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Fig. 12 in Breeding Bird Assemblage In A Mosaic Of Urbanized Habitats In A Cenral European City

Fig. 12. Distribution of occupied territories of Cuculus canorus, Oriolus oriolus, Phasianus colchicus and Dendrocopos major.

Fig. 7 in Breeding Bird Assemblage In A Mosaic Of Urbanized Habitats In A Cenral European City

Fig. 7. Distribution of occupied territories of Acrocephalus plustris, A. Arundinaceus and A. scirpaceus.

Fig. 4 in Breeding Bird Assemblage In A Mosaic Of Urbanized Habitats In A Cenral European City

Fig. 4. Distribution of occupied territories of Serinus Fig. 5. Distribution of occupied territories of serinus, Phylloscopus collybita, P. trochilus and Phoenicurus ochruros. P. sibilatrix.

Fig. 2 in Breeding Bird Assemblage In A Mosaic Of Urbanized Habitats In A Cenral European City

Fig. 2. Distribution of occupied territories of Sylvia Fig. 3. Distribution of occupied territories of Sylvia communis. curruca.

Fig. 1 in Breeding Bird Assemblage In A Mosaic Of Urbanized Habitats In A Cenral European City

Fig. 1. Location of the study area (surrounded with a broken line) in the city of Wroclaw: A — borders of the study area; B — rivers; C — main roads; D — loosely built-up areas; E —densely built-up areas.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2015View details →

Fig. 1 in A Pasture Of Big Ungulate Animals As Key Ecological Factor Influencing On The Fluctuation Of Natural Habitat Of Steppe Herbivorous Mammals

Fig. 1. The steppe marmot quantity dynamics in the 20th century (cattle against the steppe marmot) of the Chertkovskiy Region of Rostov.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Data from: Landscape diversity and local temperature, but not climate, affect arthropod predation among habitat types

Arthropod predators are relevant for top-down regulation of insect herbivores. Biotic and abiotic factors influence predator communities and their activity with consequences for the strength of top-down regulation ('arthropod predation'). Anthropogenic climate and land-use change urges a deeper understanding of the combined effects of potential drivers on arthropod predation. This study obtained arthropod predation rates on 113 plots of open herbaceous vegetation adjacent to different habitat types (forest, grassland, arable field, settlement) along climate and land-use gradients in Bavaria, Germany, using a standardized method of artificial caterpillars at ground level. Predation rates were analysed with regard to habitat characteristics (habitat type, plant species richness, local mean temperature and mean relative humidity during artificial caterpillar exposure), landscape diversity (0.5–3.0-km, six scales), climate (multi-annual mean temperature, 'MAT') and interactive effects of habitat type with other drivers. Arthropod predation rates did not substantially differ between the studied habitat types, related to plant species richness and across the Bavarian-wide climatic temperature gradient, and also no interactive effects were observed. However, arthropod predation rates were limited by low local mean temperatures, tended to decrease towards higher relative humidity and increased towards more diverse landscapes at a 2-km scale. Thus, high arthropod predation rates in open herbaceous vegetation are favoured by diverse landscapes independent of the dominant habitat in the vicinity. Diversifying landscapes may help to improve top-down control of herbivores, e.g. agricultural pests, but more research is needed to derive specific recommendations on landscape management. Little influence of MAT on predation rates suggests that moderate increases of MAT may not strongly alter this process in the near future.

Figure 3. Solanum sanchez-vegae. A in Four New Vining Species of Solanum (Dulcamaroid Clade) from Montane Habitats in Tropical America

Figure 3. Solanum sanchez-vegae. A) portion of stem, B) petiole articulation, C) buds, D) open flower, E) flower cross-section showing stigma detail, F) anthers, G) fruit. A–F drawn from Smith & Sanchez-Vega 7524, G from Hutchison et al. 5738. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010502.g003

Figure 1. Solanum aspersum. A in Four New Vining Species of Solanum (Dulcamaroid Clade) from Montane Habitats in Tropical America

Figure 1. Solanum aspersum. A) portion of stem, with details of trichomes, B) young bud, C) open flower, D) fruiting inflorescence, E) young fruit. A–C drawn from MacDougal et al. 4251, D–E from Zak 1857A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010502.g001

