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427 results for “Ectoparasite”
Data from: Penguin ectoparasite panmixia suggests extensive host movement within a colony
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Data from: Ectoparasitism shortens the breeding season in a colonial bird
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Metabolic theory of ecology successfully predicts distinct scaling of ectoparasite load on hosts
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Fig. 2. A in A new species of Gyrodactylus (Monogenea, Gyrodactylidae), an ectoparasite from the endemic Iranocichla hormuzensis (Teleostei, Cichlidae), the only Iranian cichlid
Fig. 2. A. micrograph detailing the marginal hooks of Gyrodactylus jalalii sp. nov. (photographed in utero, with an Olympus BX50 microscope, using phase contrast, and Olympus DP-soft v.3.2 software). B. idem, detail. Scale bars represent 8 µm.
Data from: Experimental evolution of infectious behaviour in a facultative ectoparasite
Parasitic lifestyles have evolved many times in animals, but how such life-history strategies evolved from free-living ancestors remains a great puzzle. Transitional symbiotic strategies, such as facultative parasitism, are hypothesized evolutionary stepping-stones towards obligate parasitism. However, to consider this hypothesis, heritable genetic variation in infectious behaviour of transitional symbiotic strategies must exist. In this study, we experimentally evolved infectivity and estimated the additive genetic variation in a facultative parasite. We performed artificial selection experiments in which we selected for either increased or decreased propensity to infect in a facultatively parasitic mite (Macrocheles muscaedomesticae). Here, infectiousness was expressed in terms of mite attachment to a host (Drosophila hydei) and modeled as a threshold trait. Mites responded positively to selection for increased infectivity; realized heritability of infectious behaviour was significantly different from zero and estimated to be 16.6% (±4.4% SE). Further, infection prevalence was monitored for 20 generations post-selection. Selected lines continued to display relatively high levels of infection demonstrating a degree of genetic stability in infectiousness. Our study is the first to provide an estimate of heritability and additive genetic variation for infectious behaviour in a facultative parasite, which suggests natural selection can act upon facultative strategies with important implications for the evolution of parasitism.
Data from: Neonicotinoids and ectoparasitic mites synergistically impact honeybees
The Western honeybee, Apis mellifera, is the most important managed pollinator globally and has recently experienced unsustainably high colony losses. Synergistic interactions among stressors are believed to be primarily responsible. However, despite clear evidence of strong effect on honeybee longevity of widely-employed neonicotinoid insecticides and of the ubiquitous ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, no data exist to show synergistic effects between these two stressors. Even though neonicotinoids had no significant impact by themselves, we here show for the first time a synergistic time-lag interaction between mites and neonicotinoids that resulted in significantly reduced survival of long-lived winter honeybees. Even though these mites are potent vectors of viruses, the virus-insecticide interaction had no significant impact. The data suggest a previously overlooked mechanism possibly explaining recent unsustainably high losses of managed A. mellifera honeybee colonies in many regions of the world. Future mitigation efforts should concentrate on developing sustainable agro-ecosystem management schemes that incorporate reduced use of neonicotinoids and sustainable solutions for V. destructor mites.
Data from: Limited dispersal in an ectoparasitic mite, Laelaps giganteus, contributes to significant phylogeographic congruence with their rodent hosts, Rhabdomys
To explore how biogeography, parasite life history and host vagility influences evolutionary codivergences, we followed a comparative phylogeography approach using a host specific non-permanent mite, Laelaps giganteus that occurs on four rodent species within the genus Rhabdomys. A mtDNA COI haplotype network derived for 278 parasite specimens showed marked phylogeographic congruence with host distributions. Analysis of the less variable nuclear intron Tropomyosin was in part consistent with these results. Although distance-based cophylogenetic analyses in AXPARAFIT failed to support significant mtDNA codivergences (P ≥ 0.02), event-based analyses revealed significant cophylogeny between sampling localities of Rhabdomys and Laelaps using CORE-PA (P = 0.046) and JANE (P = 0.026; P = 0.00). These findings, in conjunction with the weak congruence previously reported among the permanent ectoparasitic lice Polyplax and Rhabdomys, suggest that host-parasite intimacy is not the most important driver of significant codivergence in our study system. Instead the more restricted dispersal ability of L. giganteus, when compared to Polyplax, resulted in stronger spatial structuring and this could have resulted in significant codivergence. Host switching occurred predominantly on the edges of host distributions and was probably facilitated by climate-induced range shifts. When host ranges shift, the phylogeographic structure of L. giganteus is not reflecting the host movements since most of the nest bound parasites do not disperse with the host (they miss the boat) and the genetic contribution of the few dispersing mite individuals is often overwhelmed by the large number of individuals already present in nests within the new environment (causing them to drown on arrival).
