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6,170 results for “european”
Data from: Integrating three comprehensive datasets shows that mitochondrial DNA variation is linked to species traits and paleogeographic events in European butterflies.
Understanding the dynamics of biodiversity, including the spatial distribution of genetic diversity, is critical for predicting responses to environmental changes, as well as for effective conservation measures. This task requires tracking changes in biodiversity at large spatial scales and correlating with species functional traits. We provide three comprehensive resources to understand the determinants for mitochondrial DNA differentiation represented by i) 15,609 COI sequences and ii) 14 traits belonging to 307 butterfly species occurring in Western-Central Europe and iii) the first multi-locus phylogenetic tree of all European butterfly species. By applying phylogenetic regressions we show that mitochondrial DNA spatial differentiation (as measured with Gst, G'st, D and Dst) is negatively correlated with species traits determining dispersal capability and colonization ability. Thanks to the high spatial resolution of the COI data, we also provide the first zoogeographic regionalization maps based on intraspecific genetic variation. The overall pattern obtained by averaging the spatial differentiation of all Western-Central European butterflies shows that the paradigm of long-term glacial isolation followed by rapid pulses of post-glacial expansion has been a pervasive phenomenon in European butterflies. The results and the extensive datasets we provide here constitute the basis for genetically-informed conservation plans for a charismatic group in a continent where flying insects are under alarming decline.
Data from: Bayesian analysis of hybridization and introgression between the endangered european mink (Mustela lutreola) and the polecat (Mustela putorius)
Human-mediated global change will probably increase the rates of natural hybridization and genetic introgression between closely related species, and this will have major implications for conservation of the taxa involved. In this study, we analyse both mitochondrial and nuclear data to characterize ongoing hybridization and genetic introgression between two sympatric sister species of mustelids, the endangered European mink (Mustela lutreola) and the more abundant polecat (M. putorius). A total of 317 European mink, 114 polecats and 15 putative hybrid individuals were collected from different localities in Europe and genotyped with 13 microsatellite nuclear markers. Recently developed Bayesian methods for assigning individuals to populations and identifying admixture proportions were applied to the genetic data. To identify the direction of hybridization, we additionally sequenced mtDNA and Y chromosomes from 78 individuals and 29 males respectively. We found that both hybridization and genetic introgression occurred at low levels (3% and 0.9% respectively) and indicated that hybridization is asymmetric, as only pure polecat males mate with pure European mink females. Furthermore, backcrossing and genetic introgression was detected only from female first-generation (F1) hybrids of European mink to polecats. This latter result implies that Haldane's rule may apply. Our results suggest that hybridization and genetic introgression between the two species should be considered a rather uncommon event. However, the current low densities of European mink might be changing this trend.
Data from: Sensitivity to habitat fragmentation across European landscapes in three temperate forest herbs
<p>Context. Evidence for effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on the viability of temperate forest herb populations in agricultural landscapes is so far based on population genetic studies of single species in single landscapes. However, forest herbs differ in their life histories, and landscapes have different environments, structures and histories, making generalizations difficult.</p> <p>Objectives. We compare the response of three slow-colonizing forest herbs to habitat loss and fragmentation and set this in relation to differences in life-history traits, in particular their mating system and associated pollinators.