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Fig. 8. Overgrowth type 3 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 8. Overgrowth type 3 (arrows in A, B) on the distal articular surface of the left manual phalanx IV-1 of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Howe-Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA; in anterior/dorsal (A) and distal (B) views, and CT scan of frontal slice (C), note the probable healed fracture (arrows). Photos taken by Rosemarie Roth (University of Zurich, Switzerland).

Fig. 3. Overgrowth type 1 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 3. Overgrowth type 1 (arrows) in right pedal unguals I (A) and III (B) of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Howe-Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA. Overgrowth projects proximally from the proximal articular surface. Note the medial to mediodorsal position of the overgrowths on the proximal articular surfaces. Unguals shown in dorsal (A1, B1), medial (A2, B2), proximal (A3, B3), and lateral (A4, B4) views. Photos taken by Esther Premru (Mönchaltorf, Switzerland) and modified from Tschopp et al. (2015).

Fig. 2. Overgrowth type 1 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 2. Overgrowth type 1 (arrow) in left pedal ungual I of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, HoweStephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA; in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and proximodorsal (C) views. Note the dorsal position of the overgrowth on the proximal articular surface, and how it fits in the notch in the distal articular surface of php I-1 (C, slightly displaced taphonomically). Abbreviations: mt, metatarsal; php, pedal phalanx. Not to scale, the proximodistal length of php I-1 is 45 mm.

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Fig. 3 in Dwarfism and feeding behaviours in Oligo-Miocene crocodiles from Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland, Australia

Fig. 3. Vertebral morphology of mekosuchine crocodile Mekosuchus whitehunterensis Willis, 1997 (A, C, E) from White Hunter Site, Riversleigh World Heritage Area, northwestern Queensland, Australia, late Oligocene compared with Crocodylus johnstoni Krefft, 1873 (B, D, F) from upper Herbert River, northeastern Queensland, Australia, late Pleistocene– Holocene. Axis vertebrae (A, QM F56039; B, AR 17683). Third cervical vertebrae (C, QM F56040; D, AR 17683). Eighth cervical vertebrae (E, QM F56322; F, AR 17683). All in left view.

Fig. 9. Overgrowth type 4 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 9. Overgrowth type 4 (arrow) on the laterodistal corner of the left pedal phalanx IV-1 of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Howe-Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA; in anterior/dorsal view. Abbreviation: php, phalanx of pedal digit.

Fig. 1 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 1. Schematic drawing of the left and right manual (A) and pedal (B) phalanges of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002, marking the elements affected by pathologies described herein. Rectangles are normal phalanges, triangles are unguals. Dashed lines indicate lacking elements. Numbers correspond to the overgrowth types as defined in the text; e, possible eburnation; p, deep pit.

Fig. 11 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 11. Comparison of the normal development of articular surfaces of phalanges of diplodocid sauropod SMA 0087 (php II-1, A) with the pathological elements of camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 (php III-1, B); both from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Howe Ranch, Wyoming, USA. Note the considerable extension of the lateral spurs in SMA 0002.

Fig. 10 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 10. Deep pit (arrow) in the proximal articular surface of the left pedal phalanx II-1 of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Howe-Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA; in anteroproximal view. The proximal width of the phalanx is 72 mm. Abbreviation: mt, metatarsal.

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Fig. 1 in Dwarfism and feeding behaviours in Oligo-Miocene crocodiles from Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland, Australia

Fig. 1. Rostra of mekosuchine crocodile Mekosuchus whitehunterensis Willis, 1997; White Hunter Site, Riversleigh World Heritage Area, northwestern Queensland, Australia; late Oligocene. A. Left maxilla (QM F56046) in buccal (A1) and ventral (A2) views. B. Left dentary (QM F 56047) in lingual (B1), dorsal (B2), and buccal (B3) views.

Fig. 7 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 7. Smoothened area (a possible case of eburnation) on the distal articular surface of the left manual phalanx I-1 of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Howe-Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA. The distal dorsopalmar height is 55 mm.