Data from: Avoidance, tolerance, and resistance to ectoparasites in nestling and adult tree swallows
We examined avoidance, tolerance, and resistance strategies of nestling and adult tree swallows Tachycineta bicolor in response to ectoparasitic blowflies Protocalliphora sialia. Tree swallows avoided settling in north-facing nest boxes early in the breeding season. These boxes were more likely to be parasitized later in the season, suggesting that box selection may facilitate blowfly avoidance. After experimentally manipulating blowfly intensity, we found that nestlings were generally tolerant of parasitism. Parasites significantly reduced nestling blood hemoglobin but had no effect on nestling body mass, primary feather growth, age at fledging, or fledging success. Parents of parasitized nestlings did not increase their food provisioning rate to promote nestling tolerance. Adult female tree swallows demonstrated both tolerance and resistance: blowfly parasitism had no effect on adult hemoglobin and body mass, and those with higher P. sialia-binding antibody levels had fewer blowfly larvae in their nests. Nestling antibodies were unrelated to blowfly intensity. Despite considerable variation among years, our results suggest that the costs of blowfly parasitism to nestling and adult tree swallows are modest, and limited to blood loss in nestlings. Future work should examine the effects of reduced blood hemoglobin on fledgling survival and the importance of parasite-specific antibodies.
Data from: Ectoparasites and fitness of female Columbian ground squirrels
Parasites play an important role in the evolution of host traits via natural selection, coevolution and sexually selected ornaments used in mate choice. These evolutionary scenarios assume fitness costs for hosts. To test this assumption, we conducted an ectoparasite removal experiment in free-living Columbian ground squirrels (Urocittelus columbianus) in four populations over three years. Adult females were randomly chosen to be either experimentally treated with anti-parasite treatments (spot-on solution and flea powder, N = 61) or a sham treatment (control, N = 44). We expected that experimental females would show better body condition, increased reproductive success and enhanced survival. Contrary to our expectations, body mass was not significantly different between treatments at mating, birth of litter or weaning of young. Further, neither number nor size of young at weaning differed significantly between the two treatments. Survival to the next spring for adult females and juveniles was not significantly different between experimental and control treatments. Finally, annual fitness was not affected by the treatments. We concluded that females and their offspring were able compensate for the presence of ectoparasites, suggesting little or no fitness costs of parasites for females in the different colonies and during the years of our experiments.
FIGURE 2 in Wetapolipus jamiesoni gen. nov., spec. nov. (Acari: Podapolipidae), an ectoparasite of the mountain stone weta, Hemideina maori (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae) from New Zealand
FIGURE 2. Wetapolipus jamiesoni Husband & Zhang gen. nov., spec. nov. (male).
FIGURE 3 in Wetapolipus jamiesoni gen. nov., spec. nov. (Acari: Podapolipidae), an ectoparasite of the mountain stone weta, Hemideina maori (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae) from New Zealand
FIGURE 3. Wetapolipus jamiesoni Husband & Zhang gen. nov., spec. nov. (larval female).
FIGURES 14 in New ectoparasitic mites of the family Syringophilidae (Acari: Prostigmata: Cheyletoidea) associated with birds from Argentina
FIGURES 14. Syringophiloidus tarnii sp. n. Female. 1, 2 dorsal view; 3, 4 ventral view.
FIGURES 7–9 in A new genus and species of Trombidiidae (Acari: Trombidioidea) described from larvae ectoparasitic on Cicadatra ochreata Melichar (Homoptera: Cicadidae) from Iran
FIGURES 7–9. Cicaditrombium weni gen. et sp. nov. (larva). 7, Tarsus I; 8, Tarsus II; 9 Tarsus III.
FIGURE 1 in Pterygosoma (Pterygosoma) pseudotrapelus sp. nov. (Acariformes: Pterygosomatidae) — ectoparasite of Pseudotrapelus sinaitus (Squamata: Agamidae) from Jordan
FIGURE 1. Pterygosoma pseudotrapelus sp. nov., female. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view.
FIGURE 2 in Pterygosoma (Pterygosoma) pseudotrapelus sp. nov. (Acariformes: Pterygosomatidae) — ectoparasite of Pseudotrapelus sinaitus (Squamata: Agamidae) from Jordan
FIGURE 2. Pterygosoma pseudotrapelus sp. nov., male. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view.
FIGURES 22, 23 in Systematics of the ectoparasitic quill mites of the genus Aulobia Kethley, 1970 (Acari: Syringophilidae) with the description of a new species
FIGURES 22, 23. Aulobia cardueli sp. nov. Male. 22, dorsal view; 23, ventral view.
FIGURES 14, 15 in Systematics of the ectoparasitic quill mites of the genus Aulobia Kethley, 1970 (Acari: Syringophilidae) with the description of a new species
FIGURES 14, 15. Aulobia cardueli sp. nov. Female. 14, dorsal view; 15, ventral view.
FIGURES 1, 2 in Systematics of the ectoparasitic quill mites of the genus Aulobia Kethley, 1970 (Acari: Syringophilidae) with the description of a new species
FIGURES 1, 2. Aulobia dendroicae (Clark, 1964). Female. 1, dorsal view; 2, ventral view.
FIGURES 12, 13 in Systematics of the ectoparasitic quill mites of the genus Aulobia Kethley, 1970 (Acari: Syringophilidae) with the description of a new species
FIGURES 12, 13. Aulobia dendroicae (Clark, 1964). Male. 12, dorsal view; 13, ventral view.
FIGURE 18 in Revision of the subfamily Onychalginae Fain, 1988 (Acariformes: Pyroglyphidae) — ectoparasites of passerine birds
FIGURE 18. Paramealia ovata (Gaud and Mouchet, 1959), female. A—dorsal view; B—ventral view.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.