chileana Pisera and Sáez, 2003, Spongillida: Spongillidae, ZPAL Pf12; late Miocene, Quillagua Formation, Atacama region, Chile. A. Gemmule (cross-section). B. Gemmular theca with radial gemmuloscleres bearing strong spines on the shaft (cross-section). C, D. Inner surface of the theca with proximal rotules of gemmuloscleres. E. Diatomite with loose oxeas. F. Drawings of loose megascleres from the sample with gemmules. A–E, SEM images. Modified from Pisera and Sáez (2003).

Fig. 19 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review

Fig. 19. Oncosclera kaniensis Matsuoka and Masuda, 2000, Spongillida: Potamolepidae, TMNH; Nakamura Formation, early Miocene, River bed on the Kiso River, Dota, Gifu Prefecture, Central Japan. A. Sponge encrusting a shell (Anodonta, Mollusca, Bivalvia). B. Sponge encrusting a wood fragment retaining its annual rings. C. Gemmule (cross section). D. Megascleres. E. Oxea tip (megasclere). F. Strongyles tips (megasclere). G. Strongyles gemmuloscleres). H. Spiny tips of strongyles (gemmuloscleres). I. Strongyle and oxea (megascleres). J. Strongyles (gemmuloscleres). A, B, explanatory drawings; C–H, SEM images; I, J, drawings of the spicular complement. Modified from Matsuoka and Masuda (2000).

Fig. 16 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review

Fig. 16. Ephydatia gutenbergiana (Müller, Zahn, and Maidhof, 1982), Spongillida: Spongillidae; middle Eocene, Messel, Germany. A. Five oxeas as represented in the original description. B. Entire gemmule. C. Skeletal network (line-like arranged megascleres). D. Megascleres. E. Gemmuloscleres, the transitional forms of the series a (bottom, right) could point out an origin of the birotules from oxeas with shortened shaft. F. Corroded gemmuloscleres. G, H. Two illustrations of gemmuloscleres that has been shifted from the genus Spongilla to the genus Ephydatia; insert in H shows gemmulosclere in phase contrast. I. Megasclere, original material with corrosion marks that are characteristic for Messel. Modified from: A, Müller et al. (1982); B, F, Richter and Wuttke (1999); G, H, Richter and Wuttke (1995); I, Richter and Baszio (2009).

Fig. 21. Ephydatia fossilis Traxler, 1894 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review

Fig. 21. Ephydatia fossilis Traxler, 1894, Spongillida: Spongillidae. A. Drawings of oxeas (megascleres) and birotules (gemmuloscleres). Originally not to scale; from the text it may be inferred that the birotules are between 41 and 67 μm long, and oxeas are 160 to 350 μm long; material from the Bory site A1) and from the Dubrovica site (A2). B. Birotules with spiny shaft (gemmuloscleres); from Chambon, Central France. Birotules are 65–69 μm long. Modified from: A, Traxler (1894); B, Firtion (1944).

Fig. 15. Ephydatia kaiseri Rauff, 1926 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review

Fig. 15. Ephydatia kaiseri Rauff, 1926, Spongillida: Spongillidae; (pre) middle Eocene freshwater chert, Pomona diamond field, Namib Desert, Namibia. A. Grouped gemmuloscleres; originally enlarged 660×, the text states that particular birotules are 44–65 μm long. B. Megascleres; originally enlarged 175, the text states that spicules are 350 μm long. C. Birotule (gemmulosclere), originally enlarged 660×, the text states that spicule can be 44–65 μm long. D. Gemmule of a Recent species of Ephydatia (cross section). A, B, photographs; C, D, schematic drawings. Modified from Rauff (1926).