Fig. 6. Overgrowth type 2 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 6. Overgrowth type 2 exemplified in a drawing (A, modified from Tschopp et al. 2015) and CT scan (B) of the left manual phalanx II-1 of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Howe-Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA. CT scan shows variable bone densities in the osteophyte, indicated by the different gray scales. Abbreviations: phm, phalanx of manual digit; mc, metacarpal.

Fig. 5 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 5. Thin section of the overgrowth type 1 from the right pedal ungual I of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Howe-Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA (A). Detail (B), showing coarse-grained structure bone in mainly avascular bone (arrowheads).

Fig. 2 in Hands, feet, and behaviour in Pinacosaurus (Dinosauria: Ankylosauridae)

Fig. 2. Ankylosaurid dinosaur Pinacosaurus from Upper Cretaceous of Bayan Mandahu, China (all specimens in IVPP). Oblique photograph of the Canada−China Dinosaur Project quarry in 1990 at Bayan Mandahu, China. The articulated skeletons are lettered from A to F, and these letters correspond to those in the quarry diagram (Fig. 3).

Fig. 8 in Hands, feet, and behaviour in Pinacosaurus (Dinosauria: Ankylosauridae)

Fig. 8. Ankylosaurid dinosaur Pinacosaurus (MPC 100/1308) from the Alagteeg Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Alag Teeg, Mongolia. Outlines of distal ends of tibia and fibula (grey infilling) overlain by outlines of the proximal ends of the metatarsals. Anterior is towards the top.

Fig. 5 in Hands, feet, and behaviour in Pinacosaurus (Dinosauria: Ankylosauridae)

Fig. 5. Ankylosaurid dinosaurs Pinacosaurus (MPC 100/1358) from the Alagteeg Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Alag Teeg, Mongolia. Right metacarpus in proximal (A), anterior (B), and distal (C) views. Fifth metacarpal is incomplete distally.

Fig. 9 in Hands, feet, and behaviour in Pinacosaurus (Dinosauria: Ankylosauridae)

Fig. 9. Ankylosaurid dinosaur Pinacosaurus (MPC 100/1307) from the Alagteeg Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Alag Teeg, Mongolia. Right tarsus, metatarsus and digits in ventral view.

Fig. 12 in Hands, feet, and behaviour in Pinacosaurus (Dinosauria: Ankylosauridae)

Fig. 12. Distribution of some of the Pinacosaurus specimens in most concentrated section at Alag Teeg, Alagteeg Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Mongolia. Lettering of individuals was assigned in the order of discovery and excavation, and each corresponds to a specimen listed under the "Material Studied" section. For example "A" on the drawing corresponds to "Ank A", which is MPC 100/1318. Units are in meters.

Fig. 11 in Hands, feet, and behaviour in Pinacosaurus (Dinosauria: Ankylosauridae)

Fig. 11. Ankylosaurid dinosaur Pinacosaurus (MPC 100/1316) from the Alagteeg Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Alag Teeg, Mongolia. Left (to the left) and right fourth digits of the feet of a single individual showing different phalangeal counts.

Fig. 7 in Hands, feet, and behaviour in Pinacosaurus (Dinosauria: Ankylosauridae)

Fig. 7. Ankylosaurid dinosaur Pinacosaurus (MPC 100/1339) from the Alagteeg Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Alag Teeg, Mongolia. Right fibula (A) and tibia (B) in anterior view.

Fig. 6. Ankylosaurid dinosaur Pinacosaurus grangeri Gilmore, 1933 in Hands, feet, and behaviour in Pinacosaurus (Dinosauria: Ankylosauridae)

Fig. 6. Ankylosaurid dinosaur Pinacosaurus grangeri Gilmore, 1933 (MPC 100/1310) from the Alagteeg Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Alag Teeg, Mongolia. Outline of left metacarpus and proximal phalanges in proximal (A) and anterior (B) views.