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Fig. 4 in Worldwide distribution of the modiomorphid bivalve genus Caspiconcha in late Mesozoic hydrocarbon seeps

Fig. 4. Shell microstructure of modiomorphid bivalve Caspiconcha major (Gabb, 1869) CAS 72527−9 from Eagle Creek, California, USA, Upper Barremian (Lower Cretaceous). External shell surface upwards in all figures. A.Vertical cross section through shell in the pallial region; see Fig. 3B for location. B. Demarcation between middle (cross lamellar) and inner (complex cross lamellar) layers. C. Outer layer homogeneous structure. D. Lower part of inner layer, note diagenetic alteration at base.

Fig. 1. Locality map and outcrop photographs. A in Worldwide distribution of the modiomorphid bivalve genus Caspiconcha in late Mesozoic hydrocarbon seeps

Fig. 1. Locality map and outcrop photographs. A. Locality map of the Utagoesawa Creek site, Hatonosu, Yubari City, Hokkaido, Japan. Also shown is the location of the Omagari seep site. Solid pattern is the outcrop area of the Cretaceous Yezo Group strata. B. Outcrop photograph of an Utagoesawa Creek carbonate body showing large Caspiconcha sp. and/or probable lucinid bivalve fossils. C. Locality map of hydrocarbon seeps in California. Subpanel shows locality map of the Eagle Creek site, Ono, California, USA. Solid circle with number indicates Caspiconcha bearing sites. 1, Eagle Creek; 2, Cold Fork of Cottonwood Creek; 3, Paskenta; 4, Bear Creek; 5, Wilbur Springs; 6, east of Knoxville (exact place is unknown); +

Fig. 12. Modiomorphid bivalve Myoconcha americana Stanton, 1895 in Worldwide distribution of the modiomorphid bivalve genus Caspiconcha in late Mesozoic hydrocarbon seeps

Fig. 12. Modiomorphid bivalve Myoconcha americana Stanton, 1895 (USNM 23042), right valve. A. External view. B. Dorsal view. C. Detail of the hinge area showing a possible tooth. D. Detail of shell surface ornamentation. Growth lines show rectoangular shape of shell. Black arrowheads point to faint radiaxial ribs mostly obscured by the glue in this image. White arrowheads point to the anterior.

Fig. 10 in Worldwide distribution of the modiomorphid bivalve genus Caspiconcha in late Mesozoic hydrocarbon seeps

Fig. 10. Modiomorphid bivalve Caspiconcha major (Gabb, 1869) from east of Berryessa (A and D), Cold Fork of Cottonwood Creek (B and E), and Wilbur Springs (C), all California, USA. A. Right valve of large specimen CAS 72535 with missing posterior area, right valve (A1), dorsal view (A2). B. Right valve of small specimen UCMP 10226. C. Internal mould of right valve of small specimen CAS 72537; see Fig. 9G for cast. D. Articulated specimen internal mould with missing posterior margin CAS 72536, left valve (D1), dorsal view (D2). See Fig. 9I for casts. E. Articulated small specimen internal mould UCMP 10225, right (E1) and left (E2) valves, dorsal view (E3). See Fig. 9A for cast. White arrowheads point to the anterior.

Fig. 3 in Worldwide distribution of the modiomorphid bivalve genus Caspiconcha in late Mesozoic hydrocarbon seeps

Fig. 3. Modiomorphid bivalve Caspiconcha major (Gabb, 1869) CAS 72527−9 from Eagle Creek, California, USA, Upper Barremian (Lower Cretaceous). Right valve. A. External view. B. Internal view. Details of pedal elevator muscle scar (C) and mantle muscle scars indicated by small arrowheads (D). Location of shell microstructure analysis (Fig. 4) is marked with a dotted white line. Black arrowheads point to the anterior.

Fig. 9 in Worldwide distribution of the modiomorphid bivalve genus Caspiconcha in late Mesozoic hydrocarbon seeps

Fig. 9. Silicone rubber casts of modiomorphid bivalve Caspiconcha major (Gabb, 1869) from Cold Fork of Cottonwood Creek (A), Wilbur Springs (B–G), + East Berryessa (H, I) and Bear Creek (J), all California, USA. A. Internal surface of articulated small specimen UCMP 10225, right valve (A1), left valve (A2). B. Internal surface of left valve of small specimen UCMP 152077. C. Internal surface of right valve of small specimen CAS 71880. D. Internal surface of left valve of small specimen with some shell remains along the ventral margin CAS 71882. E. Internal surface of left valve of small specimen CAS 71881. F. Internal surface of right valve of small specimen CAS 71883. G. Internal surface of right valve of small specimen with some shell remains in posterior area CAS 72537. H. Internal surface of left valve of small specimen CAS 72548. I. Internal surfaces of articulated specimen CAS 72536 with missing posterior margin, right valve (I1), left valve (I2). J. Internal surface of left valve of partial large specimen with internal shell details highlighted with dotted white lines CAS 72534. White arrowheads point to the anterior.