Fig. 14 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review

Fig. 14. Lutetiospongilla heili Richter and Wuttke, 1999, Spongillida: Spongillidae; Eocene, Messel oil shale, Germany. A. Holotype, SMF ME I 5143, carpet of closely bound gemmules with evident lumina and large radial gemmuloscleres. B. Single gemmular theca, firmly sessile on the surface of a woody plant, oblique view. Gemmular lumen (top right). C. Broken gemmule in the sediment with gemmular theca mainly formed of small more or less radially arranged gemmuloscleres. D. Broken-up lumen of a gemmule. Numerous mixed inner ends of large and small gemmuloscleres. E. Megasclere and large gemmuloscleres. F. Scattered sample with numerous huge gemmuloscleres. G. Megascleres originally finely spiny. Here, the pores are further apart and are narrower than in H. H. Gemmuloscleres from Messel with corrosion canals of original dense spines. SEM images. Modified from: A–D, Richter and Wuttke (1999); E, F, Richter and Baszio (2009); G, H, Richter and Baszio (2000).

Fig. 10 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review

Fig. 10. Spongillida gen. et sp. indet. sensu Schindler et al. 2008. Stefanian-Autunian, Permo-Carboniferous, Donnersberg, Friedelhausen, Saar-Nahe Basin, Germany. Thin section of spiculite from the site Lemberg/Saar-Nahe Basin, layer 4 (PWL2004/5035a-LS). A. Longitudinal and cross sections of slim oxeas with axial canal. B. Thick oxea with axial canal. C. Concentric spicule bundle. D. Slim oxea with axial canal. E. Radially arranged spicule bundle. F. Layer surface (find from stockpile) etched with hydrofluoric acid (PWL2004/5039-LS). Modified from Schindler et al. (2008).

Fig. 12. Spongilla purbeckensis Young, 1878 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review

Fig. 12. Spongilla purbeckensis Young, 1878, Spongillida: Spongillidae; Purbeck Limestone, Lower Cretaceous, Stare Cove, Dorset, England. A. Spicules in the spiculite as illustrated by Hinde (1883). B. Spiny oxeas in the drawing of Young (1878). Originally not to scale; it may be inferred from the text that spicules are 450 μm long.

Fig. 9 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review

Fig. 9. Spongillida gen. et sp. indet, sensu Cayeux (1929). Stephanian, upper Carboniferous; Montgros, Gard of the Massif Central, France. Freshwater spiculites where spicules (200–250 μm long) are horizontally arranged (A) and cross cut (B). Modified from Cayeux (1929: pl. XVII).

Fig. 8 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review

Fig. 8. Matris gemmuleanalogi Du, Wang, and Komiya, 2015, from the Ediacaran of Yangtze Gorges area, South China (originally interpreted as Ediacaran freshwater sponge but most likely representing amoebe tests). A. Gemmule-like structure in lateral view. B. Gemmule-like structure view from the top. C. Internal microstructures of a broken fossil. Gemmuloscleres-like structures are projected into the coat of the broken gemmule-like; C2, detail of C1 showing three possible layers of a coat (cross-section): a thin homogeneous inner layer, a pneumatic layer-like structure embedded with gemmuloscleres-like structure and a naked outer layer. D. Gemmule like surface with a possible gemmuloscleres protruding in the middle. E. Spine and tubercles on the gemmule-like surface. F. Short, dumbbell-like structure. G. Raphide microsclere-like structure. H. Gemmuloscleres-like structure. SEM images. Modified from Du et al. (2015).

Fig. 17 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review

Fig. 17. Potamophloios canadensis Pisera, Siver, and Wolfe, 2013, Spongillida: Potamolepidae, ZPAL Pf23; Lutetian, middle Eocene, Giraffe Kimberlite maar, Northern Canada. Strongyles (gemmuloscleres) in a wide dimensional range. Malformed spicules (bottom row). SEM images. Modified from Pisera et al. (2013).