</p> <p>Methods. We analysed the herbs' landscape-scale population genetic structure based on microsatellite markers from forest fragments across seven European agricultural landscapes.</p> <p>Results. All species responded to reductions in population size with a decrease in allelic richness and an increase in genetic differentiation among populations. Genetic differentiation also increased with enhanced spatial isolation. In addition, each species showed unique responses. Heterozygosity in the self-compatible <i>Oxalis acetosella</i> was reduced in smaller populations. The genetic diversity of <i>Anemone nemorosa</i>, whose main pollinators are less mobile, decreased with increasing spatial isolation, but not that of the bumblebee-pollinated <i>Polygonatum multiflorum</i>.</p> <p>Conclusions. Our study indicates that habitat loss and fragmentation compromises the long-term viability of slow-colonizing forest herbs despite their ability to persist for many decades by clonal propagation. The distinct responses of the three species studied within the same landscapes confirm the need of multi-species approaches. The mobility of associated pollinators should be considered an important determinant of forest herbs' sensitivity to habitat loss and fragmentation.</p>
FIGURES 3A–X. A–H in Gilpinia hakonensis and similar species in Japan and ovipositors of five European Gilpinia species (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae)
FIGURES 3A–X. A–H, Head, dorsal view; I–P, dorsal part of head, anterolateral view; Q, head, lateral view; R–X, antenna, inner view (R–T, V, W) or outer view (U, X). A–D, I–L, Q–U, Gilpinia hakonensis: A, I, Q, R, lectotype of Lophyrus hakonensis, female; B, J, S, holotype of G. hakonensis var. laticincta, female; C, K, T, paratype of Diprion fukudai, female; D, L, U, male, Honshu. E–G, M–O, V, W, Gilpinia amamiana: E, M, V, holotype, female; F, N, W, female, Tokunoshima Isl.; G, O, male, Amami Oshima Isl. H, P, X, Gilpinia okinawa, holotype, female. T, Reversed.
FIGURES 7A–F. A, D in Gilpinia hakonensis and similar species in Japan and ovipositors of five European Gilpinia species (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae)
FIGURES 7A–F. A, D, Male genitalia, dorsal view; B, E, male genitalia (penis valve removed), ventral view; C, F, penis valve, lateral view (left dorsal). A–C, Gilpinia hakonensis, Honshu. D–F, Gilpinia amamiana, Amami Oshima Isl.
FIGURES 8A–L in Gilpinia hakonensis and similar species in Japan and ovipositors of five European Gilpinia species (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae)
FIGURES 8A–L. Ovipositor or lance, dorsal and lateral views. A, B, Gilpinia abieticola, Austria; C, D, G. frutetorum, Ger- many; E, F, G. laricis, Austria; G, H, G. socia, "Czechoslovakia"; I, J, G. variegata, Germany; K, L, G. hercyniae, Wales. D, Reversed.
FIGURES 2A–H. A–F, I–K in Gilpinia hakonensis and similar species in Japan and ovipositors of five European Gilpinia species (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae)
FIGURES 2A–H. A–F, I–K, Gilpinia amamiana: A, B, holotype, female; C, D, female, Tokunoshima Isl.; E, F, male, Amami Oshima Isl. G, H, L, Gilpinia okinawa, holotype, female. A, C, E, G, Dorsal view; B, D, F, H, ventrolateral view; I–L, head, frontal view.
FIGURES 1A–N in Gilpinia hakonensis and similar species in Japan and ovipositors of five European Gilpinia species (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae)
FIGURES 1A–N. Gilpinia hakonensis: A, B, K, lectotype of Lophyrus hakonensis, female; C, D, L, holotype of G. hakonensis var. laticincta, female; E, female, Honshu; F, female, Honshu; G, H, M, paratype of Diprion fukudai, female; I, J, N, male, Hon- shu. A, C, E, F, G, I, Dorsal or dorsolateral view; B, D, H, J, ventrolateral or lateral view; K–N, head, frontal view.
FIGURES 9A–J. Lancet. A in Gilpinia hakonensis and similar species in Japan and ovipositors of five European Gilpinia species (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae)
FIGURES 9A–J. Lancet. A, Gilpinia abieticola, Austria; B, G. frutetorum, Germany; C, same species, Poland; D, G. laricis, Germany; E, same species, Poland; F, G. socia, Austria; G, same species, "Czechoslovakia"; H, G. variegata, Germany; I, G. polytoma, Czech Republic; J, G. hercyniae, Honshu. Arrows indicate the twisted part of the sclerotized band of a radix. A, E, I, J, Reversed.