Figure 4 in Four New Vining Species of Solanum (Dulcamaroid Clade) from Montane Habitats in Tropical America

Figure 4. Solanum sanchez-vegae. Peru. La Libertad. A. Cano s.n. (photograph courtesy of A. Cano, USM). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010502.g004

Figure 5. Solanum sousae. A in Four New Vining Species of Solanum (Dulcamaroid Clade) from Montane Habitats in Tropical America

Figure 5. Solanum sousae. A) portion of stem with flowering inflorescence, B) flower, C) flower cross section, D) anthers, E) portion of stem with fruiting inflorecence. A–D drawn from Ventura 2212, E from Maya J. 3938. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010502.g005

Figure 2. Solanum luculentum. A in Four New Vining Species of Solanum (Dulcamaroid Clade) from Montane Habitats in Tropical America

Figure 2. Solanum luculentum. A) portion of stem with flowering inflorescence, B) detail of stem with peeling bark, C) buds, D) open long-styled flower with anthers removed, E) long-styled flower cross-section, F) anthers, G) short-styled flower cross-section, H) fruiting inflorescence from putatively pistillate individual. A–B drawn from Nee & Callejas 32546, C–F from Steyermark et al. 127855, G from Steyermark & Dunsterville 100777, H from Killip & Smith 15952. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010502.g002

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Karuk ecological fire management practices promote elk habitat in Northern California

After a century of fire suppression and accumulating fuel loads in North American forests, prescribed burns are increasingly used to prevent conditions leading to catastrophic megafire. There is widespread evidence that prescribed fire was used by Indigenous communities to manage natural and cultural resources tribes for thousands of years. Wildlife habitat is an example of an ecological response that was actively managed with prescribed burns by Indigenous American peoples and is an important factor in western U.S. forest management planning, restoration and climate resilience efforts. We analyzed the effects of modern prescribed burns informed by traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) on the predicted change in elk winter habitat in Karuk aboriginal territory in Northern California between 2013 and 2018 using species distribution and simultaneous autoregressive modeling techniques. Burn types most closely resembling Karuk traditional practices, specifically those incorporating multiple-year broadcast burns, had significant positive effects on elk winter habitat suitability. Conversely, concentrated burns focused solely on reducing fuel loads had significant negative effects on elk winter habitat suitability. However, areas where these fuel-reduction burns were combined with multiple years of broadcast burns featured the highest increases in habitat. Our results suggest that transitioning to prescribed burns that more closely follow Karuk TEK will promote elk habitat in the region. This would be best achieved through continuing to work closely with Indigenous representatives to plan and implement cultural fire prescriptions on a landscape-scale, a trend we posit would benefit environmental management efforts across the globe.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Stable species and interactions in plant-pollinator networks deviate from core position in fragmented habitats

Species and their interactions are more dynamic over time and space in fragmented habitats than in continuous habitats. In fragmented habitats, the low nestedness of mutualistic networks may be related to the position change of stable (high persistence over time/space) species and interactions in the networks. Previous studies have shown that stable species and interactions tend to be in the core position of mutualistic networks. However, in fragmented habitats, it remains unknown whether stable species or interactions still tend to be in the core position. To address this gap, here we evaluated the correlation between the position of proximity to the network core and the temporal/spatial stability of species and interactions, using the observation of 42 plant-pollinator networks conducted in a fragmented island landscape over 3 years. We showed that temporally/spatially stable species and interactions deviated from the network core to varying degrees. Temporally stable plants were most likely to deviate from the network core, followed by pollinators and interactions, while only spatially stable pollinators tend to deviate from the network core. When unstable species (present in few time/space points, typically specialists) and interactions occupy the network core, they cannot interact with most species in the network as generalists do, resulting in the decrease of network nestedness. Therefore, from the perspective of position and stability, stable species and interactions deviate from the network core in fragmented habitats, which is an important reason for the decrease of nestedness in mutualistic networks. Our study suggests that protecting plants that occupy the core in large plant-pollinator networks is essential for maintaining the network persistence in fragmented habitats.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Data from: Evaluating staging habitat quality to advance the conservation of a declining migratory shorebird, Red Knot Calidris canutus