Fig. 4 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review

Fig. 4. Gemmule morphology (resting bodies) of Recent freshwater sponges of the order Spongillida. A. Spongilla lacustris (Linnaeus, 1759), Palaearctic-Nearctic Region, subspherical unarmed gemmular theca. B. Metania reticulata (Bowerbank, 1863), Neotropical Region, cage of tangential megascleres around the gemmule. C. M. reticulata, ovoid gemmule (removed from the cage, see B) with radial birotules in the gemmular theca. D. Radiospongilla crateriformis (Potts, 1882), Cosmopolitan, gemmuloscleres radially arranged in the theca (cross section). E. Umborotula bogorensis (Weber, 1890), Palaearctic-Oriental-Australasian Region, subspherical gemmule with distal rotules of gemmuloscleres at the theca surface. F. Stratospongilla bombayensis (Carter, 1882), Oriental-Afrotropical Region, hemispherical gemmule with tangential gemmulosclere at the surface. G. R. crateriformis, gemmular theca with radial gemmuloscleres (close up, cross section). H. U. bogorensis, gemmule surface with distal rotules of birotule gemmuloscleres (close up). I . Oncosclera rousseleti (Kirkpatrick, 1906), Afrotropical Region, gemmule surface with tangential strongyle gemmuloscleres (close up, cross section). SEM images. Modified from Manconi and Pronzato (2002, 2005, 2009).

Fig. 3 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review

Fig. 3. Morphology of microscleres of Recent freshwater sponges of the order Spongillida. A–C. Microxeas variously ornate by spines or tubercles. A. Spongilla lacustris (Linnaeus, 1759), Palaearctic-Nearctic Region. B. Sterrastrolepis brasiliensis Volkmer-Ribeiro and De Rosa Barbosa, 1978, Neotropical Region. C. Drulia browni (Bowerbank, 1863), Neotropical Region. D. Microstrongyle with spines of Metania reticulata (Bowerbank, 1863), Neotropical Region. E. Aster-like microscleres with hooks of Dosilia plumosa (Carter, 1849), Oriental Region. F. Pseudomicrobirotules of Corvospongilla burmanica (Kirkpatrick, 1908), Oriental Region. SEM images. Modified from Manconi and Pronzato (2002).

Fig. 2 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review

Fig. 2. Morphology of megascleres of Recent freshwater sponges of the order Spongillida. A–F. Oxeas. A. Spongilla lacustris (Linnaeus, 1759), Palaearctic-Nearctic Region, slim smooth oxeas. B. Drulia browni (Bowerbank, 1863), Neotropical Region, stout smooth oxeas. C. Lubomirskia baikalensis (Pallas, 1771), Palaearctic Region, spiny oxeas. D. Makedia tanaensis Manconi, Cubeddu, and Pronzato, 1999, Afrotropical Region, variously spiny slim oxeas. E. Anheteromeyenia argyrosperma (Potts,1880), Nearctic Region, irregularly micro-spiny oxea. F. Cortispongilla barroisi (Topsent, 1892), Palaearctic Region, irregularly micro-granulated oxea. G–L. Strongyles. G. Potamolepis marshalli Burton, 1938, Afrotropical Region, smooth, stout strongyles with inflated tips. H. Sterrastrolepis brasiliensis Volkmer-Ribeiro and De Rosa Barbosa, 1978, Neotropical Region, smooth strongyles. I. Baikalospongia bacillifera Dybowsky, 1880, Palaearctic Region, strongyloxeas with hooked tips. J. Potamolepis micropora Burton, 1938, Afrotropical Region, strongyles with microspines and inflated tips. K. Swartschewskia papyracea (Dybowsky, 1880), Palaearctic Region, spiny strongyles. L. Nudospongilla cunningtoni (Kirkpatrick, 1906), Afrotropical Region, spiny, slim strongyles. SEM images. Modified from Manconi and Pronzato (2002, 2009).

Fig. 1 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review

Fig. 1. Growth forms (A–D) and skeletal architecture with variable amount of spongin (E–G) of Recent freshwater sponges of the order Spongillida. A. Oncosclera jewelli (Volkmer-Ribeiro, 1963), Neotropical Region. B. Stratospongilla sp. C. Metania rhodesiana (Burton, 1938), Afrotropical Region. D. Drulia sp. E. Heterorotula capewelli (Bowerbank, 1863), Australasian Region. F. Drulia browni (Bowerbank, 1863), Neotropical Region. G. Uruguayella repens (Hinde, 1888), Neotropical Region. E–G SEM images.

