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565 results for “Herbivory”
Figure 8 in Fossil lizard from central Europe resolves the origin of large body size and herbivory in giant Canary Island lacertids
Figure 8. Comparison of dentary morphology of Gallotiinae and Lacertinae members in medial (A, B, C) and lateral (D, E) aspects: A, Gallotia galloti; B, D, Gallotia stehlini; C, E, Lacerta viridis.
Figure 7. Janosikia ulmensis comb. nov. A, B in Fossil lizard from central Europe resolves the origin of large body size and herbivory in giant Canary Island lacertids
Figure 7. Janosikia ulmensis comb. nov. A, B, mandible of SMNS 96575 in lateral (A) and medial (B) views. C, dentary of SMNS 95455 in medial view and detail of tooth crowns. D, dentary of specimen SMNS 96581 in lateral view.
Figure 6. Janosikia ulmensis comb. nov., SMNS 96579. A, B in Fossil lizard from central Europe resolves the origin of large body size and herbivory in giant Canary Island lacertids
Figure 6. Janosikia ulmensis comb. nov., SMNS 96579. A, B, postorbitofrontal in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views. C, D, premaxilla in anterior (C) and posterior (D) views. E, F, quadrate in posterolateral (E) and medial (F) views. G, ectopterygoid. H, I, jugal in lateral (H) and medial (I) views. J, scapula. K, L, braincase in ventral (K) and posterior (L) views.
Figure 9. A in Fossil lizard from central Europe resolves the origin of large body size and herbivory in giant Canary Island lacertids
Figure 9. A, phylogenetic relationships of Pseudeumeces and Janosikia gen. nov. with other lacertid lizards. Single most-parsimonious tree. Bootstrap values shown on branches subtending nodes. B, evolution of size in Gallotiinae. Average skull size (and so average body size) increases progressively on stem of Gallotia, such that Janosikia ulmensis comb. nov. equals basal Gallotia stehlini in size. Skull size decreases several times in Gallotia, including Gallotia atlantica and the Gallotia galloti group. Nodes 1 (Gallotiinae), 2, 3, and 4 (Gallotia) are labelled.
Figure 5. Janosikia ulmensis comb. nov. SMNS 96582 in Fossil lizard from central Europe resolves the origin of large body size and herbivory in giant Canary Island lacertids
Figure 5. Janosikia ulmensis comb. nov. SMNS 96582, detail of bones plus anatomical features as revealed by CT. Parietal in ventral view plus supratemporal, squamosal, supraocular osteoderms and?supraoccipital (A). Parietal in dorsal view (B). Supratemporal in posterodorsal view (C). and Frontal in dorsal (D) and right ventrolateral (E) views. Prefrontal in lateral (F) and medial (G) views. Nasal in ventral (H) and dorsal (I) views. Palpebral in lateral (J) and medial (K) views. Maxilla and premaxilla in external view (L). Maxilla of SMNS 95457 for comparison in lateral (M) and medial (N) views. Humerus, interclavicle and? scapula (O). Presacral vertebra in anterior view (P). Pterygoid (Q) and caudal vertebra (R).
Figure 4. Janosikia ulmensis comb. nov., SMNS 96579, smaller partial skeleton. A in Fossil lizard from central Europe resolves the origin of large body size and herbivory in giant Canary Island lacertids
Figure 4. Janosikia ulmensis comb. nov., SMNS 96579, smaller partial skeleton. A, prepared block of sediment containing most of lower jaw together with postorbitofrontal. B, prepared block of sediment containing much of cranial skeleton.
Figure 3. Janosikia ulmensis comb. nov., SMNS 96582. A in Fossil lizard from central Europe resolves the origin of large body size and herbivory in giant Canary Island lacertids
Figure 3. Janosikia ulmensis comb. nov., SMNS 96582. A, main prepared block of sediment, containing most cranial elements. B, reconstruction of the skull in dorsal view. C, life reconstruction of J. ulmensis comb. nov. from the early Miocene of Germany.
Figure 2. Skull size estimation. A in Fossil lizard from central Europe resolves the origin of large body size and herbivory in giant Canary Island lacertids
Figure 2. Skull size estimation. A, skull of Lacerta viridis, showing data measured. B, linear relationship between frontal length and skull length. Estimations of skull lengths of fossil species are marked by red dots: lower left, Pseudeumeces cadurcensis; upper right, Janosikia ulmensis comb. nov.
Figure 1. A in Fossil lizard from central Europe resolves the origin of large body size and herbivory in giant Canary Island lacertids
Figure 1. A, Ulm-Westtangente location. B, type material described by Gerhard (1903) as Ophisaurus ulmensis.