FIGURES 6A–J. Lancet. A–F in Gilpinia hakonensis and similar species in Japan and ovipositors of five European Gilpinia species (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae)
FIGURES 6A–J. Lancet. A–F, Gilpinia hakonensis: A, lectotype of Lophyrus hakonensis; B, holotype of G. hakonensis var. laticincta; C, Kyushu, D, Honshu, E, paratype of Diprion fukudai. F–H, Gilpinia amamiana: F, holotype; G, Amami Oshima Isl.; H, Tokunoshima Isl. I, J, Gilpinia okinawa: I, holotype; J, Okinawa Isl. 1, 2, 5, first (most basal), second and fifth annuli. D–F, H, Reversed.
FIGURES 5A–U. A–P, Valvula 3 in Gilpinia hakonensis and similar species in Japan and ovipositors of five European Gilpinia species (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae)
FIGURES 5A–U. A–P, Valvula 3, dorsal and posterior views; Q–U, ovipositor or lance, dorsal view (Q, S, T) or lateral view (R, U). A–F, Q, R, Gilpinia hakonensis: A–B, lectotype of Lophyrus hakonensis; C, D, holotype of G. hakonensis var. laticincta; E, F, P, paratype of Diprion fukudai; Q, R, Honshu. G–J, S, Gilpinia amamiana: G, H, holotype; I, J, Tokunoshima Isl.; S, Amami Oshima Isl. K, L, T, U, Gilpinia okinawa, holotype. M, N, Gilpinia frutetorum, Sweden. O, P, Gilpinia laricis, Germany. R, Reversed.
Data from: Evidence of a spatial auto-correlation in the browsing level of four major European tree species
Moran's I of the browsing level of fir, spruce, beech and oak in the Federal State of Baden-Württemberg <p>Data supporting the results publised in "Evidence of a spatial auto-correlation in the browsing level of four major European tree species" by Hagen and Suchant (2020).</p> <p>The contribution of spatial processes to the spatial patterns of ecological systems is widely recognised, but spatial patterns in the ecology of plant-herbivore interactions have rarely been investigated quantitatively owing to limited budget and time associated with ecological research. Studies of the level of browsing on various tree species reported either no spatial auto-correlation or a small effect size. Further, the effects of disturbance events, such as hurricanes, which create large forest openings on spatial patterns of herbivory are not well understood. In this study, we used forest inventory data obtained from the federal state of Baden-Württemberg (Southern Germany) between 2001 and 2009 (grid size: 100×200 m) and thus, after hurricane Lothar struck Southern Germany in 1999. We investigated whether the browsing level of trees (height <= 130 cm) in one location is independent of that of the neighbourhood. Our analyses of 1.758.622 saplings (187.632 sampling units) of oak (Quercus), fir (Abies), spruce (Picea) and beech (Fagus) revealed that the browsing level is characterised by a short distance spatial auto-correlation. The application of indicator variables based on browsed saplings should account for the spatial pattern as the latter may affects the results and therefore also the conclusions of the analysis.</p>
Data from: The intraspecific variation of functional traits modulates drought resilience of European beech and pubescent oak
<p>A higher frequency and intensity of droughts will impair forest productivity. Therefore, improving our understanding of which factors enhance tree growth resilience against drought has become a crucial issue, but we lack information at the intraspecific level.</p> <p>In this study, we investigate the role played by climatic conditions and tree characteristics in the growth response to severe droughts in two deciduous Fagaceae species near their southern distribution limit: the temperate European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and the Mediterranean pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens). The study area is located in Catalonia, NE Spain, where 149 trees were cored covering the water availability gradient of the species in the region. In addition, tree size (diameter and height) and an ensemble of stem, leaf and hydraulic traits were collected for each tree. Growth responses to extreme droughts during the period 1980-2015 were assessed using resilience indicators based on residual basal area increment series predicted by a model including growing-season water balance.</p> <p>Although resistance was unrelated to drought intensity, higher water availability improved recovery and reduced drought legacy effects. Taller trees showed higher resilience against drought, which could be explained by the relationship between the variation in tree height and functional traits, such as leaf nitrogen concentration, leaf turgor loss point and resistance to xylem embolism. For both species, trees with lower cavitation resistance, higher leaf nitrogen concentration and tighter stomatal regulation (suggested by less negative turgor loss point and carbon isotope composition) displayed better performance during and after severe droughts. Both species showed a progressive decrease in resilience and increase of legacy effects.</p> <p><em>Synthesis</em>. This study highlights the relevance of analyzing intraspecific variation of functional traits involved in tree water and carbon balance to improve our understanding of the resilience and variability of growth responses to drought within species. </p>
FIGURE 1 in Allium ramosum L. (Amaryllidaceae), a neglected alien in the European flora and its oldest record from Poland
FIGURE 1. Allium ramosum umbels (Kamienna Stara, Podlaskie Voivodeship, NE Poland, 9 July 2011, photo by Korniak).
