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Subspecies and Distribution. V. t. tangalunga Gray, 1832 — Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, several Indonesian islands (Amboina I, Banggi I, Langkawi I, Rhio-Lingga Archipelago, Bangka I, Karimata I & Sulawesi), and the Philippines; also two records from Java, but no evidence of native population. V. t. lankavensis Robinson & Kloss, 1920 — Malaysia (Langkawi I). in Viverridae

Subspecies and Distribution. V. t. tangalunga Gray, 1832 — Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, several Indonesian islands (Amboina I, Banggi I, Langkawi I, Rhio-Lingga Archipelago, Bangka I, Karimata I & Sulawesi), and the Philippines; also two records from Java, but no evidence of native population. V. t. lankavensis Robinson & Kloss, 1920 — Malaysia (Langkawi I).

Subspecies and Distribution. V. i. indica Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803 — S peninsular India. V. i. atchinensis Sody, 1931 — Sumatra. V. i. baliensis Sody, 1931 — Bali. V. i. baptistae Pocock, 1933 — Bangladesh to NE India (Assam), and Bhutan. V. i. deserti Bonhote, 1898 — Pakistan through C India to Nepal. V. i. klossi Pocock, 1933 — Malaysia. V. i. mayori Pocock, 1933 — Sri Lanka. V. i. muriavensis Sody, 1931 — Java. V.i. taivana Schwarz, 1911 — Taiwan. V.i. thai Kloss, 1919 — Myanmar and Thailand through Indochina to China. V. i. wellsi Pocock, 1933 — NW India. It has been introduced to Madagascar, Zanzibar Island, the Comoro Islands, and Socotra Island for the production of civet or to be used as rat catchers; its presence on some of the Indonesian islands (Bali, Bawean, Kangean, Lombok, and Sumbawa) could also have resulted from introductions. in Viverridae

Subspecies and Distribution. V. i. indica Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803 — S peninsular India. V. i. atchinensis Sody, 1931 — Sumatra. V. i. baliensis Sody, 1931 — Bali. V. i. baptistae Pocock, 1933 — Bangladesh to NE India (Assam), and Bhutan. V. i. deserti Bonhote, 1898 — Pakistan through C India to Nepal. V. i. klossi Pocock, 1933 — Malaysia. V. i. mayori Pocock, 1933 — Sri Lanka. V. i. muriavensis Sody, 1931 — Java. V.i. taivana Schwarz, 1911 — Taiwan. V.i. thai Kloss, 1919 — Myanmar and Thailand through Indochina to China. V. i. wellsi Pocock, 1933 — NW India. It has been introduced to Madagascar, Zanzibar Island, the Comoro Islands, and Socotra Island for the production of civet or to be used as rat catchers; its presence on some of the Indonesian islands (Bali, Bawean, Kangean, Lombok, and Sumbawa) could also have resulted from introductions.

Subspecies and Distribution. A. t. trivirgata Gray, 1832 — Peninsular Thailand and Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo; also found on several small Indonesian Is. A. t. leucotis Horsfield, 1851 — NE India (Assam), Bangladesh, China (Yunnan), and Mainland SE Asia to the Isthmus of Kra. A. t. tnilineata Wagner, 1841 — Java. in Viverridae

Subspecies and Distribution. A. t. trivirgata Gray, 1832 — Peninsular Thailand and Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo; also found on several small Indonesian Is. A. t. leucotis Horsfield, 1851 — NE India (Assam), Bangladesh, China (Yunnan), and Mainland SE Asia to the Isthmus of Kra. A. t. tnilineata Wagner, 1841 — Java.

Subspecies and Distribution. P. l. linsang Hardwicke, 1821 — S Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and S Thailand. P. l. gracilis Horsfield, 1822 — Bangka I, Belitung I, Borneo, and Java. in Prionodonotidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P. l. linsang Hardwicke, 1821 — S Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and S Thailand. P. l. gracilis Horsfield, 1822 — Bangka I, Belitung I, Borneo, and Java.