Resistance mixtures reduce insect herbivory in strawberry (Fragaria vesca) plantings: leaf damage and yield data
<p>The transition towards more sustainable plant protection with reduced pesticide use is difficult, because there is no 'silver bullet' available among non-chemical tools. Integrating several plant protection approaches may thus be needed for efficient pest management. Recently, increasing the genetic diversity of plantations via cultivar mixing has been proposed as a possible method to reduce pest damage. However, previous studies have not addressed either the relative efficiency of exploiting cultivar mixing and intrinsic plant herbivore resistance or the potential utility of combining these approaches to increase cropping security. Here, using a full factorial experiment with 60 woodland strawberry plots, we tested for the relative and combined effect of cultivar mixing and intrinsic plant resistance on herbivore damage and yield. The experiment comprised two levels of diversity ("high" with ten varieties and "low" with two varieties), and three levels of resistance ("resistant" comprising only varieties intrinsically resistant against strawberry leaf beetle <i>Galerucella tenella</i>; "susceptible" with susceptible varieties only; and "resistance mixtures" with 50:50 mixtures of resistant and susceptible varieties). The experiment was carried out over two growing seasons. Use of resistant varieties either alone or intermixed with susceptible varieties in "resistance mixtures" reduced insect herbivory. Interestingly, resistant varieties not only reduced the mean damage in "resistance mixtures" by themselves being less damaged, but also protected intermixed susceptible varieties via associational resistance. The effect of higher genetic diversity was less evident, reducing herbivory only at the highest level of herbivore damage. In general, herbivory was lowest in plots with high diversity that included at least some resistant varieties, and highest in low diversity plots consisting only of susceptible varieties. Despite this, no significant difference in yield (fruit biomass) was found, indicating that strawberry may be relatively tolerant. Our results demonstrate that combined use of high genetic diversity and resistant varieties can help reduce pest damage and provides a useful tool for sustainable food production. "Resistance mixtures" may be particularly useful for sensitive food crops where susceptible varieties are high-yielding that could not be completely replaced by resistant ones.</p>
Rapid evolutionary tradeoffs between resistance to herbivory and tolerance to abiotic stress in an invasive plant
<p>The datatset was collected from field survey, common garden experiments and lab experiments. All data analyses were performed in R 4.1.3 (R Development Core Team 2021) and SPSS 20.0 (IBM SPSS, Somers, NY, USA). The effects of re-association history (infested vs. uninfested; 0-, 9-, 13-, 17-year-reassociation) on insect bioassays (i.e., development time, weight, pepsin and trypsin enzyme activity of <em>O. communa</em>), plant assays including biomass ratio, MDA change rate and antioxidant capacity (DPPH and ABTS), and leaf chemical assays (concentrations of tannin, lignin, CGA, two individual flavonol derivates, nitrogen and carbon) were estimated using general linear mixed models (LMMs) in R, with reassociation history as a fixed factor and population (nested within reassociation history) as a random factor. For all these data, we also separately assessed correlations with the duration of re-association with the specialist natural enemy (the number of re-association years, i.e., 0, 9, 13, 17) at the individual level using Spearman correlation assays in SPSS 20.0. To analyze the correlation between insect traits (i.e., development time, weight, pepsin and trypsin enzyme activity of <em>O. communa</em>) and leaf defensive chemicals (i.e., tannin and lignin), we calculated the mean value of each index at the population level for each of the four re-association durations and used Pearson correlation assays in SPSS 20.0. The same procedure was followed for analyzing the correlation between drought stress tolerance and concentrations of leaf antioxidant chemicals. In addition, for the widely targeted metabolic data, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using R to visualize the sample distributions.</p>
Data from: Herbivory on the pedunculate oak along an urbanization gradient in Europe: effects of impervious surface, local tree cover and insect feeding guild
<p><span>Urbanization is recognized as an important driver of the diversity and abundance of tree associated insect herbivores, but its consequences for insect herbivory are controversial. A likely source of variability among studies is the insufficient consideration of intra-urban variability in forest cover. W</span>ith the help of citizen scientists, we investigated the independent and interactive effect of urbanization and local canopy cover on insect herbivory in the pedunculate oak (<em>Quercus robur</em>) throughout most of its geographic range in Europe. We found that the damage caused by chewing insect herbivores as well as the incidence of leaf-mining and gall-inducing herbivores consistently decreased with increasing urbanization around focal oaks. Herbivory by chewing herbivores increased with increasing forest cover, regardless of urbanization. In contrast, an increase in local canopy cover buffered the negative effect of urbanization on leaf-miners and strengthened its effect on gall-inducers. These results show the complexity of plant-herbivore interactions in urbanized areas, highlighting that the presence of local canopy cover within cities has the potential to attenuate or modify the effect of urbanization on biotic interactions.</p>
Morphology and herbivory of Egregia menziesii at sites from California to Washington
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Data from: Lagging adaptation to climate change supersedes local adaptation to herbivory in an annual monkeyflower
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Data from: Differential responses of herbivores and herbivory to management in temperate European beech
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Savanna woody plants responses to mammalian herbivory and implications for management of livestock-wildlife landscape
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Data from: Nontarget herbivory by a weed biocontrol insect is limited to spillover, reducing the chance of population-level impacts
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Data from: Land-use legacies and present fire regimes interact to mediate herbivory by altering the neighboring plant community
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Short-term exposure to silicon rapidly enhances plant resistance to herbivory
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Data from: Search for top-down and bottom-up drivers of latitudinal trends in insect herbivory in oak trees in Europe
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