Fig. 15 in Worldwide distribution of the modiomorphid bivalve genus Caspiconcha in late Mesozoic hydrocarbon seeps

Fig. 15. Ranges and palaeoecological interpretations of major group of chemosynthetic bivalves and brachiopods from Late Jurassic to Recent hydrocarbon seeps. The epifauna and semi−infauna almost vanished at the end of Early Cretaceous and did flourish again from the Eocene with the appearance of vesicomyids and bathymodiolins. Caspiconcha was common until the end of the Early Cretaceous after which there was only one occurrence in the Late Cretaceous. In contrast, infaunal bivalves were present continuously from the late Mesozoic to the Recent.

Fig. 6 in Worldwide distribution of the modiomorphid bivalve genus Caspiconcha in late Mesozoic hydrocarbon seeps

Fig. 6. Paralectotypes of modiomorphid bivalve Caspiconcha major (Gabb, 1869). A. MCZ108540 from east of Knoxville, California, USA, Lower Cretaceous. Internal mould of left valve (A1), dorsal view (A2). B–D. Three specimens of Caspiconcha major (Gabb, 1869) from Wilbur Springs, California, USA, Hauterivian (Lower Cretaceous). B. Left valve of MCZ 108538A. C. Internal mould of right valve of MCZ 108538B. D. Right valve of MCZ 108538C. White arrowheads point to the anterior.

Fig. 14 in Worldwide distribution of the modiomorphid bivalve genus Caspiconcha in late Mesozoic hydrocarbon seeps

Fig. 14. Palaeobiogeographical distribution of Caspiconcha and Caspiconcha−like species in the late Mesozoic world's oceans. A. Palaeomap at 120 Ma from http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/index.html. B. Caspiconcha major (Gabb, 1869), Late Jurassic (Tithonian) to Early Cretaceous (Albian) from California, USA. The specimen is from the Eagle Creek site. C. Caspiconcha sp., Lower Cretaceous (Albian) of Basque, Spain (image from Agirrezabala et al. in press). D. Caspiconcha whithami Kelly, 2000, Lower Cretaceous (Barremian) of Greenland (SMUC K 8318, holotype). E. Possible Caspiconcha, described as Calyptogena sp. in Hikida et al. (2003) from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Omagari site, Hokkaido, Japan. F. Caspiconcha sp., Lower Cretaceous (Albian), Utagoesawa Creek, Hokkaido, Japan. G. C. rubani Kiel et al. (2010), Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian) of Ukraine (image from Kiel et al. 2010). H. Caspiconcha sp., Lower Cretaceous to Upper Cretaceous (Upper Albian to middle Cenomanian) of New Zealand (image from Kiel et al. in press).

Fig. 2 in Worldwide distribution of the modiomorphid bivalve genus Caspiconcha in late Mesozoic hydrocarbon seeps

Fig. 2. Schematic illustration of the right valve internal features of Caspiconcha major (Gabb, 1869).

Fig. 10 in Ontogeny and autecology of an Early Cretaceous trigoniide bivalve from Neuquén Basin, Argentina

Fig. 10. Field pictures of Myophorella garatei Leanza, 1981 in life position at Bajada del Agrio, late Valanginian. A. Individual with anomalous costae. B. Two other individuals (B ), a detail of the one on the right (B ). Scale (chisel edge width) 10 mm.

Fig. 9 in Ontogeny and autecology of an Early Cretaceous trigoniide bivalve from Neuquén Basin, Argentina

Fig. 9. Changes implied on costae shape for the two recognized post-larval growth stages with oblique costae. Changes for the first stage (A→B). Changes for the second stage (B→C). Landmark-semilandmark reconstruction (A 1–C1), reconstruction represented by individuals of the ontogenetic series (A2–C2). Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 5 in Ontogeny and autecology of an Early Cretaceous trigoniide bivalve from Neuquén Basin, Argentina

Fig. 5. Individuals of Myophorella garatei Leanza, 1981 representing different size categories on the ontogenetic series; late Valanginian, Cerro Mesa. A–C. Stages recovered from growth lines; MCF-PIPH-428, drawn by camera lucida on lateral view (A2, B2, C2), enlargements (A1, B1, C1). D, E. Stages recovered from growth lines and photographed on lateral view. D. MCF-PIPH-428. E. MCF-PIPH-429. F–H. Individuals recovered on their final growth stage on lateral view. F. MCF-PIPH-428. G. MCF-PIPH-427. H. MCF-PIPH-429. I–K. Dorsal view of some individuals on different stages. I. MCF- PIPH-428. J. MCF-PIPH-429. K. MCF-PIPH-427.