Fig. 2 in Systematic review of Neocavia from the Neogene of Argentina: Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 2. Measurements used in the comparative analysis A. Skull of Microcavia australis, Recent. B. Third left upper molar (M3) C. First right lower premolar (p4; anterior to left). Abbreviations: Cranial measurements: APB, anteromedial-posterorlateral length of tympanic bullae; APL, length of premaxillary-maxillary suture to anterior border of foramen magnum; BO, width of the anterior half of the basioccipital; BP, anteroposterior length of the posterior part of the diastema; IF, length of incisive foramina; MXL, length from the premaxillary-maxillary suture to the posterior portion of the M3 projection; UDL, upper diastema length from alveolar posterior margin of incisor to alveolar anterior margin of P4; WBc, width of basicranial. Dental measurements: LAP, anteroposterior length of molariforms; LLA, anteroposterior length of anterior lobe of molariforms; LPL, anteroposterior length of posterior lobe of molariforms; PLE, posterolabial extension of anterior lobes; WAL, mediolateral length of anterior lobe of molariforms; WPL, mediolateral length of posterior lobe of molariforms.

Fig. 8 in Systematic review of Neocavia from the Neogene of Argentina: Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 8. Juvenile caviid rodents; molariforms (DP4 and P4) in occlusal views. A. Neocavia pampeana sp. nov. (GHUNLPam 21286) from Cerro Azul Formation, late Miocene–early Pliocene, Huayquerian Stage/Age, Calufú locality, La Pampa Province, Argentina. B. Microcavia australis Gervais and Ameghino, 1880 (MACN-Ma.34-12, reversed), Recent, from La Rioja Province. Photographs (A1, B1) and explanatory drawings (A2, B2). Scale bars 0.5 mm.

Fig. 1. A in Systematic review of Neocavia from the Neogene of Argentina: Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 1. A. Location map indicating the geographic distribution of Neocavia localities in Argentina. B. Encalilla and Andalhuala localities, Santa María Valley, Tucumán, and Catamarca provinces, respectively. C. Caleufú locality, La Pampa Province. D. Farola Monte Hermoso locality, Buenos Aires Province.

Fig. 7 in Systematic review of Neocavia from the Neogene of Argentina: Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 7. Caviid rodent Neocavia pampeana sp. nov. from Cerro Azul Formation, late Miocene–early Pliocene, Caleufú locality, La Pampa Province,Argentina. A. GHUNLPam 21351, fragment of palate. B. GHUNLPam 21854, fragment of palate. C. GHUNLPam 21286, fragment of palate. D. GHUNLPam 21288 reflected), fragment of mandible. E. GHUNLPam 19622 (reflected), fragment of mandible. F. GHUNLPam 19559, holotype (reflected), fragment of mandible. In ventral (A1, B2, C), lateral (A2, B1), labial (D1, E1, F1), lingual (D2, E2, F2), and occlusal (D3, E3, F3) views. Abbreviation: nMpi, notch for the insertion of the tendon of the masseter medialis pars infraorbitalis muscle.

Fig. 4 in Systematic review of Neocavia from the Neogene of Argentina: Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 4. Mandibles of the caviid rodent Neocavia from the Neogene of Argentina. A. Neocavia lozanoi Kraglievich, 1932 from the "Araucanense", late Miocene–early Pliocene, Andalhuala locality, Santa María Valley, Catamarca Province. MACN-Pv 8400, mandible in lateral view (from Kraglievich 1948). B. Neocavia sp. from the lower levels of the Monte Hermoso Formation, Montehermosan Stage/Age, early Pliocene, Farola Monte Hermoso locality, Buenos Aires Province. MD-FM-17-01, mandible fragment in labial (B1), lingual (B2), and occlusal (B3; B4, explanatory drawing) views. C. "Neocavia despressidens" Parodi and Kraglievich, 1948 from upper? levels the Monte Hermoso Formation, early Pliocene, Farola Monte Hermoso locality, Buenos Aires Province. MLP 46-V-13-53, mandible in lateral view and molariform series in occlusal view (from Parodi and Kraglievich 1948). Abbreviations: ap, alveolar protuberances; chin, mandibular symphysis; ias, incisive alveolar sheath; nMpi, notch for the insertion of the tendon of the masseter medialis pars infraorbitalis muscle.