Data from: SNP discovery in European lobster (Homarus gammarus) using RAD sequencing
The European lobster (Homarus gammarus) is a decapod crustacean with a high market value and therefore their fisheries are of major importance to the economies they support. However, over-exploitation has led to profound stock declines in some regions such as Scandinavia and the Mediterranean. To manage this resource sustainably, knowledge of population structure and connectivity is crucial to inform management about dispersal, recruitment, stock identification and food traceability. We used restriction-site associated DNA sequencing to develop novel SNP markers from 55 individuals encompassing much of the species range; SNPs were quality filtered, ranked using F-statistics and the top 96 SNPs adequate for primer design were retained. SNP markers were developed with the aim of maximising the power to detect genetic differentiation between: (i) Atlantic and Mediterranean lobsters and (ii) Atlantic lobsters. This panel of SNPs provides a useful resource for future studies of population genetic structure and assignment in H. gammarus.
FIGURES 15–17. Abd.IV in The European Lepidocyrtus Bourlet, 1839 (Collembola: Entomobryidae)
FIGURES 15–17. Abd.IV complete chaetotaxy (same symbols as in Fig. 8): 15, L. curvicollis; 16, L. montseniensis; 17, L. nigrescens.
FIGURES 9–12. L in The European Lepidocyrtus Bourlet, 1839 (Collembola: Entomobryidae)
FIGURES 9–12. L. flexicollis: 9, coxae, circles = macrochaetae, # = pseudopori; 10, trochanteral organ (two different specimens); 11, p-III unguis and unguiculus; 12, manubrial plate (two different specimens), circles = macrochaetae, filled circles = pseudopori.
FIGURES 6–7. L in The European Lepidocyrtus Bourlet, 1839 (Collembola: Entomobryidae)
FIGURES 6–7. L. flexicollis: 6, abd.II complete chaetotaxy, broad circles = broad ciliated macrochatae, lines = mesochetae, pse = pseudoporus; 7, abd.III complete chaetotaxy, broad circles = broad ciliated macrochatae, small circles = thin ciliated macrochaetae, lines = mesochetae, pse = pseudoporus.
FIGURES 4–5. L in The European Lepidocyrtus Bourlet, 1839 (Collembola: Entomobryidae)
FIGURES 4–5. L. flexicollis: 4, dorsal head chaetotaxy, broad circles = long ciliated macrochatae, small circles = short ciliated macrochaetae, lines = smooth mesochetae; 5, interocular chaetotaxy (right ocular area).
FIGURES 1–3. L in The European Lepidocyrtus Bourlet, 1839 (Collembola: Entomobryidae)
FIGURES 1–3. L. flexicollis: 1, habitus; 2, labrum; 3, labium (left side) and ventral cephalic groove.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.