Identifying where and when population "bottlenecks" occur is critical to the conservation of migratory species, many of which are declining precipitously worldwide. Especially challenging is the evaluation of changes to staging sites. These sites are indispensable links in the migratory cycle but are typically used only briefly. We devised a field-based approach to assess the quality and carrying capacity of a critical staging site in Nanpu, China, for the declining, migratory Red Knot (Calidris canutus rogersi & C. c. piersmai) during northward migration. The Nanpu tidal flat supports 50,000-100,000 Red Knots annually, and while there, the knots feed almost exclusively on the bivalve Potamocorbula laevis. We simultaneously monitored changes in the abundance of Red Knots and bivalves across the entire staging site in spring 2018. After taking into account potential competition with other shorebird species, we estimated that the Nanpu tidal flat was capable of supporting approximately 1.46-1.70 times the current observed level of usage of the site by Red Knots, and therefore is operating below, but close, to carrying capacity with respect to food resources for Red Knots. This result suggests that any further development of this site could harm the EAAF Red Knot population. Synthesis and applications: Quantitative monitoring and evaluation of habitat quality of staging sites are essential to successfully conserve declining migratory species. In particular, researchers and conservation practitioners should incorporate both population size and staging duration in order to more accurately assess the importance of different sites and to quantify how changes in staging habitat quality may translate into changes in migrant population sizes at both local and global scales.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2022View details →

Habitat quality for European Eel in Agder county over time

Results from method development for mapping habitat quality for European Eel

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

Future seasonal changes in habitat for Arctic whales during predicted ocean warming

Ocean warming is causing shifts in the distributions of marine species, but the location of suitable habitats in the future is unknown, especially in remote regions such as the Arctic. Using satellite tracking data from a 28-year long period, covering all three endemic Arctic cetaceans (227 individuals) in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic, together with climate models under two emission scenarios, species distributions were projected to assess responses of these whales to climate change by the end of the century. While contrasting responses were observed across species and seasons, long-term predictions suggest northward shifts (243 km in summer vs. 121 km in winter) in distribution to cope with climate change. Current summer habitats will decline (mean loss: -25%), while some expansion into new winter areas (mean gain: +3%) is likely. However, comparing gains vs. losses raises serious concerns about the ability of these polar species to deal with the disappearance of traditional colder habitats.

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

Environmental nucleic acids: a field-based comparison for monitoring freshwater habitats using eDNA and eRNA

Nucleic acids released by organisms and isolated from environmental substrates are increasingly being used for molecular biomonitoring. While environmental DNA (eDNA) has received attention recently, the potential of environmental RNA as a biomonitoring tool remains less explored. Several recent studies using paired DNA and RNA metabarcoding of bulk samples suggest that RNA might better reflect "metabolically active" parts of the community. However, such studies mainly capture organismal eDNA and eRNA. For larger eukaryotes, isolation of extra-organismal RNA will be important, but viability needs to be examined in a field-based setting. In this study we evaluate (a) whether extra-organismal eRNA release from macroeukaryotes can be detected given its supposedly rapid degradation, and (b) if the same field collection methods for eDNA can be applied to eRNA. We collected eDNA and eRNA from water in lakes where fish community composition is well documented, enabling a comparison between the two nucleic acids in two different seasons with monitoring using conventional methods. We found that eRNA is released from macroeukaryotes and can be filtered from water and metabarcoded in a similar manner as eDNA to reliably provide species composition information. eRNA had a small but significantly greater true positive rate than eDNA, indicating that it correctly detects more species known to exist in the lakes. Given relatively small differences between the two molecules in describing fish community composition, we conclude that if eRNA provides significant advantages in terms of lability, it is a strong candidate to add to the suite of molecular monitoring tools.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2022View details →

Fig. 8 in Abyssal vent field habitats along plate margins in the Central Indian Ocean yield new species in the genus Anatoma (Vetigastropoda: Anatomidae)

Fig. 8. Anatoma laevapex sp. nov. A, G. INDEX19_127RO. A–C. Holotype (SMF 358989) (I19_Ma_74) H 1.0 mm, W 1.5 mm, Ha 0.67 mm, Wp 0.19 mm, apical angle 119 deg. D–E. Paratype 1 (SMF 358990) (I19_Ma_75) H 0.9 mm, W 1.3 mm, Ha 0.61 mm, Dp 0.19 mm, apical angle 124 deg. F–G. Paratype 2