Subspecies and Distribution. L. p. perspicillata Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1826 — SE Asia from India, S China, and Mainland SE Asia to Borneo, Sumatra, and E Java. L. p. maxwelli Hayman, 1957 — Iraq and possibly bordering Iran. L. p. sindica Pocock, 1940 — Afghanistan and Pakistan. in Mustelidae

Subspecies and Distribution. L. p. perspicillata Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1826 — SE Asia from India, S China, and Mainland SE Asia to Borneo, Sumatra, and E Java. L. p. maxwelli Hayman, 1957 — Iraq and possibly bordering Iran. L. p. sindica Pocock, 1940 — Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Subspecies and Distribution. A. c. cinereus Illiger, 1815 — S & SE China (including Hainan), Mainland SE Asia, Philippines (Palawan), Borneo, Sumatra, and Java. A. c. concolor Rafinesque, 1832 — Sub-Himalan zone in Nepal, Bhutan, NE India, N Myanmar, and SW China. A. c. nirnai Pocock, 1940 — SW India. in Mustelidae

Subspecies and Distribution. A. c. cinereus Illiger, 1815 — S & SE China (including Hainan), Mainland SE Asia, Philippines (Palawan), Borneo, Sumatra, and Java. A. c. concolor Rafinesque, 1832 — Sub-Himalan zone in Nepal, Bhutan, NE India, N Myanmar, and SW China. A. c. nirnai Pocock, 1940 — SW India.

Subpecies and Distribution. M. o. orientalis Horsfield Horsfield,, 182 1821 - E Java and Bali. M. o. sundaicus Sody, 1937 — W Java. in Mustelidae

Subpecies and Distribution. M. o. orientalis Horsfield Horsfield,, 182 1821 - E Java and Bali. M. o. sundaicus Sody, 1937 — W Java.

Subspecies and Distribution. M. f. flavigula Boddaert, 1785 — Bangladesh, Bhutan, C, E & S China, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. M. f. borealis Radde, 1862 — NE China, North and South Korea, and Russia. M. f. chrysospila Swinhoe, 1866 — Taiwan. M. f. indochinensis Kloss, 1916 — Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. M. f. perunsularis Bonhote, 1901 — Borneo, Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra. M. f. robinsoni Pocock, 1936 — Java. in Mustelidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M. f. flavigula Boddaert, 1785 — Bangladesh, Bhutan, C, E & S China, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. M. f. borealis Radde, 1862 — NE China, North and South Korea, and Russia. M. f. chrysospila Swinhoe, 1866 — Taiwan. M. f. indochinensis Kloss, 1916 — Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. M. f. perunsularis Bonhote, 1901 — Borneo, Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra. M. f. robinsoni Pocock, 1936 — Java.

Distribution. Throughout mainland SE Asia, from C & S Myanmar to W & SE Thailand, C & S Laos, Cambodia, C & S Vietnam, and Peninsular Malaysia; also present in Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, and several adjacent small islands. Most likely extinct from E Bangladesh, where it has not been reported for more than 40 years. Northern and western limits of its range are poorly known. in Manidae

Distribution. Throughout mainland SE Asia, from C & S Myanmar to W & SE Thailand, C & S Laos, Cambodia, C & S Vietnam, and Peninsular Malaysia; also present in Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, and several adjacent small islands. Most likely extinct from E Bangladesh, where it has not been reported for more than 40 years. Northern and western limits of its range are poorly known.

Subspecies and Distribution. B. j. javanicus d'Alton, 1823 — Java, perhaps Bali. B. j. birmanicus Lydekker, 1898 — Asian mainland including Myanmar, S China (S Yunnan, current presence uncertain), Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, and N Peninsular Malaysia. B. j. low: Lydekker, 1912 — Borneo. The domestic form of the Banteng has been introduced, and is now feral, in N Australia, New Guinea, and on various islands of Indonesia (Bali, Sangihe, Sulawesi, Sumbawa, Sumba, and Enggano) and occurs in domestication throughout the islands of SE Asia. in Bovidae

Subspecies and Distribution. B. j. javanicus d'Alton, 1823 — Java, perhaps Bali. B. j. birmanicus Lydekker, 1898 — Asian mainland including Myanmar, S China (S Yunnan, current presence uncertain), Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, and N Peninsular Malaysia. B. j. low: Lydekker, 1912 — Borneo. The domestic form of the Banteng has been introduced, and is now feral, in N Australia, New Guinea, and on various islands of Indonesia (Bali, Sangihe, Sulawesi, Sumbawa, Sumba, and Enggano) and occurs in domestication throughout the islands of SE Asia.