Fig. 8 in Ontogeny and autecology of an Early Cretaceous trigoniide bivalve from Neuquén Basin, Argentina

Fig. 8. Allometry analysis for the width compared to the umbo-posterior point distance; black diamonds, first stage (isometric); white diamonds, second stage (allometric). A. Cartesian graphic of width vs. umbo-posteri- or point distance. B. Cartesian graphic of the same variables with both of them converted to logarithm; black continuous line, line of slope 1; grey dashed line, regression line for the first stage; black dashed line, regression line for the second stage.

Fig. 4 in Ontogeny and autecology of an Early Cretaceous trigoniide bivalve from Neuquén Basin, Argentina

Fig. 4. SEM photographs of the umbonal region of Myophorella garatei Leanza, 1981; late Valanginian, Cerro Mesa. A. MCF-PIPH-428, umbonal region of left valve showing the preserved prodissoconch (pd); detail of the prodissoconch (A1); same picture showing the discontinuities identified on the shell surface and their possible interpretation (A2). B. MCF-PIPH-428, prodissoconch in lateral (B1) and ventral (B2) views, together with early postmetamorphic shell; white arrow on B1 points to the antecarinal sulcus, white arrows on B2 indicate a discontinuity on the shell, probably the margin of prodissoconch I. C. MCF-PIPH-428, prodissoconch in ventral view together with early postmetamorphic shell. D. MCF-PIPH-428, umbonal region showing early postmetamorphic flank costae with Haidaia type ornamentation (white arrows) and early area development.

Fig. 7 in Ontogeny and autecology of an Early Cretaceous trigoniide bivalve from Neuquén Basin, Argentina

Fig. 7. Changes implied on general shell shape in lateral view for the two recognized post-larval growth stages. Changes for the first stage (AĄB). Changes for the second stage (BĄC). Landmark-semilandmark reconstruction (A 1 –C 1), reconstruction represented by individuals of the ontogenetic series (A –C ). Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 1 in Ontogeny and autecology of an Early Cretaceous trigoniide bivalve from Neuquén Basin, Argentina

Fig. 1. Schematic drawing of the shell of an adult specimen of Myopohorella garatei Leanza, 1981 showing the main features of trigoniides shell morphology. A. Left lateral view. B. Dorsal view.

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Fig. 4 in Fossil vesicomyid bivalves from Miocene hydrocarbon seep sites, North Island, New Zealand

Fig. 4. Vesicomyid bivalve Notocalyptogena neozelandica gen. et sp. nov. from Ugly Hill (U23/f267), Early Miocene. A. UOA L4607; right valve showing internal ridge from beak to posterior corner (arrow). B. UOA L4603; external surface of left valve. C. UOA L4595, paratype; dorsal view showing strong ligament. D. UOA L4591, holotype; dorsal view (D1). Note blunt external ridge from beak to posterior ventral corner (arrow). External right valve view (D2). E. UOA L4599; right valve showing anterior adductor scar. F. UOA L4594, paratype; left valve internal mould showing pallial line without sinus (arrow) and posterior adductor scar. G. UOA L4592, paratype; left valve.

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Fig. 2 in Fossil vesicomyid bivalves from Miocene hydrocarbon seep sites, North Island, New Zealand

Fig. 2. Vesicomyid bivalve Pliocardia? sp. from Moonlight North (Y16/ f1059), Early to Middle Miocene. A. UOA L4587. Dorsal view of articulated internal mould (A 1), arrow shows lunular incision. Internal mould of right valve (A 2), showing anterior adductor scar and posterior adductor scar. B. UOA L4588. Right valve of hinge plate (B 1), anterior tooth is not preserved. Left valve (B 2), internal mould, arrow shows pallial sinus.

Fig. 6 in Ontogeny and autecology of an Early Cretaceous trigoniide bivalve from Neuquén Basin, Argentina

Fig. 6. PCA of the general shell shape in lateral view, showing PC 1 (65.6% of variance), PC 2 (11.8% of variance) and PC 3 (9.1% of variance); black diamonds, first growth stage; white diamonds, second growth stage. A. PC 1 versus PC 2. B. PC 1 versus PC 3.