Distribution. Java. Several biogeographic reviews failed to list the genus for Bali, an island directly east of Java with strong biogeographic affinities to the latter. A sighting was, however, reported from Bali Barat National Park, in a birdwatching trip report. Given the live-animal trade of this species on Java, further records are needed to confirm whether or not there is a native population of the genus on Bali. If there is, biogeographic considerations suggest it would be most closely related to the Javan population and quite probably conspecific. in Tragulidae

Distribution. Java. Several biogeographic reviews failed to list the genus for Bali, an island directly east of Java with strong biogeographic affinities to the latter. A sighting was, however, reported from Bali Barat National Park, in a birdwatching trip report. Given the live-animal trade of this species on Java, further records are needed to confirm whether or not there is a native population of the genus on Bali. If there is, biogeographic considerations suggest it would be most closely related to the Javan population and quite probably conspecific.

Subspecies and Distribution. T.n.napuF.Cuvier,1822—SMyanmar,Thai/MalayPeninsula,islandsoffWMalayPeninsula(Langkawi&Pangkor),Borneo,SSumatra,BangkaI,islandsoffBorneo(Laut&Serasan). T.n.bangue:Chasen&Kloss,1931—BanggiIandBalembanganI,offNBorneo. T.n.bunguranensisMiller,1901—NatunaIs(=Bunguran),oftWBorneo. T.n.neubronneriSody,1931—NSumatra. T.n.nmiasisLyon,1916—NiasI,offWSumatra. T.n.rufulusMiller,1900—TiomanI,offEMalayPeninsula,RiauandLinggaArchipelagos. T. n. terutus Thomas & Wroughton, 1909 — Terutau I, off W Malay Peninsula. The species was recently reconfirmed for Singapore. Maps that include Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos in the distribution range are based on the earlier assumption that 7. versicolor was a subspecies of 1. napu. Subsequent studies have indicated that 7. versicolor is a distinct species, and that the range of 1. napu therefore does not extend into Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. The northern limit on the Thai-Malay peninsula is not well defined. Specimens of 1. napu have been collected from as far north as Bankachon in southern Myanmar (10° 08" N), but despite fairly intensive camera-trapping in Kui Buri National Park, Thailand (12° N), 7. napu has not been photographed there. At the northern margin ofits range, it is generally rare. It has been reported, for example, that during the flooding of the Chiew Larn Reservoir (Surat Thani Province; about 9° N, 98° 45' E), only six 7. napu were rescued compared with 172 71. kanchil. This area is the transition zone from wetter evergreen forest to drier deciduous types, and it might be that 7° napu is not well adapted to the drier forest types towards the northern limit ofits range. There are unconfirmed reports of the species on Java, where it may have been confused with one of the two color morphs of 7. javanicus. As explained in the Taxonomy section, the subspecific status of the populations of several islands remains unclear. in Tragulidae

Subspecies and Distribution. T.n.napuF.Cuvier,1822—SMyanmar,Thai/MalayPeninsula,islandsoffWMalayPeninsula(Langkawi&Pangkor),Borneo,SSumatra,BangkaI,islandsoffBorneo(Laut&Serasan). T.n.bangue:Chasen&Kloss,1931—BanggiIandBalembanganI,offNBorneo. T.n.bunguranensisMiller,1901—NatunaIs(=Bunguran),oftWBorneo. T.n.neubronneriSody,1931—NSumatra. T.n.nmiasisLyon,1916—NiasI,offWSumatra. T.n.rufulusMiller,1900—TiomanI,offEMalayPeninsula,RiauandLinggaArchipelagos. T. n. terutus Thomas & Wroughton, 1909 — Terutau I, off W Malay Peninsula. The species was recently reconfirmed for Singapore. Maps that include Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos in the distribution range are based on the earlier assumption that 7. versicolor was a subspecies of 1. napu. Subsequent studies have indicated that 7. versicolor is a distinct species, and that the range of 1. napu therefore does not extend into Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. The northern limit on the Thai-Malay peninsula is not well defined. Specimens of 1. napu have been collected from as far north as Bankachon in southern Myanmar (10° 08" N), but despite fairly intensive camera-trapping in Kui Buri National Park, Thailand (12° N), 7. napu has not been photographed there. At the northern margin ofits range, it is generally rare. It has been reported, for example, that during the flooding of the Chiew Larn Reservoir (Surat Thani Province; about 9° N, 98° 45' E), only six 7. napu were rescued compared with 172 71. kanchil. This area is the transition zone from wetter evergreen forest to drier deciduous types, and it might be that 7° napu is not well adapted to the drier forest types towards the northern limit ofits range. There are unconfirmed reports of the species on Java, where it may have been confused with one of the two color morphs of 7. javanicus. As explained in the Taxonomy section, the subspecific status of the populations of several islands remains unclear.

Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest. in Suidae

Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest.

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Distribution. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Sulawesi, some Lesser Sunda Is (Lombok and Timor) and Moluccas (Seram, Ambon, and Kai Is), New Guinea and some nearby islands (Waigeo I, Manus I in Admiralty Is, New Ireland I in Bismarck Archipelago, and D'Entrecasteaux Is), and Solomon Is; possibly this species also recorded on mainland SE Asia (Thailand, S Cambodia, and S Vietnam). in Miniopteridae

Distribution. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Sulawesi, some Lesser Sunda Is (Lombok and Timor) and Moluccas (Seram, Ambon, and Kai Is), New Guinea and some nearby islands (Waigeo I, Manus I in Admiralty Is, New Ireland I in Bismarck Archipelago, and D'Entrecasteaux Is), and Solomon Is; possibly this species also recorded on mainland SE Asia (Thailand, S Cambodia, and S Vietnam).

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Distribution. Patchy records in S Asia (Nepal and S India), much of mainland SE Asia (Myanmar, S China including Hainan I, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia), and part of insular SE Asia (Nicobar Is, Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, and Moluccas); a record from Borneo requires confirmation. in Miniopteridae

Distribution. Patchy records in S Asia (Nepal and S India), much of mainland SE Asia (Myanmar, S China including Hainan I, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia), and part of insular SE Asia (Nicobar Is, Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, and Moluccas); a record from Borneo requires confirmation.

opennotspecifiedOct 2019View details →

Subspecies and Distribution. M.s.spasmaLinnaeus,1758—TernateandHalmaheraIs(NMoluccas). M.s.abditumChasen,1940—AurI,offEPeninsularMalaysia. M.s.cartmataeG.S.Miller,1906—KarimataI,offWBorneo. M.s.celebenseShamel,1940—Sulawesi. M.s.ceylonenseK.Andersen,1918—SriLanka. M.s.horsfieldiBlyth,1863—peninsularIndia. M.s.kinabaluChasen,1940—MtKinabaluinNBorneo. M.s.lasiaeLyon,1916—LasiaandBabiIs,offWSumatra. M.s.majusK.Andersen,1918—mostofMyanmar,NEIndia,andBangladesh. M.s.mediumK.Andersen,1918—MalayPeninsula(includingTarutaoI)andNSumatra. M.s.minusK.Andersen,1918—SChina(Yunnan),Thailand,Laos,Vietham,andCambodia. M.s.natunaeK.Andersen&Wroughton,1907—BunguranandNorthNatunaIs. M.s.niasenseLyon,1916—NiasandSiberutIs,oftWSumatra. M.s.pangandaranaSody,1936—C&EJava. M.s.philippinenseWaterhouse,1843—Philippines. M.s.stumatisLyon,1916—SiumatI,offWSumatra. M. s. tnfolium E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 — S Sumatra, W Java, and Borneo; also on South Natuna, Tambelan, Krakatau, and Kangean Is. Also recorded on Andaman Is, but subspecies involved not known. in Megadermatidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M.s.spasmaLinnaeus,1758—TernateandHalmaheraIs(NMoluccas). M.s.abditumChasen,1940—AurI,offEPeninsularMalaysia. M.s.cartmataeG.S.Miller,1906—KarimataI,offWBorneo. M.s.celebenseShamel,1940—Sulawesi. M.s.ceylonenseK.Andersen,1918—SriLanka. M.s.horsfieldiBlyth,1863—peninsularIndia. M.s.kinabaluChasen,1940—MtKinabaluinNBorneo. M.s.lasiaeLyon,1916—LasiaandBabiIs,offWSumatra. M.s.majusK.Andersen,1918—mostofMyanmar,NEIndia,andBangladesh. M.s.mediumK.Andersen,1918—MalayPeninsula(includingTarutaoI)andNSumatra. M.s.minusK.Andersen,1918—SChina(Yunnan),Thailand,Laos,Vietham,andCambodia. M.s.natunaeK.Andersen&Wroughton,1907—BunguranandNorthNatunaIs. M.s.niasenseLyon,1916—NiasandSiberutIs,oftWSumatra. M.s.pangandaranaSody,1936—C&EJava. M.s.philippinenseWaterhouse,1843—Philippines. M.s.stumatisLyon,1916—SiumatI,offWSumatra. M. s. tnfolium E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 — S Sumatra, W Java, and Borneo; also on South Natuna, Tambelan, Krakatau, and Kangean Is. Also recorded on Andaman Is, but subspecies involved not known.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

A Line-level Explainable Vulnerability Detection Approach for Java

Given our modern society’s level of dependency on IT technology, high quality and security are not just desirable but rather vital properties of current software systems. Empirical methods leveraging the available rich open-source data and advanced data processing techniques of ML algorithms can help software developers ensure these properties. Nonetheless, state-of-the-art bug and vulnerability prediction methods are rarely used in practice due to numerous reasons. The predictions are not actionable in most of the cases due to their level of granularity (i.e., they mark entire classes/files to be buggy or vulnerable) and because the methods seldom provide explanation why a fragment of source code is problematic. In this paper, we present a novel Java vulnerability detection method that addresses both of these issues. It is an adaptation of our previous method for JavaScript that is capable of pinpointing vulnerable source code lines of a program together with a prototype-based explanation. The method relies on the word2vec similarity of code fragments to known vulnerable source code lines. Our empirical evaluation showed promising results, we could detect 61% and 41% of the vulnerable code lines by flagging only 43% and 22% of the program code lines, respectively, using two of the best detection configurations. The dataset contains the extracted vulnerable code lines and word2vec models used in the experiment on 205 Java projects.

Subspecies and Distribution. C. a. alpinus Pallas, 1811 — C Russia and W China southward through India to Bhutan and Bangladesh. C. a. hesperius Afanas'ev & Zolotarev, 1935 — E Russia, China, and SE Asia. C. a. sumatrensis Hardwicke, 1821 — Sumatra and Java. in Canidae

Subspecies and Distribution. C. a. alpinus Pallas, 1811 — C Russia and W China southward through India to Bhutan and Bangladesh. C. a. hesperius Afanas'ev & Zolotarev, 1935 — E Russia, China, and SE Asia. C. a. sumatrensis Hardwicke, 1821 — Sumatra and Java.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

Java-norm dataset

Java-norm contains five projects in both validation and testing parts. The training part of the new dataset includes ten open-source Java projects. As the set of projects in both testing and validation is more diverse, evaluation of models on Java-norm should be more representative and robust.

Subspecies and Distribution. P. b. bengalensis Kerr, 1792 — Indian and Indochinese region and Malay Peninsula. P.b. alleni Sody, 1949 — Hainan I. P. b. borneoensis Brongersma, 1935 — Borneo. P. b. chinensis Gray, 1837 — China, except for NE, and Taiwan. P. b. euptilurus Elliot, 1871 — Manchurian region, Korean and Russian Far East. P. b. heaneyi Groves, 1997 — the Philippines (Palawan). P. b. horsfieldi Gray, 1842 — Sub-Himalayan region E of Indus River. P. b. iriomotensis Imaizumi, 1967 — Japan (Iriomote I). P. b. javanensis Desmarest, 1816 — Java and Bali. P. b. rabori Groves, 1997 — the Philippines (Negros, Cebu & Panay). P. b. sumatranus Horsfield, 1821 — Sumatra and Nias I. P. b. trevelyani Pocock, 1939 — Kashmir. in Felidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P. b. bengalensis Kerr, 1792 — Indian and Indochinese region and Malay Peninsula. P.b. alleni Sody, 1949 — Hainan I. P. b. borneoensis Brongersma, 1935 — Borneo. P. b. chinensis Gray, 1837 — China, except for NE, and Taiwan. P. b. euptilurus Elliot, 1871 — Manchurian region, Korean and Russian Far East. P. b. heaneyi Groves, 1997 — the Philippines (Palawan). P. b. horsfieldi Gray, 1842 — Sub-Himalayan region E of Indus River. P. b. iriomotensis Imaizumi, 1967 — Japan (Iriomote I). P. b. javanensis Desmarest, 1816 — Java and Bali. P. b. rabori Groves, 1997 — the Philippines (Negros, Cebu & Panay). P. b. sumatranus Horsfield, 1821 — Sumatra and Nias I. P. b. trevelyani Pocock, 1939 — Kashmir.